Cause Of Acute Respiratory Infections Research Articles

Predicted Public Health and Economic Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination with Variable Duration of Protection for Adults ≥60 Years in Belgium.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in older adults. This study used a static, cohort-based decision-tree model to estimate the public health and economic impact of vaccination against RSV in Belgians aged ≥60 years compared with no vaccination for different vaccine duration of protection profiles from a healthcare payer perspective. Three vaccine protection durations were compared (1, 3, and 5 years), and several sensitivity and scenario analyses were performed. Results showed that an RSV vaccine with a 3-year duration of protection would prevent 154,728 symptomatic RSV-ARI cases, 3688 hospitalizations, and 502 deaths over three years compared to no vaccination in older adults and would save EUR 35,982,857 in direct medical costs in Belgium. The number needed to vaccinate to prevent one RSV-ARI case was 11 for the 3-year duration profile, while it was 28 and 8 for the 1- and 5-year vaccine duration profiles, respectively. The model was generally robust in sensitivity analyses varying key input values. This study suggested that vaccination could substantially decrease the public health and economic burden of RSV in adults ≥60 years in Belgium, with benefits increasing with a longer duration of vaccine protection.

Identification of Acute Respiratory Infection Patients Using RP2 Nested Multiplex PCR Test in Jakarta, Indonesia

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is an acute respiratory disease caused by infectious organisms transmitted between humans. Viruses and bacteria generally cause the cause of ARI infection. Other viruses that can also cause ARI are Influenza, Adenovirus, Enterovirus, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus. This study aims to determine the causes of bacterial or viral ARI infection with RP2 Nested Multiplex RT-PCR. The research methodology is cross-sectional. The sample used was 50 people with purposive sampling technique in patients with ARI who examined bacteria and viruses using RP2 Nested Multiplex RT-PCR. The research was located at the Laboratory of the United States Embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia. The results showed that 26 (52%) men suffered more from ARI patients than 24 women (46%), with the most age group being children, 28 people (56%). The three symptoms that many patients in this study felt were that 40 patients (80%) experienced nasal congestion, 38 patients (76%) experienced fever, and 32 patients (64%) coughed. The results of the organisms in the RP2 nested multiplex RT-PCR examination showed that 100% of the causes of ARI were viruses with the highest prevalence (40%) originating from the Human Rhinovirus/Enterovirus. The reason for ARI in this research is from a virus (100%), so antibiotics are not needed for this patient.

Reference material development for detection of human respiratory syncytial virus using digital PCR.

Nucleic acid testing is a powerful tool for the detection of various pathogens. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute respiratory infection, especially in young children and infants. To improve the confidence and reliability of nucleic acid testing results for RSV, reference materials (RMs) of both type A and B of RSV were developed by the National Institute of Metrology, China, code numbers NIM-RM 4057 and 4058. The reference material was composed of in vitro transcribed RNA containing the nucleocapsid (N) gene, matrix (M) gene, and partial polymerase (L) gene of RSV. A duplex reverse transcription digital PCR method was established with limit of blank (LoB), limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ) of 2, 5, and 23 copies per reaction for RSV-A and 4, 8, and 20 copies per reaction for RSV-B. The certified value and expanded uncertainty (U, k = 2) of the two RMs were determined to be (6.1 ± 1.4) × 104 copies/μL for RSV-A and (5.3 ± 1.2) × 104 copies/μL for RSV-B. The developed RMs can be used as standards to evaluate the performance of RSV detection assays.

Terminally exhausted CD8 +T cells contribute to age-dependent severity of human metapneumovirus

