Causes Of Acne Research Articles

Acne vulgaris in adolescents – the review

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorders that affects almost 90% of the adolescents worldwide. Due to its effect on one’s appearance, it causes not only physical but also psychological consequences. The cause of acne involves increased sebum production, hyperkeratinisation of the follicle, bacterial colonization and inflammation, which result in formation of comedones, papules, pustules and nodules. Diet, Body Mass Index, hyperhidrosis and stress can be triggering factors. The pharmacological treatment of acne involves substances administered topically as well as orally. First line of treatment of mild-to-moderate acne involves topical benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, chemical peels, antibiotics and combinations of those agents. The treatment of moderate-to-severe or inflammatory acne consists of oral antibiotics, isotretinoin, oral contraceptives and spironolactone. New therapies are being investigated and show a great potential, however further research should be pursued in order to achieve long-lasting results of the treatment.

ADOLESCENTS KNOWLEDGE ON THE USE OF COSMETIC AND DERMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF ACNE VULGARIS

Acne vulgaris is a common, chronic, inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit that affects most teenagers with inflammatory lesions on the face and trunk. They are mainly caused by increased sebum production, hyperkeratinization of the follicle, inflammation, hormonal changes, misuse of cosmetic and dermatological preparations. This condition is more common in adolescents, but it also occurs in patients in their twenties and thirties too. These changes in the skin affect emotional stress and quality of life. Dermocosmetics play a special role in the care and treatment of acne-prone skin. A series of complementary dermocosmetics are available, which include products with cleansing, active, soothing and moisturizing properties. Dermocosmetics formulated with active substances can be used in acne monotherapy based on the effectiveness of specific active ingredients in alleviating acne symptoms without any adverse effects reported so far. Effective skincare serves not only as a preventative measure by addressing the underlying causes of acne, but also helps mitigate the negative effects of pharmacological therapy and helps manage complications such as scarring and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. This study aims the evaluation of the awareness of adolescents in relation to the treatment of acne and their knowledge about the use of cosmetic and dermatological preparations. Based on our results 40% of teenagers didn’t consult a dermatologist but used preparations that they see on social media and that their effectiveness was lower than 30%. 38% of the teenagers have used the therapy and the food regime that the dermatologist recommended which lead to a 75% effectiveness on treatment, 12% have used lotions recommended by their pharmacists and didn’t follow the food regime from which they had an effectiveness of only 42%. We also noticed that the patients who followed the instructions of the dermatologist and the pharmacist had more efficiency, while the others had less efficiency. From this we can conclude that any change in the skin for better efficiency should be managed by a dermatologist.

The American Academy of Dermatology's "Good Skin Knowledge" program enhances children and adolescents' confidence regarding dermatologic knowledge.

The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) has resources meant to be used by children. Herein, we discuss the Good Skin Knowledge (GSK) curriculum, which was created to educate youth aged 8-13 about common dermatologic conditions to promote healthy skin habits, build self-confidence, and encourage careers in science and medicine. To assess participants' confidence regarding understanding and retention of GSK materials, the authors developed a pre- and post-training survey consisting of 10 questions. Results of our survey demonstrate a significant improvement in participants confidence regarding knowledge of skin function and care with at least two thirds of youth surveyed indicating understanding across all areas, with the largest gains centered around knowledge of the three skin layers, knowing what a dermatologist does, and appreciating the causes of acne.

Education on acne and cosmetic knowledge for adolescents at SMK Rise Kedawung

Acne occurs due to the presence of S. Aureus bacteria, when the oil glands in the skin are too active, acne usually appears on the surface of the skin of the face, neck, chest, and back. Therefore, antibacterials are needed to overcome this, which can be obtained from chemicals or traditional plants. The aim of this community service program is to provide education to students at Rise Kedawung Vocational School about acne on teenage skin and training to check cosmetics registration using the BPOM Mobile application. This activity is carried out by providing material about acne starting from understanding acne, the causes of acne, traditional plants that have antibacterial activity, chemicals that have antibacterial activity, and how to check BPOM registration. The pre-test and post-test results showed an increase in participants' understanding regarding acne, acne medication, and checking cosmetic registration from 87% to 96%.

