Protestant Cause Research Articles

Episcopacy and Reform in Mid-Tudor England

InTudor PrelatesandPolitics, Lacey Baldwin Smith wrote sympathetically of the dilemma faced by the conservative bishops who saw control over the Church of England slip from their grasp after the accession of Edward VI in 1547, but he gave less attention to the reforming bishops who worked to advance the Protestant cause. At the beginning of the new reign the episcopal bench, according to Smith's calculations, included twelve conservatives, seven reformers, and seven whose religious orientation could not be determined (see Table 1). The ranks of the conservatives were thinned as a consequence of the deprivation of Stephen Gardiner of Winchester, Edmund Bonner of London, Nicholas Heath of Worcester, George Day of Chichester, and Cuthbert Tunstall of Durham. On the other hand, eight new bishops were appointed between 1547 and 1553. These new men together with the Henrician reformers, of whom Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, was most important, had responsibility for leading the church during the period which saw the most extensive changes of the Reformation era. This essay examines the careers of the newly-appointed reforming bishops and attempts to assess their achievements and failures as they worked to create a reformed church in England.The first of the eight new bishops appointed during the reign of Edward VI was Nicholas Ridley, who was named Bishop of Rochester in 1547 and translated to London in 1550. In 1548 Robert Ferrar became Bishop of St. David's in Wales. No new episcopal appointments occurred in 1549, but during the following year John Ponet succeeded Ridley at Rochester while John Hooper took the see of Gloucester.

Philip's phoenix: Mary Sidney, Countess of Pembroke

Although previous studies have portrayed Mary Sidney as a demure, retiring woman, Hannay, basing her work on primary sources (account books, legal documents, diaries, family letters), has discovered that she was brilliant, learned, witty, articulate, and adept at self-presentation. Married to the wealthy Earl of Pembroke, she ruled over her little court at Wilton just as Elizabeth ruled in London. Her wisdom, poetry, and scholarship were extravagantly praised by those who sought to gain her favour. When Philip, her older brother, died fighting for the Protestant cause, she moved to London to take up his literary activities, publishing his writings, writing and translating works of which he would have approved, assuming his role as literary patron and supporting the Protestant cause for which he died. All the literary work for which she is celebrated took place between her return to London in 1588 and her husband's death in 1601. While previous biographers contended that her widowhood was quiet and uneventful, Hannay shows, via court cases, that her final years were colourful indeed, as, administering the properties she retained, she contended with jewel thieves, pirates, and murderers, finally bringing them to trial after complex legal and political manoeuvres.

The Transition from Student to Adult Politics

This study is the second follow-up of 1960s civil rights activists. It examines the long-term effects of political activism. Consistent with Mannheim's thesis we find that the former activists are a distinctive intragenerational unit that differ significantly from two control groups. We also find control groups becoming more politically active with age. This provides limited support for a maturation effect. Finally, all three groups became more conservative in their political attitudes during the 1980s, demonstrating a period effect. The 1960s social movements generated voluminous research on the causes of political protest. In contrast there has been little empirical research on the consequences of these movements for the participants. The empirical studies (Fendrich 1977; Fendrich & Krauss 1978; Fendrich & Tarleau 1973; Hoge & Ankney 1982; Jennings 1987; Marwell, Aiken & Demerath 1987; Nassi & Abromowitz 1979; Whalen & Flacks 1980) support Mannheim's ([1928] 1972) theory of distinctive intragenerational units forming out of intense youthful politics. There is, however, a major research gap. Most of the studies have too short a time period to test for either maturation (Cutler & Bengtson 1974; Lipset & Ladd 1972) or period effects (Braungart & Braungart 1988; Weil 1987). The objective of the present study is to overcome the limitations of previous work. Twenty-five years have now elapsed since the subjects were students and 15 since our last follow-up study. This time span should be sufficient to begin to adjudicate between Mannheim's theory of intragenerational units, political maturation, and period effects. *This research was partially funded by a Summer Grant from Florida State University. We appreciate the editorial assistance and comments of Susan Carlson, the anonymous referees, and the outside readers Russell Dalton, Richard Flacks, M. Kent Jennings, Robert J. S. Ross, and Ed Walsh. Direct correspondence to James Max Fendrich, Department of Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306. ?D 1989 The University of North Carolina Press