Abstract Objective Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection with severe morbidity and mortality among older adults. HMPV seropositivity is universal due to childhood exposure, yet antibodies do not fully protect. We hypothesized that severe HMPV disease in the elderly was due to deficient CD8 +T cell responses. Methods B6 aged 70–71wk mice and young 6–7wk mice were infected with 2×10 6PFU HMPV. Seven days post infection, mice were euthanized and lung, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), spleen, and draining lymph nodes were collected for flow cytometry. Lung and BAL supernatant was collected for viral titer, histology, and cytokine measurement. Results Aged 70–71wk C57BL/6 mice exhibited worsened weight loss, disease, and lung pathology with delayed viral clearance compared to young adult mice. Aged mice developed fewer HMPV tetramer +CD8 +T cells, which demonstrated higher expression of PD-1 and other inhibitory receptors and were less polyfunctional with decreased granzyme B. Transplant of aged T cells into young mice and vice versa, as well as adoptive transfer of young or aged CD8 +T cells into Rag1−/−mice, recapitulated the HMPV aged phenotype, suggesting a cell-intrinsic age-associated defect. HMPV-specific aged CD8 +T cells exhibited a terminally exhausted TCF1 −TOX +EOMES +phenotype. PD-1 blockade or 4-1BB agonist failed to improve the aged CD8 +T cell response. Conclusion Aged mice exhibit more severe respiratory disease when infected with HMPV. There is a cell-intrinsic age-associated defect in CD8 +T cells as shown through the transplant models. This study also identifies terminal CD8 +T cell exhaustion as a mechanism of severe HMPV disease in the elderly. NIH AI085062 (JVW) 1F30HL159915-01A1 (OBP) T32 GM-008208 (OBP, JS) Henry L. Hillman Foundation (JVW) T32 AI089443 (YZ) K12 HD000850 (TE)

Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Co-infection with Other Respiratory Pathogens Among Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Infections in Wuhan, China

Background: Bacterial and viral co-infections are increasingly recognized as the cause of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). The role of co-infection in ARI patients with Parainfluenza Virus type 3 (PIV3) infection is unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PIV3 co-infections in hospitalized children and assess the co-infections' role in ARI patients with PIV3 infections. Methods: Between January 2018 and December 2021, children were confirmed to have a PIV3 infection via throat swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates. Some digital clinical data were analyzed, including demographic, epidemiological, diagnostic, and laboratory data. Results: During the study period from 2018 to 2021, 2,539 patients were hospitalized with ARI caused by PIV3. Of them, 34.0% had co-infection with other pathogens, and 2.4% had co-infection with more than two pathogens. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the most common co-infecting pathogen (71.3%), followed by other bacteria (13.3%) and viruses (8.2%). A significantly higher proportion of patients with M. pneumoniae co-infection was found in girls (χ2 = 19.233, P < 0.001). Co-infections with M. pneumoniae were observed principally in patients aged 1 – 2 years (χ2 = 202.130, P < 0.001). In contrast, viral (56.3%) and bacterial (66.1%) co-infections occurred mainly in children younger than one year. The diagnosis of PIV3 as a single infection included pneumonia (41.2%), bronchitis (39.9%), upper respiratory tract infections (15.0%), and laryngitis (3.9%), which were distinguished from those with bacterial co-infections (χ2 = 16.424, P = 0.001) and co-infections with more than two pathogens (χ2 = 11.687, P = 0.010). Co-infections of PIV3 with any pathogen were not associated with admissions to intensive care units or ventilator support. However, the mean hospitalization was significantly higher in M. pneumoniae co-infections (t = 2.367, P = 0.018), bacterial co-infections (t = 2.402, P = 0.016), and co-infections with more than two pathogens (t = 2.827, P = 0.006) than in single PIV3 infection. Conclusions: Parainfluenza virus type 3 frequently occurs with other pathogens. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of co-infections with different pathogens differed. Mycoplasma pneumoniae co-infections, bacterial co-infections, and co-infections with more than two pathogens lengthened the hospitalization. Bacterial co-infections and co-infections with more than two pathogens increased the severity of ARI and worsened the symptoms.

Screening antivirals with a mCherry-expressing recombinant bovine respiratory syncytial virus: a proof of concept using cyclopamine

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a pathogenic pneumovirus and a major cause of acute respiratory infections in calves. Although different vaccines are available against BRSV, their efficiency remains limited, and no efficient and large-scale treatment exists. Here, we developed a new reverse genetics system for BRSV expressing the red fluorescent protein mCherry, based on a field strain isolated from a sick calf in Sweden. Although this recombinant fluorescent virus replicated slightly less efficiently compared to the wild type virus, both viruses were shown to be sensitive to the natural steroidal alkaloid cyclopamine, which was previously shown to inhibit human RSV replication. Our data thus point to the potential of this recombinant fluorescent BRSV as a powerful tool in preclinical drug discovery to enable high throughput compound screening.

