Cause Of Emissions Research Articles

Consequences of increasing greenhouse gas emissions: case study on the impact of the food industry

The global carbon footprint has increased to frightening heights due to rising greenhouse gas emissions, mainly from the energy and industrial sectors, which include the food industry. This case study examines how the industry's carbon emissions have changed over time, highlighting the sector's major environmental impact and the pressing need to implement decarbonization plans. The particularity of the study lies in the analysis of the crucial role that emissions from the food industry play in global emissions. An overview of the global industrial carbon footprint was created through an analysis of carbon emissions data from multiple sources, with a particular focus on the food industry. Since the Industrial Revolution, carbon dioxide emissions have increased dramatically worldwide, reaching a record high of 36.3 billion tons in 2019. With around 23% of global emissions coming from industry, the energy sector is the largest emitter. The main cause of emissions is the use of fossil fuels in heavy industries such as steelmaking, cement, and chemicals; the two largest emitters are China and the United States. Achieving the goals outlined in the Paris Agreement and halting climate change requires reducing carbon emissions from the food industry. The adoption of low-carbon technologies, increased energy efficiency and a shift to cleaner energy sources are essential remedies. The industrial sector needs to decarbonize faster, and this can only be achieved through international cooperation and strong government regulations.

Investigating the Impact of Multiple Factors on CO2 Emissions: Insights from Quantile Analysis

This study investigates the impacts of alternative energy use, urbanization, GDP, agriculture, ICT development, and FDI on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the 14 leading CO2-emitting countries in Asia. This research comprises various econometric techniques, including MMQR, FMOLS, DOLS, and Driscoll–Kraay, to extend the data analysis from 1996 to 2020. The findings provide significant support for an inverted U-shaped link between economic expansion and environmental deterioration, known as the environmental Kuznets curve. Moreover, this paper verifies that the GDP square, renewable energy use, and agriculture are shown to help to decrease pollution, as indicated by the research findings. On the contrary, urbanization and the GDP are demonstrated to be variables that contribute to carbon emissions. Furthermore, the panel quantile regression models validate that the impacts of each explanatory variable on CO2 emissions vary across various quantiles. Finally, this analysis provides valuable suggestions to scholars, environmentalists, politicians, and authorities for identifying and mitigating the main cause of emissions.

Imaging the Inner Astronomical Unit of the Herbig Be Star HD 190073

The inner regions of protoplanetary disks host many complex physical processes such as star–disk interactions, magnetic fields, planet formation, and the migration of new planets. To study directly this region requires milliarcsecond angular resolution, beyond the diffraction limit of the world's largest optical telescopes and even too small for the millimeter-wave interferometer Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). However, we can use infrared interferometers to image the inner astronomical unit. Here, we present new results from the CHARA and VLTI arrays for the young and luminous Herbig Be star HD 190073. We detect a sub-astronomical unit (sub-AU) cavity surrounded by a ring-like structure that we interpret as the dust destruction front. We model the shape with six radial profiles, three symmetric and three asymmetric, and present a model-free image reconstruction. All the models are consistent with a near face-on disk with an inclination ≲20°, and we measure an average ring radius of 1.4 ± 0.2 mas (1.14 au). Around 48% of the total flux comes from the disk with 15% of that emission appearing to emerge from inside the inner rim. The cause of emission is still unclear, perhaps due to different dust grain compositions or gas emission. The skewed models and the imaging point to an off-center star, possibly due to binarity. Our image shows sub-AU structure, which seems to move between the two epochs inconsistently with Keplerian motion and we discuss possible explanations for this apparent change.

Effect of fuel type on maritime transportation's pollution: An EEOI application

The globalizing world naturally causes an increase in transportation activities. Reasons such as technological developments, increasing demands and globalization bring acceleration in transportation and production activities. With the increase in the use of vehicles and machinery, there is an increase in the damage to the environment, especially due to the use of fossil fuels. The fact that the damage to the environment reaches irreparable levels necessitates taking precautions. Fossil fuels are the main cause of emissions from ships in maritime transport. Reducing the cruising speed of the ship, using the fuel type that causes less emission, increasing energy efficiency, and making a weather-dependent cruise plan are the solutions to reduce emissions. In this study, the CO2 emissions of 30 ships are calculated with the EEOI method and compared with the fuel types used in the ships. In the study, it is seen that the preferred fuel type for ships is directly related to carbon emissions.

Controlling the sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of nitro-based explosives by modulating the electronic substituents on the ligand of AIPE-active cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes.

Nitroaromatic compounds are extremely explosive materials that pose a national security risk and raise environmental concerns. The design and development of sensitive and selective compounds for explosive materials are highly desirable. 'Aggregation-Induced Emission' (AIE) active materials are best suited for sensing purposes because of their sensitivity, fast detection time, and easy operation. By rationally incorporating substituents on the cyclometalated (C^N) ligand, four different AIE active iridium(III) based monocyclometalated complexes with the general formula [Ir(PPh3)2(H)(Cl)(C^N)] were synthesized. The phenyl ring of the phenyl pyridine cyclometalated portion of an iridium(III) complex was substituted with the right substituents to adjust the FMO levels thus, leading to appropriate alignment of the energy levels. Each of the resulting complexes displayed a significant property known as 'Aggregation-Induced Phosphorescent Emission' (AIPE). The complexes were subjected to structural characterization, electrochemical analysis, and photophysical property studies. The synthesized complexes were employed for the detection of aromatic nitro explosive compounds such as trinitrophenol (TNP) and trinitrotoluene (TNT) in the aqueous phase with a high degree of sensitivity. The sensing capabilities of each complex were assessed for these nitro explosive compounds and compared to those of the unsubstituted iridium(III) complex (M). Notably, the best limits of detection for TNP and TNT have been achieved with iridium(III) complexes [M1 (489 pM) and M3 (3.6 nM)] within the literature reported until now. For detecting picric acid with M1, FRET was found to be the potential mechanism, and for TNT, PET was found to be the cause of emission quenching by M3. Furthermore, for low-cost detection, filter paper-based sensing was also found effective for each complex. Real-field sensing of PA in soil samples was also performed.