Discerning the Body: Sign and Reality in Luther's Controversy with the Swiss

Previous articleNext article No AccessDiscerning the Body: Sign and Reality in Luther's Controversy with the SwissB. A. GerrishB. A. Gerrish Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Religion Volume 68, Number 3Jul., 1988 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/487875 Views: 14Total views on this site Citations: 3Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1988 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Piotr Krasny Altare contra altare. Dysputa o kształcie ołtarza i o jego wystroju w epoce nowożytnej, TECHNE. Seria Nowa , no.11 (Jun 2018): 11–44.https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-851X.05.02Vassili Joannidès de Lautour , ( 2018): 49.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92952-1_2 Bibliography, (Jan 2016): 337–356.https://doi.org/10.13109/9783666550416.337

Dangerous Matter: English Drama and Politics in 1623/24 by Jerzy Limon

REVIEWS Jerzy Limon. Dangerous Matter: English Drama and Politics in 1623/24. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Pp. vii + 174. $34.50. This is a very intricate and detailed book, much more a study of history and politics than literature. There is little in it about theater as such, but Limon stresses the propaganda possibilities of theatrical performance . The plays are discussed not for themselves but for their topical significance. Limon marshals his evidence effectively and he draws us into the web of sometimes illicit pamphlet literature, theological tracts, ballads, and popular journalism—all devoted to promoting the Protestant cause against Catholic Spain. The evidence that Limon extracts from plays, however, is often so tenuous and so secondary as hardly to be credible. The strongest case is made in Chapter 3 for Massinger's play The Bondman as an indirect comment on contemporary affairs: "We want to show how the text gained a political function, whether intended by the author or not, at the time when it was first circulated in print. In other words, our attempt will be to prove that The Bondman, when seen on stage or read in March-April 1624 was bound to evoke unambiguous associations in spectators or readers" (p. 76). Much depends on what Limon means by "political function," which he discusses at greater length in the Introduction. How could Massinger possibly have gone to the trouble that Limon postulates for him if the political meaning was not intended? This seems to me like a logical dodge. The audience or readers of The Bondman are expected to make the political link even though there are no overt or primary clues in the text. In view of the political situation in England in March-April 1624, "it was very likely that Massinger's play evoked associations in spectators or readers with certain aspects of the extra-textual reality known to them. Sicily, as the only island amongst the countries involved in the conflict, could easily have been associated with England, Greece with England's most important ally in that period, the United Provinces, and dieir common enemy Carthage with Spain" (p. 69). Such a perception requires that the spectators or readers understand The Bondman allegorically. Chapter 3 on Massinger is die most considerable argument in the book, and the reader is impressed by its wealth of reference. Limon is modest in his claims, but everything still hinges on whether the contemporary reader or spectator felt a secondary political theme in The Bondman. In 1988 this political theme depends entirely on reconstruction. Chapter 2 postulates even more elaborate political claims for The Life of the Duchesse of Suffolk by Thomas Drue than for Massinger's play. Nothing is evident directly; everything depends upon association. Does Frederick II in Drue's play look ahead to Frederick V, the hapless Elector of the Rhenish Palatinate, who was married to James I's daughter 370 Reviews371 Elizabeth and who was the champion of the Protestant cause against the Catholics? This remains problematical, although Limon makes the strongest possible case. In support of his thesis, we do know that Sir Henry Herbert, Master of the Revels and censor of plays, found Drue's seemingly innocuous play "full of dangerous matter" and demanded that it be "much reformed" (p. 40). The first chapter on Jonson's masque Neptune's Triumph for the Return of Albion, related to the return of Prince Charles from Spain without marrying the Infanta, is of less interest than die chapters on Drue and Massinger. The patriotic acclaim for Charles is a political matter that is hardly problematic. The final chapter on Thomas Middleton 's A Game at Chesse, which promises to be the most exciting because it is so directly concerned with public events, is strangely peripheral. Limon does not seem to be happy in dealing with a popular, scandalous, and highly successful play; he is more persuasive when arguing about politics at two removes. This chapter has a wealth of non-dramatic citation, some of it wild and zany, about the Spanish Antichrist. This looms larger than Middleton's bold and enormously popular attack on Spain in A Game at Chesse—a play that could...