Prevalence of SARS-COV-2 and other respiratory pathogens among a Jordanian subpopulation during Delta-to-Omicron transition: Winter 2021/2022.

Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) during the winter months are associated with higher morbidity and mortality compared to other seasons of the year, with children below five, elderly, and immunocompromised patients being the most susceptible. Influenza A and B viruses, rhinovirus, coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and parainfluenza viruses, are the most frequently identified causes of viral ARTIs. In addition, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 provided an additional viral cause of ARTIs. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the epidemiological status of upper respiratory infections, their main causative agents, and reported clinical presentation in the winter months of 2021, during two important surges of COVID-19 in Jordan. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 339 symptomatic patients during the period from December 2021 to March 2022, followed by nucleic acid isolation using a Viral RNA/DNA extraction Kit. The causative virus species associated with the patient's respiratory symptoms was determined utilizing a multiplex real-time PCR targeting 21 viruses, 11 bacteria, and a single fungus. SARS-CoV-2 was identified in 39.2% of the patients (n = 133/339). A total of 15 different pathogens were also identified as co-infections among these 133 patients (n = 67/133). SARS-CoV-2-Bacterial coinfections (37.6%, n = 50/133) were the most frequent, with Bordetella species being the most common, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, and H.influenzae type B. Viral coinfection rate was 27.8% (n = 37/133), with Influenza B virus and Human bocavirus being the most common. In Conclusion, Both SARS-CoV-2, influenza B virus, and Bordetella accounted for the majority of infections in patients with URTI during the winter months of 2021-2022. Interestingly, more than 50% of the patients with symptoms of URTIs were confirmed to have a coinfection with two or more respiratory pathogens, with SARS-CoV-2 and Bordetella coinfection being most predominant.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F Protein Vaccine in Older Adults

BackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of acute respiratory infection, lower respiratory tract disease, clinical complications, and death in older adults. There is currently no licensed vaccine against RSV infection.MethodsIn an ongoing, international, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, adults 60 years of age or older to receive a single dose of an AS01E-adjuvanted RSV prefusion F protein–based candidate vaccine (RSVPreF3 OA) or placebo before the RSV season. The primary objective was to show vaccine efficacy of one dose of the RSVPreF3 OA vaccine against RSV-related lower respiratory tract disease, confirmed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), during one RSV season. The criterion for meeting the primary objective was a lower limit of the confidence interval around the efficacy estimate of more than 20%. Efficacy against severe RSV-related lower respiratory tract disease and RSV-related acute respiratory infection was assessed, and analyses according to RSV subtype (A and B) were performed. Safety was evaluated.ResultsA total of 24,966 participants received one dose of the RSVPreF3 OA vaccine (12,467 participants) or placebo (12,499). Over a median follow-up of 6.7 months, vaccine efficacy against RT-PCR–confirmed RSV-related lower respiratory tract disease was 82.6% (96.95% confidence interval [CI], 57.9 to 94.1), with 7 cases (1.0 per 1000 participant-years) in the vaccine group and 40 cases (5.8 per 1000 participant-years) in the placebo group. Vaccine efficacy was 94.1% (95% CI, 62.4 to 99.9) against severe RSV-related lower respiratory tract disease (assessed on the basis of clinical signs or by the investigator) and 71.7% (95% CI, 56.2 to 82.3) against RSV-related acute respiratory infection. Vaccine efficacy was similar against the RSV A and B subtypes (for RSV-related lower respiratory tract disease: 84.6% and 80.9%, respectively; for RSV-related acute respiratory infection: 71.9% and 70.6%, respectively). High vaccine efficacy was observed in various age groups and in participants with coexisting conditions. The RSVPreF3 OA vaccine was more reactogenic than placebo, but most adverse events for which reports were solicited were transient, with mild-to-moderate severity. The incidences of serious adverse events and potential immune-mediated diseases were similar in the two groups.ConclusionsA single dose of the RSVPreF3 OA vaccine had an acceptable safety profile and prevented RSV-related acute respiratory infection and lower respiratory tract disease and severe RSV-related lower respiratory tract disease in adults 60 years of age or older, regardless of RSV subtype and the presence of underlying coexisting conditions. (Funded by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals; AReSVi-006 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04886596.)