PENGEMBANGAN FORMULASI EMULGEL FRAKSI n-HEKSAN DAUN MIANA (Coleus scutellarioides) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP Propionibacterium acnes PENYEBAB JERAWAT (Acne vulgaris)

Acne (Acne vulgaris) is a condition where the skin experiences inflammation in the polysebaceous unit which is triggered by Propionibacterium acnes. Miana leaves (Coleus scutellarioides) contain alkaloid and terpenoid compounds which can act as antibacterials. This research aims to determine whether the n-hexane fraction of Miana leaves (C. scutellarioides) can be formulated in the form of a physically and chemically stable emulgel preparation, to determine whether the n-hexane fraction of Miana leaves (C. scutellarioides) has activity against P. acnes. as a cause of acne (A. vulgaris) and to determine the formula with an effective concentration in inhibiting the growth of P. acnes. This research is a form of laboratory experimentation. The n-Hexane fraction of miana leaves was obtained by fractionation. Antibacterial activity testing was carried out using the well method. The results obtained were physically and chemically stable emulgel formulas, namely F0 and F1. The inhibition zone of F1 is 16.46 mm (strong), F2 is 14.40 mm (strong), F3 is 16.78 mm (strong) and F0 has no antibacterial activity. The formula with a concentration of 12.5% was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of P. acnes, namely 16.78 mm. From the results of this research, it was found that the n-Hexane fraction of Miana leaves (C. scutellarioides) has strong antibacterial activity against P. acnes and can be formulated in the form of an emulgel dosage form.

Formulation and Effectiveness Test of 96% Ethanol Extract Anti-Acne Serum Cashew Leaves (Anacardium occidentale L.)

Introduction: Recently, the use of cosmetics to cure acne made from natural ingredients can have a good effect. Cosmetic preparations that are currently developing rapidly are serum preparations because they have better effects, and the moisturizing technology used is based on skin physiology. The natural ingredient in question is cashew leaves, which treat acne caused by Propionibacterium acnes. This research aims to obtain a serum preparation of cashew leaf extract to determine its effectiveness against P. acne and optimize the two ingredients, namely carbopol and triethanolamine (TEA) so that the serum preparation has physical stability that meets predetermined standards.
 Methods: This research is pure experimental research of a qualitative nature to obtain a serum preparation of cashew leaf extract with effectiveness as an anti-acne and using the factorial design method with the optimization factor for carbopol concentration comparison as a gelling agent and TEA as an alkalizing agent. The physical property parameters observed as a response to the equation are spreadability and viscosity using two-way statistical tests, ANOVA, with IBM SPSS statistics 29.0.1.0 software.
 Results: The research results obtained indicate the effectiveness of cashew leaf extract serum preparations against bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes. Apart from that, there is no significant difference between the formulas in the spreadability parameters, which means there is no influence from variations in carbopol and TEA concentrations on the physical evaluation of spreadability. Meanwhile, there are significant differences between the formulas in the viscosity parameters, there is an influence of variations in the concentration of carbopol and TEA on the physical evaluation of viscosity.
 Conclusion: Cashew leaf extract serum preparations are effective in treating bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, the cause of acne.

Utilization of Chitosan from Fresh Water Lobster (Cherax quadricarinatus) Shells in Anti-Acne Gel Preparations

