Causes Of Migration Research Articles

Labor Migration Trend in Nepal

Migration is one of the major factors affecting population distribution of Nepal. Job opportunity, education facility, medical facility and topographic situation are the key causes of migration. Human movement from mountain to hill; hill to Tarai; and rural to urban area migration are the major trend observed in Nepal. Migration has direct impact on various sectors including financial, social, demographic, and biological. All kind of services including educational, medical, transformational, and safety services should make equally accessible over the various parts of the country. This research helps to understand the trend of internal and international labor migration in Nepal. The study has used secondary data from Department of Foreign Employment (DoFE), Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ministry of Finance (MoF). Remittance is playing a crucial role in the Nepalese economy. The highest foreign labor migration was found in the year 2013/14. The trend was continuously increased until 2013/14 and it has stated decreasing thereafter. International labor migration has mostly taken place to Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, 110 UAE and other Southeast Asian countries and it is growing over the time that has shifted the agricultural based economy towards remittance-based economy.

Changing Patterns of Migration in Nepal

Migration is the major factor that affects the change in the population of the given territory and its distribution of natural resources along with fertility and mortality. It also affects almost all areas of life i.e. social, economic, demographic, political, and environmental. The main cause of migration in Nepal is poverty, destitution, unequal allocation and distribution of resources, geographical variation of labor demand (Pull and push factors). The main objective of this study is to analyze the general patterns of migration in Nepal. This study is based on secondary data obtained from the census 1952/54 to 2011. The absentees and Labor statistics obtained from Nepal Labor Migration Report are also used. Regression analysis is applied to measure the trend values. Student’s t-statistic is used to measure the significance between migration to India and other countries. The percentage of absentees is threefold (2.3% to 7.3%) within the given period. The trend of absentees is steady up to 2001 and then increases rapidly. The forecasted absentees are 2.1 million for 2021 and a 2.6 million for 2031. The labor migration to India increases gradually while the migration to other countries increases rapidly. The t-test shows that there is no significant difference between trends of absentees of India and other countries. The main destination of labor migrants in Malaysia followed by Qatar and Saudi Arabia besides India. Though remittance contributes a major part of Nepal’s economy more than seventy percent of out-migrants are involved in the private job and the majority of the migrants are unskilled.

Migrations and the environment – selected legal aspects

The article analyses the environmental aspects of migration in the context of their environmental causes and effects, focusing, however, on the effects. It was recognized that negative changes in the environment are becoming a more and more frequent cause of migration and may lead to a very wide range of migration, which would be very difficult to control. This will, among other things, have environmental effects in countries targeted by migrants. These effects are considered, using the example of Poland and the need to provide migrants with appropriate living conditions, based on legal regulations relating to the provision of drinking water, sewage disposal and municipal waste management. Such situations should be considered by the state by preparing appropriate action strategies, determining the sources of their financing, and introducing the necessary legislative changes.

Consumption needs and Quality of Life: Austrian Economics and the causes of migration

This paper re-introduces the view on migration causes by the Austrian School of Economics. Austrian economics has not earned its fame in the field of migration, but rather on advocating libertarian economics. Nonetheless Mises outlined a migration model, which can be understood by adding some clarifications by Hayek. Given that the institutional barriers to migration raised by the state are removed, the interplay between market wages, standard wages, attachment component and cost component will determine the migration. While the attachment component relates to fundamental freedoms and to what is referred to as quality-of-life aspects today, the cost component relates to subjective consumption needs. Hitherto unexplored, this model offers new insights to the complex interplay between economic and sociological aspects determining migration drivers.

Historiography of Scythian migration in the mirror of information technologies

This article is devoted to the insight of the migration process in the diachronic aspect on the example of Scythians history. This choice is caused by the fact that the information about the Scythians, their arrival in Eastern Europe and movements in the ancient Oecumene, is one of the main problems of Scythian archaeology. A significant range of sources contains information about the arrival of the Scythians and their movements in Europe. These sources include both the works of historians of Antiquity and Modern Times, as well as the works of modern archaeologists. The change of ideas about the Scythians migration is reviewed in accordance with the concept of the information technology shifts, which was put forward by Russian scientists Y.L. Shchapova and S.N. Grinchenko, specifically: information technology of articulate speech and language, information technology of writing, information technology of book printing, information technology of computers, information technology of networks. As result, conclusions were drawn from oral traditions about the vision changes on the causes of migration, about the arrival of a mythological hero – first ancestor at an unpopulated land, wars and tribal confrontation in the era of information technology of speech and language and information technology of writing.

