Causes Of Hunger Research Articles

Caregivers' Attention Toward, and Response to, Their Child's Interoceptive Hunger and Thirst Cues.

People can use their internal state to determine if they are hungry or thirsty. Although the meaning of some interoceptive cues may be innate (e.g., pain), it is possible that others-including those for hunger and thirst-are acquired. There has been little exploration of this idea in humans. Consequently, we conducted a survey among child caregivers to determine if the basic conditions necessary for interoceptive learning were present. Two-hundred and thirty-five caregivers of children aged 1-12 years were asked if they had recently noticed stomach rumbling, hunger-related irritability, and a dry mouth in their child. They were also asked how they would respond. The impact of several moderating variables, especially caregiver beliefs about the causes of hunger, fullness, and thirst, was also explored. Fifteen percent of caregivers had recently noticed stomach rumbling in their child, 28% hunger-related irritability, and 14% a dry mouth. Forty-four percent of caregivers had noticed at least one of these three cues. Noticing hunger cues was significantly moderated by caregiver beliefs about their cause, by child age, and in one case by temporal context (around vs. outside mealtimes). Key caregiver responses were providing the need (e.g., offer food) and/or asking the child if they had a need (e.g., hungry?). Each type of response could potentially support a different form of interoceptive learning. In conclusion, we suggest the necessary conditions for children to learn interoceptive hunger and thirst cues, are present in many caregiver-offspring dyads.

Causes and Consequences of the Famine in the Western Regions of Kazakhstan in 1921-1922

In the historiography of the history of Kazakhstan, the causal consequences of the vicious famine that occurred in the early 20s of the twentieth century are still being studied. The article provides a scientific analysis of the causes of hunger in the starving regions of Kazakhstan, including a detailed analysis of the consequences of famine that engulfed the western region of Kazakhstan. The research article presents archival documents, personal works of research scientists, memories of eyewitnesses of the famine. The article emphasizes that during the famine years that swept the western regions of Kazakhstan, due to the insignificant assistance from the state, the help of wealthy people and clergy from among the local population, provided to the starving population, thanks to which thousands of people were saved, was first involved in scientific turnover.

Parent-offspring similarity in hunger and thirst sensations

The internal (i.e., interoceptive) sensations that characterise hunger vary between people, and this may also be the case for thirst, although it has not been so well explored. There are probably both heritable and learning-based causes for this interoceptive variability. Consequently, it would seem plausible that parents and their offspring would have more similar patterns of hunger and thirst than pairs of strangers. We tested this idea, in addition to exploring its potential moderating variables, by studying the similarity of self-reported hunger and thirst sensations in 170 students and their primary caregivers from childhood. Both students and caregivers completed the same online-survey, covering hunger and thirst sensations, beliefs about the causes of hunger and thirst, the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (revised) and demographic data. We find evidence of robust student-caregiver similarity in interoceptive hunger and thirst sensations (medium effect sizes), with these being moderated by caregiver beliefs about the homeostatic nature of each state (medium effect sizes). This suggests a potential role for caregivers in the development of their offspring's interoceptive cues for hunger and for thirst. In addition, thirst, like hunger, appears to be multidimensional, and varies between people. The implications of these findings are discussed.

A fome no Brasil: notas sobre as narrativas no jornal Folha de São Paulo no período pandêmico de 2020

ABSTRACT Objective This survey aims atreviewing the journalistic narratives of the newspaper Folha de São Paulo (digital edition) about hunger in Brazil during the 2020 pandemic period. It is known that journalism plays an important role in keeping the public informed and in helping to contribute to the shaping of society's opinion. Despite hunger being a structural phenomenon in this country, little is published in the mainstream media discussing the magnitude of the problem and the articulation of measures taken in the three government spheres (federal, state and municipal), to ensure access to food to the most vulnerable populations. Method News excerpts addressing hunger as the main topic were selected from Folha de São Paulo daily newspaper and were highlighted based on reading keys (n=11, published between March and December 2020). Results In all the selected articles, the newspaper addressed the cause of hunger from the perspective of the pandemic (passing event and manifestation). Issues linked to the economic and social crisis experienced in the country were not emphasized. This form of covering hunger in news articles can enhance the idea that the poor are the result of the currently spreading fatality. Conclusion Finally, from these first results we could infer that the newspaper, when addressing hunger in Brazil in the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, sought to construct a biased reality that hunger was derived from the health crisis, at the same time that it presents the hungry people narratives as a discursive strategy to sensitize the reader to Folha de São Paulo intentions.