Cutibacterium acnes is one of the bacteria that cause acne on the face. Freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) shells have been abandoned and are not used by the community; thus, their shells are processed into economically valuable compounds such as chitosan. Chitosan has antibacterial characteristics that can inhibit acne bacterial development. The purpose of this study is to see if chitosan derived from crayfish shells may be stable in the form of an anti-acne gel and has antibacterial action against Cutibacterium acnes. Anti-acne gel was made from crayfish shells at concentrations of 2, 4 and 6 %, then gel formulations were evaluated and antibacterial efficacy against Cutibacterium acnes germs was tested. Chitosan produced by freshwater lobster shells was 68.75 %. The results of the test of freshwater crayfish shells against Cutibacterium acnes revealed that the average diameter of the inhibition was 6.34 mm at a concentration of 2 %, 6.57 mm at a concentration of 4 % and 6.90 mm at a concentration of 6 %; thus, a concentration of 6 % has the best inhibition. According to the organoleptic test, there was no change in shape or color. According to the homogeneity test, there are no lumps or coarse grains. According to the spreadability test, all preparations were within a 56 cm range. The adhesion test shows a satisfactory adhesion time of more than 1 s. The pH test revealed that all preparations were within the normal skin pH range, indicating that the recipe satisfied the specifications. Anti-acne gel prepared from the shell of a freshwater crayfish displays antibacterial action against Cutibacterium acnes as a cause of acne, with an inhibitory diameter of 6.11 mm at 2 % concentration, 6.8 mm at 4 % concentration and 7.11 mm at 6 % concentration. The diameter of the inhibitory zone in the positive control was 11.9 mm. HIGHLIGHTS Freshwater crayfish shells against Cutibacterium acnes revealed that the average diameter of the inhibition was 6.34 mm at a concentration of 2 %, 6.57 mm at a concentration of 4 %, and 6.90 mm at a concentration of 6 %; thus, a concentration of 6 % has the best inhibition Anti-acne gel prepared from the shell of a freshwater crayfish displays antibacterial action against Cutibacterium acnes as a cause of acne, with an inhibitory diameter of 6.11 mm at 2 % concentration, 6.8 mm at 4 % concentration, and 7.11 mm at 6 % concentration. The diameter of the inhibitory zone in the positive control was 11.9 mm GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Exploring the Potential of Nanocarriers for Targeted Delivery of Anti-acne Agents: A Review

Abstract: Acne is one of the most prevalent skin conditions among adolescents, which can often continue to adulthood. It is characterized by the appearance of comedones along with blackheads, whiteheads, papules, pimples, and pinheads on the neck, face, and back. The most common cause of acne is the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, but factors like hormonal imbalance, anxiety, and genetic makeup can often be responsible. Despite the availability of numerous anti-acne agents, their efficacy is often limited due to poor skin penetration and adverse effects. Nanocarriers have emerged as a promising approach for the targeted delivery of anti-acne agents to the skin. This review discusses the potential of nanocarriers, including vesicular systems, biphasic systems, polymeric systems, fullerenes, and carbon nanoparticles, for enhanced skin penetration and controlled release of anti-acne agents. Various studies have reported using nanocarriers to successfully deliver agents such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and retinoids, resulting in improved efficacy and reduced side effects. Using nanocarriers has shown promise for developing combination therapies targeting multiple aspects of acne pathogenesis. However, further research is needed to optimize the formulation and assess the safety and efficacy of nanocarrier-based anti-acne therapies.

Emerging Insights into the Applicability of Essential Oils in the Management of Acne Vulgaris.

The occurrence of pustules, comedones, nodules, and cysts defines acne vulgaris, a prevalent chronic inflammatory dermatological condition. In the past few decades, essential oils extracted from varied natural sources have acquired recognition due to their potential medicinal applications in acne therapy. However, there is not yet sufficient medical data to fully characterize this interaction. Multiple factors contribute to the development of acne vulgaris, including excessive sebaceous production, inflammatory processes, hyperkeratinization, and infection with Cutibacterium acnes. Essential oils, including oregano, lavender, lemon grass, myrtle, lemon, thyme, eucalyptus, rosemary, and tea tree, have been found to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, which may target the multifactorial causes of acne. Analytical methods for determining antioxidant potential (i.e., total phenolic content, diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, ferrous ion chelating activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay, β-carotene bleaching assay, etc.) are essential for the evaluation of these essential oils, and their method optimization is crucial. Further studies could include the development of novel acne treatments incorporating essential oils and an assessment of their efficacy in large clinical trials. In addition, further research is necessary to ascertain the mechanisms of action of essential oils and their optimal doses and safety profiles for optimal implementation in the management of acne vulgaris.