Migrations and Their Effect on Human Trafficking – Security Challenges for the European Union

For centuries, migrations have been features of social communities, and it is quite certain they will remain so in the future. However, what marks certain periods or circumstances are the causes of migrations, their manifestations, extent, dynamics, the general directions of migrant movement, and the corresponding effects on the safety of individuals, regions, and even international security. In this paper we have defi ned what migrations are and discussed their effect on human trafficking – one of the most dangerous forms of organised crime – and the security challenges in this domain in the European Union area, also with regard to international security. In terms of the variety of its exploitative objectives, human trafficking is an international, organised, criminal phenomenon with severe consequences on the security, well-being, and human rights of its victims. In the opinion of many, sexual exploitation is one of the most widespread forms of exploitation of human traffi cking victims in practice. According to data available to Europol, 10,000 migrant children have so far disappeared after their arrival on European soil. The scope and dynamics of migratory movements of the last few years, and their relation to numerous illegal activities, certainly affect the security of individuals and regions, as well as international security. It is important to consider whether the European Union, in attempting to protect the national security of EU states by numerous restrictive measures, has achieved that in reality, or has actually produced the opposite effect in this area.

Теорії міграції населення та їх значення для вивчення міграційних настроїв у ХХІ ст

The main theories of migration are considered in the article, the formation of the theoretical base of researches of migration flows of the end of the XIX–XX centuries is analyzed. The works of foreign scientists devoted to the study of migration processes are considered. The generalizing trends for research of migratory moods of the population in the XXI century are offered. In today's world, migration is an important and integral part of it, and at the same time it is the most acute problem of the entire world community. Spontaneous flows of migrants change the demographic structure, affect the distribution of economic and social benefits, interfere in the legally regulated policy of a state in order to obtain their own benefits. The phenomenon of migration in the XXI century. manifested in the dynamics and is characterized by increasingly complex processes in the study of its international manifestations. During the twentieth century as the main object of different migration concepts were considered the causes of migration, different types of migration, developed various theories of migration at both macro and micro levels (explaining internal and external migration, or international on the basis of different paradigms). A systematic approach in the study of migration theories allowed us to consider this phenomenon in the context of political, social, economic, demographic, environmental and others. realities. This allowed scientists to analyze migration processes at both the starting and ending points of population movement. The study of migration attitudes through the prism of globalization processes, management of migration flows, the formation of common legislation in the field of international migration – the main factors for the analysis of migration as a social phenomenon in the modern world.

Migration and Identity in Pearl Cleage‘s Flyin’ West

Identity is considered one of the main elements of life in all times. One may sacrifice one’s property for the sake of preserving their identity even if they are forced to leave their motherlands. This paper adopts a feminist approach to analyze the role of women in Flyin’ West and their endeavor to find their own identity. It also attempts to clarify the relationship of identity to African Americans’ culture, history, and land. In this play, Pearl Cleage makes clear her own experience of migration by her female point of view to reform the identity of African American people in the United States. Furthermore, she brings out how her women characters suffer twice, as being female and black that results in their movement from one place; south, to another; west. The paper also refers to the causes of migration of black females on account of certain social circumstances in order to sustain their honorable identity. Finally, it tries to find the positive outcomes of the relocation so as to achieve the aims and confirm the self-determination of Blacks in the United States.

Migration in rural areas and its effect on labour resources

Introduction. When analysing the labour resources of the Lipetsk Region, we noticed that there have been no significant changes. However, a large number of researches stress that rural areas face a significant population outflow. The analysis of the statistics demonstrated that there is a two-way migration to and from rural areas: while some of the population migrates from rural areas to cities, there are also people who move from cities to rural areas. Therefore, we suggest that the migration processes occurring in rural areas are more complicated. Purpose. The purpose of our study was to determine the scale and direction of migration flows in rural areas, the causes of migration, and the effect of migration on the labour resources in rural areas. Methodology. The study was based on statistical data from Lipetskstat and information on labour resources from the Department of Labour and Employment of the Lipetsk Region. The study employed statistical methods, economic analysis, correlation-regression analysis, interpretation, and logical methods. Results. The study demonstrated that a large portion of the region’s population (up to 20%, including both those leaving and those arriving) is involved in the migration process. In 2012-2018, the migration gain in the rural areas of the Lipetsk Region was 5,867 people, with the overall migration rate being quite high. However, the migration rate varies greatly depending on the municipal body: half of them saw a loss, while others saw a gain. Over half of the migrants move within the region, and a third moved to or from other regions. The factors making a particular rural area attractive for migration are the following: proximity to the regional capital city, industrial areas, good ecology, and good infrastructure. Conclusions. The study demonstrated that migration has little influence on the number of workers in rural areas. The main cause of migration from rural areas is the lack of qualified jobs with competitive salaries.