The Effect of Sansevieria Plant on Particulate Matter 2.5 Levels in Classroom

The Poor physical environment is the main cause of acute respiratory infections that result in death in school children aged 5 to 14 years due to exposure to PM2.5 at school. The improvement of the school’s physical environment from high PM2.5 pollution is to involve the school community in planting Sansevieria Trifasciata as a solution to reducing PM2.5 pollution. This study aims to analyze the significance of differences in the physical environmental conditions of the Ciranjang 1 State Elementary School, Cianjur Regency, on the level of respiratory susceptibility of students seen from PM2.5 levels before and after the placement of Sansevieria Trifasciata. The study used 2 test classes and 1 control class. The study duration was 24 hours with two measurements, namely at the pretest and posttest. Data analysis used the Ancova one-way test followed by the Post-Hock test. The placement of 8 pots of Sansevieria Trifasciata was able to absorb PM2.5 compared to 6 pots of Sansevieria trifasciata. There is an effective and significant absorption of PM2.5 pollutants by placing 8 pots of Sansevieria trifasciata plants in a 49m2 classroom, which is 29µgr/m3 on the respiratory vulnerability level of Ciranjang 1 State Elementary School students, Cianjur Regency.

Adapting an integrated acute respiratory infections sentinel surveillance to the COVID-19 pandemic requirements, Egypt, 2020–2022

ObjectivesIn Egypt, an integrated surveillance for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) was established in 2016 to identify the causes of ARIs. The surveillance system includes 19 governmental hospitals. In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the World Health Organisation (WHO) requested surveillance adaptation to address the emerging challenges. This study aims to describe the experience in Egypt of adapting ARI surveillance to the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsWHO case definitions were used to identify patients with ARIs. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza testing. Demographic and clinical information were obtained by interviewing patients at the hospitals. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the first two outpatients daily and every fifth admitted patient were enrolled in the study. To determine the status of ARIs in Egypt during the pandemic, patient demographic, clinical and laboratory data from 2020 to 2022 were obtained and descriptive analyses were performed. ResultsOverall, 18,160 patients were enrolled in the study, including 7923 (43.6%) seen at outpatient clinics and 10,237 (56.4%) inpatients. Of the study participants, 6453 (35.5%) tested positive for ARIs, including 5620 (87.1%) for SARS-CoV-2, 781 (12.1%) for influenza and 52 (0.8%) for SARS-CoV-2/influenza coinfection. SARS-CoV-2 was the cause for 95.3% of admitted patients and 65.4% of outpatients. Influenza subtypes included A/H3 (55.7%), Influenza-B (29.1%) and H1/pdm09 (14.2%). Compared with influenza, SARS-CoV-2 tended to infect the elderly, in warm weather and in urban governorates, and resulted in more hospitalisations, longer hospital stays and higher case fatalities (16.3% vs 6.6%, p < 0.001). ConclusionsARI surveillance in Egypt was successfully adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic and effectively described the clinical characteristics and severity of circulating viruses. Surveillance reported the re-emergence of influenza with a severe course and high fatality. Surveillance is essential for monitoring the activity of respiratory viruses with the aim of guiding clinical management, including preventative and control measures.