Fraksinasi Sari Kulit Buah Pisang Kepok (Musa acuminata) Mentah Tua dan Evaluasi Aktivitas Antibakteri terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Propionibacterium acnes

Acne vulgaris is a skin condition performed the acne due to bacterial activity that infects the skin. Acne problems are often the cause of a person that decrease in self-confidence. One of the most common acne-causing bacteria is Propionibacterium acnes. P.acnes is a gram-positive bacterium with its morphological, shape, properties and composition classified in the group of corynebacteria, but this type of bacteria is not toxigenic or bacteria that does not produce toxic substances (toxic). One of the materials that can be used for acne medication is banana peel. Banana peels are residual waste products from domestic industrial production. The waste of Banana peels have potential as an antibacterial. They contain secondary metabolites such as phenolics, quinones and flavonoids which can act as antibacterials. The purpose of this study was to examine the antibacterial activity of raw kepok banana (Musa acuminata) peel extract against Propionibacterium acne bacteria as a cause of acne. Antibacterial activity test in this study was carried out using the well diffusion method to see how the antibacterial effect of raw kepok banana peel (Musa acuminata) had on the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. Kepok banana peel extracts were fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate and water. The results of the antibacterial activity test for the three fractions showed that the water fraction of kepok banana peel extract represented the best inhibition zone of 10.02 ± 0.05 mm, 11.28 ± 0.13 mm, 12.38 ± 0.02 mm and 16.97 ± 0.36 with a strong category at successive concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%.

Epidemiology and Perception of Acne Among Adolescents in Jos, Nigeria: Cross-Sectional School-Based Study.

Adolescents who make up a vast majority of the secondary school population are at a stage at which they are largely affected by acne. This condition, which is widely visible and easily recognized by peers, has numerous misperceptions surrounding it, which may influence attitudes toward people affected by it. There is a paucity of information on the prevalence of acne and how adolescents in Jos, Nigeria, view the condition. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of acne, perceived risk factors, and the accuracy of self-report among adolescents in Jos, Nigeria. The study also sought to understand perceptions surrounding acne in this age group. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescents attending private and public secondary schools in Jos, Nigeria. In total, 482 students were recruited through a multistaged stratified random sampling method. A self-administered semistructured questionnaire was used to collect information on history of acne, perceptions of causes, and the attitude toward those who have the condition. All participants were examined for the presence of acne. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis were conducted using SPSS (version 26; IBM Corp). The self-reported prevalence of acne was 44% and that upon clinical examination was 55%. Self-report showed a moderate degree of agreement with clinical diagnosis (Cohen κ=57.3%; P<.001). Predictive factors for the presence of acne in general were age of ≥15 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.79, 95% CI 1.12-2.87; P=.02), being in a private school (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.38-3.42; P=.001), and being in a senior secondary class (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.32-3.47; P=.002). The female gender (OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.64-5.61; P=.001) and religion (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.27-8.24; P=.02) were predictive for acne only among adolescents aged <15 years, while a positive family history was predictive in those aged ≥15 years (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.15-3.61; P=.02). A distinct perception and attitude pattern surrounding acne was observed, as a significant proportion (84/131, 64.1% vs 47/131, 35.9%; P=.02) of those who related acne to a biological phenomenon had acne themselves; however, the belief that acne is caused by skin lightening practices was significantly more common in those without acne (19/28, 67.9%) than in those with acne (9/28, 32.1%; P=.01). One-fourth of the adolescents (n=122, 25.3%) had no idea of the possible causes of acne. Though acne is a prevalent skin condition among Nigerian adolescents, many misperceptions and unfavorable attitudes surround acne and persons affected by the condition. Our findings have revealed the need to work with the school health program to educate the general adolescent population about acne, to refer and manage teenagers with acne.