Factors Contributing to Brain Drain in Thailand

The main objective of this study is to find the main factors which affect the migration rate and may lead to brain drain. Brain drain is the migration of highly trained or skilled people to wealthier countries where they can gain more salary and better standard of living. Moreover, brain drain can result in losing professionals and cause deterring effects on the countries. This has become an important issue as in recent years, more people have been leaving their countries to more developed countries. Thus, it is clear that brain drain is a significant issue in various countries including Thailand. Nevertheless, some countries, for instance Taiwan, have developed policies in order to improve their citizens’ life qualities. Finding the main causes of migration may help us understand more about the situation, which may lead to a solution for this issue. There are mainly three levels of brain drain, Geographical brain drain, Organizational brain drain and Industrial brain drain. In this paper, we mainly discuss Geographical brain drain since it has the most substantial impact on the country. Based on 250 respondents who are Thai inhabitants, the result shows that the most significant reason for migration is the standard of living, followed by social conditions.

A life course perspective on the wartime migrations of northern Vietnamese war survivors

ABSTRACT Research addressing conflict and migration has made great strides in explaining the relationship between violence and migration. However, it commonly lacks individual-level data on exposure to war. We use survey data from the 2018 Vietnam Health and Aging Study to examine the associations between war-related violence exposure during the American War and the wartime migrations of northern Vietnamese war survivors. Using multilevel mixed-effects count models, we investigate three groups of factors influencing migration—war-related events, economic circumstances, and demographic and life course factors—to explore the relationship between war exposure and migration, inclusive of deployments, economic moves, and displacements. Our findings indicate that the effects of war exposure, socioeconomic status, and demographic characteristics diverge for different types of migration. These findings, framed within the life course and historical context, suggest the need to thoughtfully delineate both war exposures and traditional causes of migration to understand the diverse types of mobility occurring during periods of armed conflict.

Migration Governance in the Mediterranean: The Siracusa Experience

ABSTRACT This paper combines the ‘local turn’ in the study of migration policy with the ‘practice turn’ in EU studies by analysing the humanitarian practices applied in the Sicilian city of Siracusa in the years 2013-2018. The primary interest of this research is to explore the practices by which the local community responded to the migration crisis in the Mediterranean and the contribution provided to migration governance by border cities such as Siracusa. It seeks to test the hypothesis that local communities are better apt to react to the emergency. While scholarly attention has focused extensively on the explanation of the multiple causes of migration as a global phenomenon, the practices adopted to manage migration still deserve investigation. Migration governance relies upon practices, i.e. competent performances, existing or emerging ‘on the ground’, to effectively address the phenomenon. By deconstructing the dynamics involving the European Union, decentring the study of migration governance in the Mediterranean allows us to go beyond the lack of EU policy-response to explore the local levels where politics takes place. Drawing on interviews with local actors, or international and national ones acting locally, the article explores the interaction among stakeholders in a practical context where actors, as members of a ‘community of practice’, are involved in a process of ‘learning by doing’. Empirical research demonstrates that the actors’ role in addressing the crisis, their ideas and know-how, have shaped migration governance and developed community practices in a process of ‘learning by doing’. It suggests further empirical research to test whether an emergency operational model – consisting of competent performances, routine practices and procedures to be adopted in other areas and cases, has emerged in this Sicilian border city.

Itinerancy. Dispersal, migration, diaspora

Most animals move from one place to another at some time in their lives. These movements may be undertaken by individuals or by groups, and species may colonize new habitats or join new social groups or populations away from their birthplace. Indeed, humans are a highly mobile species, dispersed far and wide. The first migration led some groups away from the African continent to colonize the rest of the planet and, ever since, geographical displacement of individuals or groups has remained constant throughout history (despite the restrictions currently imposed by border-control policies). Although there are many causes of migration, the ultimate goal is to improve chances of survival and/or reproduction.

Causes of Contemporary Migrations

Migrations, permanently inscribed in the history of human development, have been and are determined by a number of factors. This paper, the aim of which is to demonstrate the current causes of migrations, sets out to settle the formulated research questions concerning the main contemporary factors of movement of people and to point to conditions which may affect these processes occurring in the future.