Hubungan Paparan Asap Pembakaran Gerabah Dengan Kejadian ISPA Pada Balita

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) always rank first in the cause of death in the infant and toddler group in Indonesia. Air pollution by combustion fumes is one of the factors causing ARI in toddlers. Exposure to pottery burning smoke is one of the air pollution in Banyumulek village. An epidemiological study showed long-term smoke exposure showed an increase in bronchitis symptoms in children and was also associated with decreased lung function. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between exposure to pottery burning smoke and the incidence of ARI in toddlers in the Banyumulek Health Center Working Area, West Lombok. This study is an analytical survey study with a cross-sectional approach, purposive sampling techniques, respondents totaling 75 respondents. The measuring instruments used were questionnaires about exposure to pottery combustion smoke and ARI event questionnaires. This research was conducted in the Banyumulek Health Center Working Area of West Lombok and this research was conducted on May 25-June 6 year. The statistical test used in this study is Chi-Square. Results: The results of this study showed a significant relationship between exposure to pottery burning smoke and the incidence of ARI in toddlers in Banyumulek Village with a P-Value of 0.014&lt;0.05. Exposure to pottery burning smoke is one of the causes of ARI in toddlers in Banyumulek Village. It is hoped that parents will pay more attention to the health of toddlers and increase knowledge about the dangers of exposure to pottery burning smoke for the health of their toddlers.

PENGARUH PAPARAN DEBU TSP DAN PENGGUNAAN APD TERHADAP GEJALA ISPA PENGGUNA TERMINAL

Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) are complaints experienced by a person in the respiratory tract. Respiratory tract disease is the third leading cause of death in workers, which is 21%. Some of the causes of ARI are dust exposure and non-compliance with the use of personal protection equipment (PPE), especially those that are in direct contact with dust. This study uses an analytical observational design with a cross sectional approach. Sampling by simple random sampling a number of respondents 80 respondents. Measurement of dust in the work environment using a digital dust monitor, assessment of symptoms of ARI using a questionnaire from the Ministry of Health in 2002 and the use of PPE based on observation sheets. The result of this research is that the average dust concentration is 4.606 mg/m3. for symptoms of ARI the majority of respondents are in the moderate category. The results of the bivariate test showed that there was a significant relationship between dust levels and the use of PPE with ARI symptoms with a p value of 0.045 and 0,024. There is a strong and unidirectional significant relationship between exposure to TSP dust and the use of PPE with ARI symptoms so that terminal users are expected to obey the use of masks to reduce the risk of dust exposure. Keywords : Acute Respiratory Infection, Dust, PPE

Cholinergic dysfunction in COVID-19: frantic search and hoping for the best.

A novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a potential cause of acute respiratory infection called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The binding of SARS-CoV-2 with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) induces a series of inflammatory cellular events with cytopathic effects leading to cell injury and hyperinflammation. Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to dysautonomia and sympathetic storm due to dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Therefore, this review aimed to elucidate the critical role of the cholinergic system (CS) in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The CS forms a multi-faceted network performing diverse functions in the body due to its distribution in the neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Acetylcholine (ACh) acts on two main types of receptors which are nicotinic receptors (NRs) and muscarinic receptors (MRs). NRs induce T cell anergy with impairment of antigen-mediated signal transduction. Nicotine through activation of T cell NRs inhibits the expression and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. NRs play important anti-inflammatory effects while MRs promote inflammation by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. SARS-CoV-2 infection can affect the morphological and functional stability of CS through the disruption of cholinergic receptors. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is similar to neurotoxins, which can bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the ANS and brain. Therefore, cholinergic receptors mainly nAChR and related cholinergic agonists may affect the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cholinergic dysfunction in COVID-19 is due to dysregulation of nAChR by SARS-CoV-2 promoting the central sympathetic drive with the development of the sympathetic storm. As well, nAChR activators through interaction with diverse signaling pathways can reduce the risk of inflammatory disorders in COVID-19. In addition, nAChR activators may mitigate endothelial dysfunction (ED), oxidative stress (OS), and associated coagulopathy in COVID-19. Similarly, nAChR activators may improve OS, inflammatory changes, and cytokine storm in COVID-19. Therefore, nAChR activators like varenicline in virtue of its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects with direct anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect could be effective in the management of COVID-19.

Human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections in Beijing, China.