Antimicrobial Activity of The Ethanol Extract of Coffea canephora L. Seeds Against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes

Acne is a skin disease that causes humans to lack confidence in carrying out activities. Besides being sick, acne worsens the beauty of human skin. The cause of acne is gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes. Many studies reported that Coffea canephora L can inhibit the growth of bacteria. The objective of this study is to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanol extract of robusta coffee seeds in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The ethanol extract of C. canephora L seed was obtained by maceration method using 96% ethanol. The extract obtained was evaluated for its antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method with perforation techniques. The extract was divided into five various concentrations (50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125%). The results of this study indicated that the ethanol extract of coffee seeds with a concentration of 50% resulted in a wider diameter of the zone of inhibition of bacterial growth in S. aureus, 30.00 mm compared to P. acnes, 26.22 mm. The MIC of ethanol extract for S. aureus at 3.00% while P. acnes was 6.00%. In conclusion, the antibacterial effect of the ethanol extract of coffee seeds at 50% concentration was stronger against S. aureus bacteria than P. acnes. The greater the concentration of the extract, the wider the resulting inhibition zone.

Perbandingan Konsentrasi HPMC Terhadap Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirsak (Annona Muricata L.)

The soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) are one of the plants containing acetogenins compounds and some alkaloids muricolin, cauxine, couclamine, stepharine and reticulin. These compounds are able to act as antibacterial causes of acne namely Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. The extraction of soursop leaves is obtained by extracting the leaves of the shingle using the maseration method. The extract is formulated into a gel set with a difference in HPMC base concentration(Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose). The use of different HPMC concentrations aims to know the base concentration of HPMC there are differences or not in the gel ready ethanol extract of the shingle leaves. Physical stability testing conducted includes organoleptic, homogeneity, protection power, scatter power, lystuff, pH and viscosity with storage room temperature of 25ºC - 30ºC for 4 weeks. The results of the gel-ready physical stability study at room temperature storage of 25ºC - 30ºC for 4 weeks showed stable results for organoleptic testing, homogeneity, protection power, scattering power, pH and 2% thness at HPMC concentrations, while unstable results in viscosity tests.

Rola witaminy D, kwasów omega, antyoksydantów, berberyny, probiotyków, laktoferyny oraz inozytolu w trądziku

Introduction and objective Acne vulgaris is a common, chronic and inflammatory skin disease of the folliculopilosebaceous unit. According to the literature, acne affects 85% adolescents and 50% adulthood, with an increasing tendency. The symptoms of acne are skin lesions such as comedones, pustules, papules as well as nodules and they generally appear on face, shoulders, chest and back. Based on its severity acne can be divided into following categories: mild, moderate and severe. The pathogenesis of acne is multivariate. Significant importance is attributed to hormonal changes, the role of Cutibacterium acnes bacteria and the balance between C. acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, keratinization disorders, excessive sebum production, circadian rhythm disorders, a lot of stress in life and improper nutrition as a result of imbalanced diet. Finding the cause of acne is necessary to cure the disease. The study shows that supplementation seems to be a good solution in the case of acne vulgaris. The aim of the study was to present the most commonly used substances in supplements for acne skin, their properties and possibilities in the treatment of acne vulgaris. The intention of the authors was to draw attention to the possibilities of supplementing dermatological acne treatments with supplements. Pharmacists are often the first point of contact for acne vulgaris patients looking for a way to improve their skin condition. Review methods The PubMed database was reviewed for the most commonly used substances in therapy of acne skin. Publications from the period 2010-2022 were analyzed in terms of the following keywords: „vitamin D”, „omega acids”, „antioxidants”, „berberine”, „lactoferrin” and „inositol” in collocation with „acne”. A review of 31 articles on the possibility of acne supplementation were reviewed. Supplementation of vitamin D, omega acids, antioxidants, berberine, probiotics, inositol and lactoferrin is discussed. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge The effectiveness of taking supplements containing antioxidants, omega acids, berberine, probiotics, lactoferrin, inositol and vitamin D was discussed. Summary 1. Deficiencies of vitamin D3, vitamins A and E are often noted in patients with acne. 2. Supporting dermatological acne treatments with supplementation with omega acids and probiotics alleviates the side effects of treatment. 3. In the analyzed studies, there were no differences in the effectiveness of omega-3 acids compared to omega-6 acids in supplementation in patients with acne. 4. Multi-component preparations seem to be a better solution than supplements containing only one active ingredient. 5. More research is needed to be able to assess the real effectiveness of individual substances and determine their appropriate dosage.