YAXIN VƏ ORTA ŞƏRQ ÖLKƏLƏRİNDƏKİ İŞ YERLƏRİNİN VƏ LAYİQLİ ƏMƏK HAQQININ AXTARIŞI MİQRASİYAYA TƏSİRİ

The Middle East is one of the world's most striking geographical regions in terms of labor migration. This article analyzes the main migration trends and the main causes of migration in the Middle East at present. We can conclude that this increase in migrant settlements in the Middle East is mainly the result of two factors – conflict and economic opportunity. Key words: migration, economic opportunities, labour migration, perspective, displacement, population, immigration

The Root Causes of Migration: Why Africans Leave their Homes

In recent years, irregular migration from sub-Saharan Africa has been under the spotlight. Western media and politicians often use doomsday scenarios to describe the supposedly millions of desperate people knocking at the gates of the European Eldorado to escape poverty and warfare at home. Such a stereotypical conception of sub-Saharan African migration is not only overlooking its root causes, but it is also far from its real dynamics. Thus, inspired by the extensive literature on international migration and based on data availability, 27 potential root causes of migration were selected to cover 30 sub-Saharan countries for the period between 2002 and 2016. The sensitivity and robustness of each potential determinant of both net migration and refugee population is tested using the two approaches of extreme bounds analysis proposed by Leamer and Leonard, and Sala-I-Martin. The results reveal that gross domestic product per capita, domestic credit, trade, foreign direct investment inflows, external debt, youth unemployment, natural resources rents, international tourism, military expenditure, health expenditure, undernourishment, food production, life expectancy, HIV prevalence, population growth, corruption, voice and accountability, rule of law, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and common law are the root causes of migration in sub-Saharan Africa.

International Status of Environmental Migrants

In the light of the current migration crisis, there is an increasing need for examining main causes of migrations. This paper contains a conceptual analysis of the notion “environmental migrants”, a newly established category of persons being in a need of specific international protection. Following the elaboration on two empirical examples supporting the fact that this is indeed an ongoing and contemporary problem at international scene, the author considers whether proposed terms are able to appropriately address the group in question, thus putting forward a definition of the concept, as these are regarded as initial steps towards creating a distinct legal framework and an adequate protection of such particularly vulnerable group. Additionally, the second part of the paper is revealing some of the present-day international legal mechanisms which might serve as a solution to this problem, as well as several proposals de lege ferenda. Ultimately, it can be concluded that there is a need for special protection of those who migrate due to environmental factors, as well as that it is the common interest of the entire international community to tackle this problem before it is too late.

Alleviation of Refugee Crisis in Lebanon through Humanitarian Aid Projects of Slovak Development Organizations in the Era of Covid-19 Pandemic

Lebanon hosts the highest number of refugees in the world in relation to its population (every seventh inhabitant is a refugee) In light of the events of Spring 2020, new concerns emerge: how will the living conditions of the domestic and refugee communities in Lebanon, already burdened by the economic crisis, be exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic? In this paper, the Slovak intervention by members of Ambrela - Platform for Development Organizations is presented It focuses on preventing and addressing the causes of migration by improving the living conditions of the population and its prospects for finding employment in home communities Study also shows the impact on alleviation of the refugee crisis in Lebanon under the SlovakAid brand by the recent humanitarian crisis related to the Covid-19

Agricultural education and migration: A comparison of rural youth in El Salvador and Honduras

Youth is defined as a period of transition from childhood to adulthood that ranges between the ages of 15 and 24, and it is the most mobile social group in the world. Youth migration in El Salvador and Honduras is a well-known problem; however, limited research has studied the causes of migration and the impact of agricultural education programs on the decision to migrate. This study aims to identify and compare the migration intentions of students in agricultural and non-agricultural programs of two rural communities of El Salvador and Honduras. For this quantitative study, a two-group model was used, the target population (N = 209) was composed of high school students with similar socioeconomic characteristics. Overall, the comparison between El Salvador and Honduras showed a significant difference between countries regarding their migration intentions (p < 0.05). Salvadorian students presented a stronger willingness to migrate. Moreover, students’ intention of migration was evaluated based on their educational background. Youth who were not part of a formal agricultural program have a higher intention of migrating (p < 0.05). Finally, the main and interaction effects of intention to migrate, country of origin, and academic program based on the different migration drivers were analyzed.

What Drives Migration to Europe? Survey Experimental Evidence from Lebanon

What drives people to migrate? Amid a stark increase in international migration at the global scale, we lack individual-level evidence that causally adjudicates between migration’s many drivers. We implement a survey experiment in Northern Lebanon—a hotbed of international migration—to a random sample of 1,000 Syrian refugees and 1,000 Lebanese residents. Respondents were shown the profile of a hypothetical Syrian refugee and asked whether they recommended that the refugee migrate to the European Union. The vignette randomly primed five prominent causes of migration, including push factors (political instability and poverty) and pull factors (open borders, employment opportunities, and cultural openness). We find that pull factors outweighed push factors, suggesting that migrants carefully weigh their chances in Europe. Still, all five primes yielded positive effect sizes, which underlines that prominent theories of migration are complements, not substitutes. Taken together, the evidence suggests that empirical models of migration can be improved if they take into consideration both pull and push factors, rather than prioritizing one over the other.