This study aims to described the epidemiology and genotypic diversity of Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the prevalence of HMPV in hospitalized children with Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in Beijing, China. From April 2018 to March 2019 and from September 2020 to August 2021, nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) from hospitalized children with ARTIs in Beijing were collected and subjected to real-time polymerase chain reaction tests for HMPV. Then genotyping, detection of 15 common respiratory viruses and clinical characteristics were analyzed on HMPV positive samples. 7.9% (124/1572) enrolled pediatric patients were identified as having HMPV infection, and the majority of children under the age of 5 (78.2%, 92/124), From April 2018 to March 2019. The detection rate of HMPV in spring and winter is significantly higher than that in summer and autumn. The co-infection rate were 37.1% (46/124), the most common co-infected virus were parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3). The main diagnosis of HMPV infection was pneumonia (92.7%,115/124), most patient have cough and fever. Of 78 HMPV-positive specimens, A2b (82.1%,64/78) were the main epidemic subtypes. Hospitalized children with HMPV genotype A infection had a higher viral load compared to genotype B. During the COVID-19 outbreak, Among 232 samples, only 4 cases were HMPV-positive. After statistical test, the detection rate of HMPV during the COVID-19 pandemic has decreased significantly compared with that before the epidemic (p=0.001). HMPV is an important cause of ARTIs in children under 5years old. The epidemic peak is generally in winter and spring, and the A2b subtype is the most common. However, under the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic, the HMPV infection of hospitalized children with ARTIs has decreased significantly.

An automated DNA computing platform for rapid etiological diagnostics.

Rapid and accurate classification of the etiology for acute respiratory illness not only helps establish timely therapeutic plans but also prevents inappropriate use of antibiotics. Host gene expression patterns in peripheral blood can discriminate bacterial from viral causes of acute respiratory infection (ARI) but suffer from long turnaround time, as well as high cost resulting from the measurement methods of microarrays and next-generation sequencing. Here, we developed an automated DNA computing-based platform that can implement an in silico trained classification model at the molecular level with seven different mRNA expression patterns for accurate diagnosis of ARI etiology in 4 hours. By integrating sample loading, marker amplification, classifier implementation, and results reporting into one platform, we obtained a diagnostic accuracy of 87% in 80 clinical samples without the aid of computer and laboratory technicians. This platform creates opportunities toward an accurate, rapid, low-cost, and automated diagnosis of disease etiology in emergency departments or point-of-care clinics.

Factor analysis of the incidence of ARI in Toddlers during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are one of the leading causes of death among children in developing countries. Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a disease that affects one or more parts of the airway from the nose to the alveoli, including the appendages (sinus, middle ear cavity, pleura). The high incidence of acute respiratory infections in children under five years of age is a serious problem that needs to be addressed immediately. The aim of this review study was to analyze the causes of acute respiratory infections in children under five years of age. This study is a systematic review using online databases namely Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest. The keywords used were ARI, infant, and the Covid-19 pandemic. The selection process used the PRISMA protocol, resulting in 15 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The 15 articles included factors such as environmental influences, ventilation, physical environment, mothers' knowledge, population density, indoor air pollution, and children not receiving full immunization. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in several parts of Indonesia has the potential to hinder maternal and child access to health services ARI as the government implements policy-based movement restrictions. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic that has occurred has been a reduction in public access to health facilities in Posyandu and Puskesmas, such as the implementation of primary immunizations, weighing and measuring the height of children under 5 years of age, which have not been controlled.

Clinical characteristics of patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

ObjectiveTo describe the characteristics of patients diagnosed with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. MethodsA retrospective study of clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute infections by M. pneumoniae confirmed by PCR was carried out in the Navarra Health Service (Spain) in 2014–2018. ResultsM. pneumoniae infection was confirmed in 9.5% of analyzed patients. Among 123 confirmed cases, 65% were 5–14 years old, 21.1% <5 years old, and 13.8% were ≥14 years old. Pneumonia was radiologically confirmed in 83.7% of cases, and 22.0% presented extra-respiratory manifestations. A total of 44.7% of cases required hospitalization. Bilateral pneumonia, asthmatic crisis and extra-respiratory manifestations were associated to higher risk of hospitalization (81.3, 72.2 and 66.7%, respectively). Microbiological targeted treatment was monotherapy with macrolides in 60.2% of cases and combined with other antibiotics in 13.0%. ConclusionM. pneumoniae was the cause of acute respiratory infection affecting mainly to children younger than 14 years old and frequently required hospitalization.