Pirandello and the Crisis of Modern Consciousness by Anthony Caputi

Reviews371 Elizabeth and who was the champion of the Protestant cause against the Catholics? This remains problematical, although Limon makes the strongest possible case. In support of his thesis, we do know that Sir Henry Herbert, Master of the Revels and censor of plays, found Drue's seemingly innocuous play "full of dangerous matter" and demanded that it be "much reformed" (p. 40). The first chapter on Jonson's masque Neptune's Triumph for the Return of Albion, related to the return of Prince Charles from Spain without marrying the Infanta, is of less interest than die chapters on Drue and Massinger. The patriotic acclaim for Charles is a political matter that is hardly problematic. The final chapter on Thomas Middleton 's A Game at Chesse, which promises to be the most exciting because it is so directly concerned with public events, is strangely peripheral. Limon does not seem to be happy in dealing with a popular, scandalous, and highly successful play; he is more persuasive when arguing about politics at two removes. This chapter has a wealth of non-dramatic citation, some of it wild and zany, about the Spanish Antichrist. This looms larger than Middleton's bold and enormously popular attack on Spain in A Game at Chesse—a play that could only have been licensed for performance if anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish sentiment were extremely strong even in court circles. Limon's book is intriguing if not entirely persuasive. From a nonEnglish perspective, he alerts us to political implications we would not ordinarily be aware of. The topical argument is conducted with admirable modesty, although it makes claims far in excess of reasonable expectations . It is really an open guess how audiences or readers would have reacted to the crucial political issues of 1623/24. We need not necessarily have seen the topical and allegorical significances in plays that Limon attributes to them. One must not end this review without applauding the pun in the Acknowledgments: "And special thanks to Judith Landry, who devoted her precious time to polish my English." Polish my perfect English indeed! MAURICE CHARNEY Rutgers University Anthony Caputi. Pirandello and the Crisis of Modern Consciousness. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988. Pp. ? + 174. $19.95. Luigi Pirandello is Italy's great twentieth-century dramatist and master of short fiction (the novella). In Pirandello and the Crisis of Modern Consciousness, Anthony Caputi treats these achievements against concepts of consciousness, self-consciousness, and umorismo defined by turn-ofthe -century writers and by Pirandello himself. For William James, consciousness and self-consciousness already included the notions of John Locke and Pierre Janet that "changes of memory bring changes of personality " so that, if consciousness is "the human need to create oneself continuously, to define and redefine oneself, one's situation, and the value of what one does" and self-consciousness is that creation "of disjunctive time [that] causes the consciousness to focus on itself again and again," 372Comparative Drama insults or shocks to memory—that mental process of understanding and binding impressions—become central to explorations of both. Pirandello is careful, for instance, to link the disruptions of consciousness in Right You Are (If You Think You Are) (1917; Cost è [se vi pare]) to a real earthquake that occurred in the Abruzzi region of Italy in 1915, altering the emphasis of his novella, "La Signora Frôla e il Signor Ponza, suo genero," on which the play is based, from selves defined by interpersonal relations to breakdowns in memory and their effects on character caused by environmental shocks to memory. Similarly, in As You Desire Me (1930; Come tu mi vuoi), Pirandello blends newspaper accounts of actual court trials involving the legal identity of a Giulio Canella or Mario Bruneri (1928-29) with treatments of Gianni Schicchi by Dante and Puccini to bring modern moral and philosophical dimensions to bear on memory breakdowns and their effects. Caputi bases Pirandello's handling of these shocks and breakdowns not on Théodule Ribot's classic Diseases of Memory (1882), in which Ribot describes consciousness as unifying about centers or nodes and explains memory loss as the recircuiting of impressions to secondary or different organizing centers, so much...