OPINIE STUDENTÓW WYBRANYCH KIERUNKÓW STUDIÓW NA TEMAT BEZPIECZEŃSTWA ŻYWNOŚCIOWEGO I BEZPIECZEŃSTWA ŻYWNOŚCI

In every country and on every continent, food security is one of the most important and even fundamental human needs, and thus feeding people should be an overriding goal at the in- ternational, national, and even household level. Food security involves meeting three conditions – physical access to food, economic access to food, and production of healthy food ensuring a nu- tritionally optimal diet. The aim of the study was to assess basic knowledge of food security and safety among students of agriculture and medicine at the global and household level. The survey found a satisfactory level of knowledge on the subject of the research. Students indicate differences in the concepts of food security and safety as well as variation in economic access to food and the need to eliminate it. They indicate the causes of hunger and malnutrition, and particularly the need to ensure production of safe food. Most respondents regarded food security in their households as satisfactory and stated that an increase in income does not necessarily lead to an increase in ex- penditures on food. Irrespective of their area of study, the survey participants correctly identified the main causes of hunger and malnutrition in the world, as well as the regions and countries in which these phenomena occur. The main causes of hunger and malnutrition in the world were considered to be the increase in the population, authoritarian systems of government and associated armed conflicts, and unfair distribution of food.

Interoceptive hunger, eating attitudes and beliefs.

Interoceptive individual differences have garnered interest because of their relationship with mental health. One type of individual difference that has received little attention is variability in the sensation/s that are understood to mean a particular interoceptive state, something that may be especially relevant for hunger. We examined if interoceptive hunger is multidimensional and idiosyncratic, if it is reliable, and if it is linked to dysfunctional eating and beliefs about the causes of hunger. Participants completed a survey just before a main meal, with most retested around 1 month later. We found that interoceptive hunger has 11 dimensions, and while people differ considerably in their combinations of interoceptive hungers, these represent only 4% of all possible permutations. Hunger reports were reliable. We found relationships between variability in hunger interoception and dysfunctional eating, especially for uncontrolled eating. We also found that hunger beliefs were in some cases strongly related to aspects of hunger interoception. The implications of these findings are discussed.

COVID-19 as a Catalyst of Food Security Crisis. Whether the Existing System of Agriculture Can Remain the Same

From 2019 to 2022, since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global percentage of hunger rose by 150 million people, which is 10% of the world population. At the same time, one-third of food is thrown away because it cannot reach the final consumer. Climate change, natural catastrophes, wars leading to humanitarian crises are the main and ongoing causes of hunger. COVID-19 acted as an accelerator of processes that exacerbate the food security crisis, to which import-dependent countries are especially sensitive. Quarantine that was introduced as a tool to combat the spread of the COVID-19 acted as a catalyst of social, economic, political, ecological, and food crisis that is displayed in the global economic system and in agriculture – its subsystem. At first glance, the increase in the percentage of starving populations on the planet is explained by poverty and the inability to purchase basic food products; a rise in prices was caused by breaks in logistics chains, the increase in the price of energy carriers, and economic shifts caused by the lockdown. In practice, despite the constantly growing volumes of global production of agro-industrial products, the balance between demand and supply of products that ensure the world's food security has been disturbed. The research problem lies in the insufficient determination of intangible causes of hunger, other than those caused by poverty and social inequality. The aim of the research is to show the prospects of the aggravation the food security crisis due to excess of food demand over supply, and to propose theoretical ways out of the crisis. The quantitative method of panel data research was used to prepare the article. The visualization method was used to simplify the perception of the proposed array of information. It is possible to overcome such social problems as hunger, poverty, climate and ecology problems caused by the increase in the temperature on the planet's surface, ocean pollution, and soil degradation only through adaptation and achieving synergy between the planet’s ecosystems. Agriculture as a main factor of food security should be transformed through implementing principles of climate-optimized agriculture and blue economy (use of ocean resources) as a source of “blue food” to achieve food sustainability.