GIVING OF LIME AND HONEY MASKS TO ADOLESCENT WOMEN WITH ACNE VULGARIS DURING MENSTRUATION AT THE HURUN INN PETERONGAN JOMBANG HOSTEL: A CASE STUDY

Acne vulgaris occurs due to clogged pores resulting in thickening of the skin at the opening of the holes which occurs due to increased oil production in the oil glands (sebaceous glands). The cause of acne in young women is because they often eat oily foods such as fried foods and lack of rest due to school and dormitory activities which can trigger acne. (Suryoprajogo, Nadine: 2012).The purpose of this study was to provide midwifery care to young women Ms. "A" with acne vulgaris during menstruation by giving a mask of lime and honey which is applied evenly to the face for 30 minutes.The method used in this research is qualitative research with a case study approach. The focus of this case study is Young Women Ms. “A”. The location of the research was carried out at the Hurun Inn Peterongan Jombang Dormitory. Data collection techniques using interviews and observation and documentation.The results of Midwifery Care that had been given to the young woman Ms "A" with acne during menstruation did not find data indicating abnormalities. Care Plans can be implemented in this Midwifery Care. The final evaluation found that the young woman Ms "A" was running smoothly without any problems and there were no complications. In the management of Midwifery Care, there is no gap between theory and cases that occur.The conclusion of the process of healing / preventing acne in young women Ms "A" with acne during menstruation went according to plan with a final evaluation after 14 days carried out without problems/complications.

Formulasi Dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Facial Foam Minyak Biji Jintan Hitam (Nigella Sativa Oil)

Acne is a disease that most people suffer especially among adolescent, one of the causes of acne is usually caused by the growth of acne-causing bacteria that is Staphylococcus epidermidis. One of the ingredients that can be used as an antibacterial product is black cumin seed oil (Nigella sativa oil), it is known that black cumin seed oil contains Thymoquinone and α-pinen which are efficacious as antibacterial. This research aims to produce a cosmetic preparation in the form of a face wash that effectively cleans the skin from dust and dirt from makeup, as well as preparations that have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis by using the well diffusion method. Black cumin seed oil is formulated into facial foam in several concentrations, namely 3% (FI), 5% (FII) and 7% (FIII). Evaluation of fa cial foam preparations includes examination of organoleptic, pH, foam power, skin irritation, homogeneity, wetting power, alcohol insoluble portion, freeze and thaw, examination of mineral oil, washability and antibacterial activity. Data analysis using One Way ANOVA statistical test and descriptive. The result showed that the physical stability test, the three facial foam formulas have good physical stability and meet the pH requirements of topical cosmetic preparation. In the antibacterial activity test, it was found that the facial foam preparation of black cumin seed oil give inhibition of 15.37 mm (FI), 16.52 mm (FII) and 17.25 mm (FIII). Based on the one way ANOVA statistical data, the p value &lt;0,05 which means that three is a significant difference in inhibition diameter between FI, FII and FIII which negative control and positive control. It is concluded that the facial foam preparations of black cumin seed oil was physically stable and based on antibacterial activity tests, it is known that FIII has the most bacterial resistance of 17.25 mm with medium resistance category.

Treatment of acne of liver depression and spleen deficiency type

Acne is a long-term inflammatory skin disease, which occurs in hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Also known as "acne", "acne" and "acne". Clinically, it is often treated on the basis of wind heat in the lung meridian, damp heat in the intestines and stomach, phlegm dampness and stasis. With the rapid development of society, people's living environment and way are also changing, and the cause of acne is more complex. Through clinical observation and following my tutor's outpatient study, it was found that the cause of acne in most patients was closely related to liver and spleen. By consulting the relevant literature, we can dialectically treat acne from the direction of soothing the liver and strengthening the spleen, which provides a new idea for the clinical treatment of acne.