Amitié, amour et spiritualité dans la Nouvelle- Angleterre du XVIIIesiècle : l'expérience d'Esther Burr et de Sarah Prince

L'histoire des femmes s'est enrichie ces dernières années d'études importantes consacrées à l'Amérique coloniale. A l'intersection d'une histoire sociale et de la tradition déjà illustre des études sur le puritanisme, on voit parfois s'ouvrir la voie d'une analyse plus approfondie et plus fine de l'expérience religieuse féminine. Il ne s'agit plus de mesurer la place accordée aux femmes par une religion et une église dominée par les hommes, mais plutôt de rechercher ce que les femmes reprirent à leur compte de son discours, pour l'utiliser dans un sens créateur, existentiellement valorisant. C'est dans ce courant qu'on voudrait situer l'analyse qui suit de l'expérience spirituelle et humaine de deux femmes de Nouvelle-Angleterre dans la première moitié du xviiiesiècle.

King James I and the protestant cause in the crisis of 1618–22

In the early seventeenth century, when Europe was divided along religious lines and works of polemical theology circulated widely, most Englishmen seem to have been convinced that their nation was part of a protestant community of nations with certain common interests. This attitude had its roots in the recent past, when the government of queen Elizabeth had aided—albeit adroitly—the Dutch and French Calvinists and had maintained close relations with several protestant states, particularly in the Rhineland. When the ‘Invincible Armada’ from Spain had been thwarted in its intended object, the English were thankful to Providence for the events which had preserved protestantism on the island. The common cause among protestant states thus came to be thought of, by statesmen and ordinary citizens alike, as an effort to safeguard the political autonomy of the protestant states, particularly against the great Hapsburg monarchy in Spain and Austria, and to preserve the protestant faith against the revived Roman Catholicism of the counter-reformation. Religion and national identity were so closely linked that English ‘papists’ had constantly to struggle against a suspicion that they were unpatriotic or disloyal.

The Sidney circle and the protestant cause in Elizabethan foreign policy

(1975). The Sidney circle and the protestant cause in Elizabethan foreign policy. Renaissance and Modern Studies: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 31-46.

An Irishman before the Mexican inquisition, 1574-5

John Martin the Irishman was described by one of his shipmates as the unluckiest man in the English fleet. He himself, appearing in turn before the inquisition in Mexico, complained that he was ‘ the unluckiest mortal on board, as all he knew was how to sweep the ship, and everybody ill-treated him, and called him St Peter or St Patrick and a thousand other names ’. A little later, the inquisition scribe noted that Martin ‘ remained a while sighing and grief-stricken, and then said that he was surrounded by a thousand dangers in this trial which far from going in his favour appeared to be taking him on the road to the devil, and he wished to God he had not married in this country and brought trouble on others as well as on himself, because he saw that he was doomed to die ’. Again, on 1 February 1575, Martin told the inquisitors ‘ that he was tired of being admonished so many times and that he called God to witness that he wished he might be doomed body and soul if he had anything further to say, and although his tears might be of no avail here on earth they might still serve him with God ’. His gloomy prognostications were fully justified. At the second auto-da-fé in Mexico city, on 6 March 1575, Martin was garrotted and his body burnt: no other person was done to death on this occasion. Out of the hundred or so members of the English fleet captured by the Spaniards in 1568, only four were executed for heresy, and only two of these in New Spain. George Reaveley who died in the Mexican auto of 1574 has been termed ‘ one of the first martyrs of the protestant cause in America ’.

Three Poets of the Scottish Reformation: Alexander Cunningham, Fifth Earl of Glencairn, Henry Balnaves of Halhill, and John Davidson, Minister At Prestonpans.

The Earl of Glencairn, Henry Balnaves and John Davidson merit commemoration apart from their poetry. While denouncing in a poetical pasquinade the illegal traffic of the Church of Rome, Lord Glencairn protested against the rapacity of the Reforming nobles. As a statesman he rendered invaluable aid to the Protestant cause by resisting the attempts of Mary of Guise to check the spread of the Reformed doctrines. In opposing the efforts of Queen Mary to crush the Reformed preachers, and in supporting her dethronement, he occupied a foremost place. He conspicuously upheld the government of the infant King James.