Viroids and energy intake by human Genome

Viroids are infectious pathogens that affect only plants. Viroids are subviral, being smaller than viruses and possess circular strands of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) with no protein coating. Hunger is a painful sensation for energy caused by depletion of dietary energy. We get this energy, either directly after we eat or from the stored food as glycogen or from that stored as fat. The key objectives of this study are: 
 ►to demonstrate the fact that the nature’s spectacular Controlled Experiment of Naked Genome is the only automatic molecular machine that synthesizes all genomic-things & itself using sunlight-energy (autotrophs) or usable chemical energy-containing nutritive substances including minerals as raw materials in the organism’s compatible environment, 
 ►to verify that Genome’s designed/coded directives are implemented in the synthesis (reproduction including growth, or replication) by its transcripts & proteins that perform as engineers, and 
 ►to prove that viroids are certainly genomic-things by fitting into the definition of genomic-things and to impart the cause of hunger together with the energy intake. Each of the micrographs or evidential videos in the Figures listed or displayed has been devised to be the target and addressive finding (Result) of this study. Viroids are certainly genomic-things. The painful sensation of hunger is for immediate intake of usable chemical energy found in food but not for stomach-fillingness of food mass.

Drought and global hunger: biotechnological interventions in sustainability and management.

Drought may be efficiently managed using the following strategies: prevention, mitigation, readiness, recovery, and transformation. Biotechnological interventions may become highly important in reducing plants' drought stress in order to address key plant challenges such as population growth and climate change. Drought is a multidimensional construct with several triggering mechanisms or contributing factors working at various spatiotemporal scales, making it one of the known natural catastrophes. Drought is among the causes of hunger and malnutrition, decreasing agricultural output, and poor nutrition. Many deaths caused in children are due to hunger situations, and one in four children face stunted growth. All this hunger and malnutrition may be responsible for the reduction in agricultural productivity caused due to the drought situations affecting food security. Global Hunger Index has been accelerating due to under-nutrition and under-5 deaths. Drought has been covering more than 20% of the world's agricultural areas, leading to significantly less food production than what is required for consumption. Drought reduces soil fertility and adversely affects soil biological activity reducing the inherent capacity of the soil to support vegetation. Recent droughts have had a much greater effect on people's lives, even beyond causing poverty and hunger. Drought may have substantial financial consequences across the globe it may cause a severe impact on the world economy. It is a natural feature of the environment that will appear and disappear as it has in history. Due to increasing temperatures and growing vulnerabilities, it will undoubtedly occur more often and seriously in the coming years. To ensure sustainable socio-economic and social development, it is critical to reducing the effects of potential droughts worldwide using different biotechnological interventions. It's part of a long-term growth plan, and forecasting is essential for early warnings and global hunger management.

Food irradiation: an effective but under-utilized technique for food preservations.

While food borne pathogens constitute a major public health problem world-wide, food post-harvest losses is considered to be the leading cause of hunger and malnutrition globally. Food irradiation is a process of preserving food in which food are exposed to appropriate doses of ionizing radiation in order to kill insects, molds and other potentially harmful microbes and allergens. The process involves carefully exposing food to a measured amount of ionizing radiation in a special processing room on a conveyor belt for a specified duration. The radiation sources could be gamma ray, electron beam or X-ray. The radiation doses could be high, low or medium depending on the products to be irradiated and the target organism to be eradicated. Irradiation technology has various applications including sprout inhibition in root and tubers, disinfestation in cereals and pulses, reduction or elimination of food borne pathogens in vegetables and animal products and delayed ripening of fruits. All these applications are intended to increase shelf life and eliminate food allegenicity. Despite consumer concern on the safety and quality of irradiated foods, it is gradually gaining acceptance due to increased awareness and the perceived safety and quality as symbolized by the Radura symbol. With the increasing acceptance and commercialization of food irradiation, it could play an important role in solving the problems of food insecurity and food borne illnesses in the world.