Anti Acne Cream Formulation Ethanol Extract of Katuk Leaves (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr against Staphylococcus Epidermis and Staphylococcus Aureus

Acne is a skin problem that generally occurs during puberty. Under normal conditions, during puberty, there are Staphylococcus epidermal bacteria and Propionibacterium acnes that proliferate so that inflammation occurs, causing acne on the skin. Since ancient times, our ancestors believed in the use of natural ingredients to treat various diseases, one of which was katuk leaves. Katuk plants have secondary metabolic compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins. The potential of Katuk leaves has been tested for many pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial, antihypertensive, anti-infective, antihyperlipidemic, antianemic and also increases milk production. Katuk leaves are often used in the form of extracts as antibacterial, so it needs to be developed into a pharmaceutical preparation to increase its use. One of the pharmaceutical preparations is cream preparations to treat the causes of acne. This study aims to determine the ability of katuk leaf extract cream to act as an antibacterial against Staphylococcus Epidermis and Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria.. The design of this study is an experimental method, making katuk leaf extract by maceration method by immersing in 70% ethanol solution for 5 days. After 5 days, the pulp and filtrate were separated and then evaporated using a Vacuum Rotary Evaporator to obtain a thick extract. The preparation of katuk leaf extract cream was carried out with a concentration of 10%, 15%, 20% and an antibacterial test was carried out using the pitting method. The antibacterial test results of the katuk leaf cream extract showed an inhibition zone marked with a clear area around the well. Katuk leaf extract cream was able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and S. epidermis bacteria with the best concentration in formula 3, namely the concentration of katuk leaf extract of 20%.

MAIN CAUSES OF ACNE IN WOMEN

The presence of acne leads to cosmetic defects of the face, which greatly reduces a person's self-esteem. Therefore, it is relevant to assess the risk factors for acne in females (n=176). We analyzed possible risk factors for akne: bad habits, eating behavior, features of physiological processes, the presence of metabolic disorders. Results: Stress was the cause of acne in almost 2/3 of cases. Approximately in equal amounts, the causes of acne in women were the alimentary factor, metabolic disorders, and smoking. Approximately half of the cases of acne vulgaris contributed to the onset of menstruation and alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Knowing and identifying the causes of acne is the first step to preventing and treating it.

Novel Liposomal Formulation with Azelaic Acid: Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Biological Properties

Azelaic acid (AA), as a natural product, was proven to be effective in targeting multiple causes of acne and related dermatological conditions, as it is well tolerated using different classical formulations (gel, cream, etc.). However, its limited aqueous solubility and inadequate penetration across the stratum corneum might be related to different possible side effects such as itching and burning. The aim of our work was to elaborate a novel liposomal formulation based on azelaic acid, with enhanced biocompatibility, bio-availability, antimicrobial, antigenotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The liposomal formulations were prepared by the lipid film hydration method with different concentrations of azelaic acid (15%, 20%, 25%) and characterized in terms of morphological features, physico-chemical properties, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and in vitro wound healing effect. Successful encapsulation with 80.42% efficiency, with a size of up to 500 nm and good stability, was achieved, as demonstrated by FTIR spectroscopy (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), DLS (dynamic light scattering), and zeta-potential measurements. In terms of antibacterial activity, all the liposomal formulations exhibited a better effect compared to free AA solution against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Cytotoxicity assays and an in vitro “scratch” test performed with normal human dermal fibroblasts revealed an accelerating healing effect, while a comet assay evidenced the protective effect of AA liposomal formulations against hydrogen-peroxide-induced DNA damage in fibroblasts. The optimum formulation in terms of both the antimicrobial and wound healing effect was AALipo20% (liposomes with 20% azelaic acid included).