Molecular Study for Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is an important cause of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and mortality in humans; especially among children, elders and immune-compromised individuals around the world. This study aims to determine the infection rate of respiratory syncytial virus in patients with respiratory tract infection and identify the genotyping in Different cities in Thi-Qar province During the period from February to May. A total of 100 throat swabs samples were collected from patients having flu-like illnesses from age range between (6-65 ) years from both sex . Result showed 38 % positive for RSV , 24% was in genotype A and 14% in genotype B ,.The conclusion of this study revealed that respiratory syncytial virus A infections were more frequent than RSV B among patients with acute respiratory tract infection, and The frequency of female patients infected with RSV were higher than their male.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of influenza virus infection in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections in Sri Lanka.

Influenza viruses (Inf-V) are an important cause of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children. This study was undertaken to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of Inf-V infections in a sample of hospitalized children with ARI. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) from 500 children between 1 month to 5 years old with symptoms of ARI were collected at the Teaching Hospital Kegalle Sri Lanka From May 2016 to June 2018, NPAs were tested for influenza A (Inf-A) and B (Inf-B) viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), human parainfluenza virus (hPIV) 1–3 using an immunofluorescence assay. The Inf-V were then subtyped using a multiplex RT-PCR. Inf-V were detected in 10.75% (54/502) of the hospitalized children with ARI and in that 5.57% (28/502) were positive for Inf-A and 5.17% (26/502) were positive for Inf-B. Of the 54 Inf-V positive children, 33 were aged between 6 and 20 months. Of the 28 children infected with Inf-A, 15 had uncharacterized lower respiratory infection, 7 had bronchopneumonia and 6 had bronchiolitis. Of the 26 children infected with Inf-B, 11 had uncharacterized lower respiratory infection, 10 had bronchiolitis, and 4 had bronchopneumonia. Inf-B circulated throughout the year with a few peaks, one in June and then in August followed by November to December in 2016 and one in April 2017 and January 2018. Inf-A circulated throughout the year with a major peak in March to April 2017 and July 2018. ARI was more common in boys compared to girls. Majority of the children infected with Inf-V were diagnosed with uncharacterized lower respiratory infection and mild to moderate bronchiolitis. Inf-V infections were prevalent throughout the year in the study area of Sri Lanka with variations in the type of the circulating virus.

Genome analysis of human respiratory syncytial virus in Fujian Province, Southeast China.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the main causes of acute respiratory infections (ARI)leading to a heavy disease burden. Reports on RSV in China are limited, especially in Fujian Province, and RSV whole-genome sequences in Fujian Province are not reported. This study aimed to explore the genomic characteristics of RSV to provide evidence for the development of vaccines and medicines. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify and obtain the attachment (G) gene and whole-genome fragments from the positive samples. Genetic evolution as well as nucleotide and amino acid homology analyses of the virus sequences were conducted to identify any amino acid mutations. A total of 72 RSV-positive cases were collected, and 53G gene sequences were obtained using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The ON1 and BA11 genotypes were found to be dominant using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) on the NCBI website. The 40 genotype ON1 sequences had high nucleotide identity (95.3%-99.8%) and amino acid similarity (92.5%-100%), whereas the 13 BA11 genotype sequenceshad 97.3%-99.6% nucleotide identity and 94.8%-99.7% amino acid similarity. Compared to the ON1 prototype (JN257693) and BA11 prototype (AY333364), the obtained sequences had no nucleotide insertions or deletions, indicating high similarity among the samples. A total of 17 RSV whole genome sequences were obtained, 10 of which were genotype ON1 and seven were genotype BA11. Certain amino acid mutations were found in the antigen site and epitope of the fusion (F) protein but not in the G protein. Glycosylation analyses of specific RSV genes revealed high positive selection rates for the gene, and the N- and O-linked glycosylation sequences in the F gene were relatively conserved. From July 2018 to January 2020, ON1 and BA11 were the most prevalent RSV genotypes in Fujian Province. A high nucleotide identity and amino acid similarity were observed between the reference strain and the obtained strains, as well as among the sequences of the obtained isotypes. Certain amino acid mutations occur at the antigen site and the epitope of the F protein.