ГОЛОД 1921 -1922 ГГ. В КАЗАХСТАНЕ, КАК СОЦИАЛЬНО-КУЛЬТУРНАЯ ТРАВМА

This article was written within the framework of the project "Famine in Kazakhstan in 1921-1922 and its consequences" and aims to highlight the problem of determining the real causes of hunger and its consequences for the Kazakh people. The development of an objective and balanced assessment of complex and contradictory events of Soviet history has been an urgent task of Kazakh historians over the past few decades The study of the history of the famine of 1921-1922 is in line with the current problems of Kazakh historiography of the Soviet period. However, the question of the reasons that became the basis of this terrible and tragic phenomenon is of paramount importance. As a working hypothesis, the authors put forward the position that the famine of the first years of Soviet power was to a certain extent used by the Bolsheviks for their political purposes.Food policy served as a means of pacifying the rural population and Kazakhs in thefirst place, who for the most part did not understand and did not accept the ideology of the Bolshevik regime. As an evidence base, the authors analyzed such phenomena of the emerging humanitarian catastrophe –food dictatorship, the policy of "war communism", the main link of which was the Military-coercive measures of the seizure of products "clean", did not leave even a minimum for the basic needs of the population. The food crisis was also joined by weather conditions –drought and jute in 1921, which led to the death of the few livestock left after the prodrazverstka. The article examines the activities of armed food detachments engaged in tax collection, endowed with enormous powers, which they exceeded with impunity: they arrested and even shot without trial people who stood up to protect their families.The consequences of the famine had an important socio-cultural significance. The authors put forward the position that hunger became a kind of trauma that had far-reaching socio-cultural consequences for the self-consciousness of the Kazakh people

PROGRAM PEMBERIAN MAKANAN TAMBAHAN DALAM UPAYA MENURUNKAN ANGKA STUNTING DI KOTA CIMAHI

Poverty is one of the main causes of hunger. In 2020 based on the GHI or Global Hunger Index report, Indonesia scored 19.1. BPS noted that malnutrition rates in Indonesia reached 30,000 or one out of every 10,000 residents. One in three babies in Indonesia is diagnosed with stunting where the number of stunted toddlers in Indonesia is still at 30.7%. Some efforts that can be made to overcome hunger levels and reduce stunting rates include improving food intake, parenting, and paying attention to sanitation and providing clean water to the community. One of the programs that is being optimized by the government to improve the level of public health and nutrition by running an Additional Feeding Program (PMT). Cimahi city is a city with stunting rates in toddlers reaching 11.01% and stunting in toddlers reaching 9.87%. Government Regulation No. 42 of 2013 regulates the National Movement for The Acceleration of Nutrition Improvement, Improvement of Community Nutrition through The Additional Feeding Program (PMT) is one of the government programs implemented to reduce stunting rates and improve community nutrition in Cimahi City.

The impact of climate change and natural disasters on food security in Indonesia: lessons learned on preserving forests sustainability

Food security is one of the main goals in achieving the Sustainable Development Goal’s (SDG’s). Food security, natural disasters, and climate change are thought to be interrelated. Climate change contributes to natural disasters such as floods, landslides, drought, land and forest fires, resulting in reduced food production, increased food prices, and disrupted access to food distribution. Ultimately, the impacts of climate change and natural disasters are one of the main causes of hunger and affect all dimensions of food security. This study aimed to analyze the impact of climate change, natural disasters, and other determinants on food security in Indonesia using the Tobit regression. The data used was from 33 provinces in 2010-2018. Climate change was proxied by rainfall, while natural disasters were proxied by the frequency of natural disasters and facility damage due to disasters. The results showed that food crop production, GRDP per capita, and the average years of schooling had a significant effect on increasing food security. Meanwhile, rainfall and deforestation had a significant effect on reducing food security. On the other hand, although not significant, the frequency and damage to facilities due to natural disasters harms food security. The results of this study confirmed the importance of preserving forest biodiversity as an effort to achieve food security as seen from the negative effects of rainfall and deforestation on food security. In this case, deforestation was one of the contributors to climate change which in turn had an impact on the intensity of natural disasters. To achieve food security for the achievement of the SDGs, policies to reduce deforestation or forest conversion need attention as one of the efforts to mitigate the impacts of climate change and natural disasters.

A black dog enters the home: hunger and malnutrition in Malawi

Hunger and inadequate nutrition are ongoing concerns in rural Malawi and are exemplified in traditional proverbs. Traditional proverbs and common expressions offer insight into commonly held truths across societies throughout...

Facing hunger, framing food banks, imaging austerity

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the scopic regime established by images of UK food banks. Analysis of three popular images of ‘Food Bank Britain’ reveals the persistence of historical practices for visualizing hunger – namely, the dominance of faciality, infantilization of the hungry, and erasure of geographical context from visual frames. Drawing on the work of Judith Butler, this paper demonstrates how such images serve to ‘frame’ austerity – where framing describes the link between the bounding of the literal edges of an image and the epistemic, affective frames for understanding and feeling austerity that are mobilized. Rather than attempting to portray ‘real’ images of food banks, this scopic regime is instead marked by the production of ocular affects that structure the feelings of the viewer towards certain political ends. It is concluded that this framing of hunger denies the political life of food bank users, a process that in turn effaces the radical questions necessary to address the causes of hunger at a time of austerity.

“We Eat Sushi Now”: Targeting Hungry Students at South African Universities

Media reports, research, and student support services are paying an increasing amount of attention to the hunger experienced by students at South African universities. This article demonstrates that most of this attention is rooted in a food security paradigm, or in approaches that mitigate the effects of student hunger. It avoids addressing the causes of hunger, which lie in oppressive systems such as the neoliberal world food system and the operation of the entrepreneurial public university. Our discussion of trends at the University of the Western Cape (UWC) takes two trajectories: We explore the ways in which universities’ practical and research priorities reinforce hegemonic responses to hunger, and we reflect on explicitly politicised currents of critical work around students and hunger. What certain scholars and activists have termed “critical food system literacy” signals how transformative strategies and knowledge production are being developed at some universities—sometimes beyond the parameters of what is conventionally seen as food-centred advocacy, activism, or research.

The perception and assesment of the 1946-1947 Famine in Bessarabia through the eyes of contemporary Gagauzes (living in Budjak)

From 1946 to 1947, a famine ensued in Bessarabia, resulting in many victims. There are variety of interpretations of the causes of hunger, both in the scientific literature and in oral tradition of the region. In the last 15 years, a significant difference in the consciousness of the Gagauzes occured,as people stop being afraid and express their views openly. In some settlements inhabited by the Gagauzes (at local cemeteries), symbolic monuments commemorating the tragic events have been erected in recent years, and in the press and in scientific literature, this topic has ceased to be a forbidden topic.

The Hunger of Nations: An Empirical Study of Inter-relationships among the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that more than 820 million people suffer from chronic undernourishment, and it identifies poverty as the principal cause of hunger. According to the World Bank, 767 million people live on less than $1.90 per day, i.e. below the international poverty line. Other causes of hunger include conflict, political instability, food and agricultural policies and climate change. To these causes, this paper adds gender inequality. The study uses regression analysis of secondary data to test the impact of gender inequality, income and environmental performance on the hunger of nations. Statistical results confirm interrelationships among several of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Policy implications include a call to identify and address root causes of hunger and to adopt a long-term focus.

Action research on organizational change with the Food Bank of the Southern Tier: a regional food bank’s efforts to move beyond charity

This paper reports on an action research project about organizational change by a regional food bank in New York State’s southern tier. While the project team initially included a sociologist, food bank leadership and staff, it expanded to involve participants in food access programs and area college students. This paper combines findings from qualitative research about the food bank with findings generated through a collaborative inquiry about a ten-year process of organizational change. We ask how a regional food bank can change its approach to address root causes of hunger. Acknowledging that narrow, pragmatic definitions of hunger promote charitable responses, our collaboration is grounded in structural understandings of poverty that refuse to blame the poor or treat poverty as an accident. Decades-long economic restructuring, deindustrialization and a rise in the service economy have resulted in growing inequality and long-term demand for “emergency” food in New York State. We outline critiques by scholars and practitioners of the emergency food regime. Description and analysis of the organizational change efforts of the Food Bank of the Southern Tier combine discourse analysis, collaborative inquiry, interviews, and participant observation. Discourse analysis of the agency’s strategic plans documents changes in aspirations, exposure to new epistemic communities and repertoires of actions. Interviews with participants evidence impacts of the organization’s advocacy and education programs on people with lived experience in poverty. Through a participatory process, we developed a collaborative chronology of phases of organizational change. Collaborative analysis of organizational changes demonstrates new definitions of the problem, a shift in service focus, changing outcomes and increased funding for advocacy. While recognizing substantial constraints, this project contributes to evidence that food banks may shift their discourse and practices beyond charity.

A plan to attenuate hunger and obesity: killing two birds with one stone

Obesity and hunger are two of the most important health problems worldwide. In many developing countries, both of these conditions exist. The main reason for obesity is calorie intake that exceeds energy expenditure, and insufficient calorie intake is the main cause of hunger. The aim of the present manuscript is to introduce a plan for attenuating both of these problems. According to this plan, as a first step, overweight and obese participants are invited to reduce 25% of their calorie intake by subtracting a quarter of their usual portions. As the second step, a non-governmental organization (NGO) collects the separated raw materials (from households) or foods (from restaurants) at specific time intervals. The third step is the identification of the undernourished people and asking them to participate in the program. Social media will have a crucial role in this context. Every society can benefit from this program. It will not impose any extra financial burden on the participants or governments.