ANALYSIS OF CO2 ABATEMENT COSTS İN TURKEY USING THE TIMES-MACRO ENERGY MODELİNG SYSTEM

Turkey submitted its INDC to the UNFCCC in 2015, through which committed to reach 21% reduction in GHG emissions from the Business-as- Usual scenario by 2030, signed the Paris Agreement in 2016; and ratified in October 2021 after concurring to reach net zero emissions by 2053. It is therefore needed to examine Turkey’s energy sector to understand the leading cause of emissions and elaborate the policy options to reduce emissions. The TIMES-MACRO modeling framework, a hybrid energy system and economic growth model, is employed in this study to evaluate Turkey’s energy sector and CO2 emissions under various emission reduction scenarios together with associated economic implications. The results show that in the absence of scenario constraints, coal dominates the primary energy supply mix, implying that without mitigation measures, emissions will grow rapidly. The abatement costs of emissions vary according to policy, ranging from 45-265 $/ton CO2 by 2050, while the GDP loss range fluctuates between 0.4% and 1.5%.

Methane Emission: Strategies to Reduce Global Warming in Relation to Animal Husbandry Units with Emphasis on Ruminants

Concerns about global warming and greenhouse gases have increased the interest of governments and the public sector to find solutions. To reduce the effects of global warming caused by greenhouse gases, especially methane, it is necessary to change animal production systems and adopt new strategic approaches. The reduction of enteric methane in livestock is a long-standing problem regarding the energy efficiency of consumed feed. In this review, the sources of production, dissemination, and introduction of accepted scientific and practical solutions in order to reduce methane gas in breeding and production units of dairy cows have been investigated. To carry out this research, a thorough search was conducted in articles published in valid databases between 1967 and 2022. A total of 213 articles were reviewed, and after screening, 159 were included in the study and analyzed using a PRISMA flow diagram. In general, low livestock efficiency, low-quality feed, a shortage of knowledge, and inadequate investment are the main causes of emission of these gases in poor or developing countries. On the other hand, developing countries may not always have access to the same methods that are utilized in industrialized countries to minimize the production of methane and other greenhouse gases like nitrous oxide. According to their conditions, developing countries should use the available tools to reduce methane production and emission, considering the costs, local knowledge, feasibility, and local laws. In future, there will be a greater need for interdisciplinary research to look for sustainable and acceptable methods for reducing methane emissions and other greenhouse gases from animal husbandry units, especially dairy cows. To change the population of rumen methanogens, as the main producers of methane, strategies such as feeding management, addition of inhibitors and vaccination are suggested. Also, there is a need for more applied research for reducing methane emissions.

Identification of Socio-Economic Impacts as the Main Drivers of Carbon Stocks in China's Tropical Rainforests: Implications for REDD.

Active incentives or compensation measures plus conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (denoted together as "REDD+") should be adopted in developing countries to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions caused by deforestation and forest degradation. Identification and analysis of the driving forces behind carbon stocks are crucial for the implementation of REDD+. In this study, the principal component model and the stepwise linear regression model were used to analyze the social and economic driving forces of stocks in three important types of forest change: deforestation, forestland transformation, and forest degradation in China's tropical rainforests of Xishuangbanna, based on the combination of satellite imagery and the normalized difference vegetation index. The findings show that there are different key driving forces that lead to carbon stock changes in the forest land conversion of Xishuangbanna. In particular, the agricultural development level is the main cause of emissions from deforestation, whereas poor performance of protection policies is the main cause of emissions from forest degradation. In contrast, the rural economic development interventions are significantly positive for emissions from forestland transformation. It is crucial to pay attention to distinguishing the driving forces behind carbon stock changes from forest degradation, deforestation, and transformation for optimizing REDD+ implementation and ensuring the effectiveness of REDD+.

Climate emergency-focused economic model

This paper deals with the existing carbon dioxide mitigation efforts toward the Paris agreement and shows that current economic rules and the first law of thermodynamics, all of which are linear, are necessary but not sufficient tools to solve the nonlinear problems of global warming. In this respect, the quasi-linear, Pareto principle-based green economy has been modified by the second law of thermodynamics, which deals with the useful work potential of energy systems and resources for added value in society, aka exergy. It is argued that the aged Pareto principle, which may only associate with the first law of thermodynamics, recognizes less than half of the total root causes of emissions. For example, fossil fuels are currently treated as a simple economic commodity in the stock market, subject to market rules rather than environmental parameters, whereas exergy destructions are the primary root causes of emissions. A new model was developed for evaluating and rating green energy systems, which calculates the exergy destruction-based emissions and optimizes systems for minimum emissions. Five cases are presented to quantify the face value of the Pareto principle against renewable energy resources and systems. These cases are, namely, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy with organic Rankine cycle, heat pumps, and Fresnel lenses for photovoltaic panels. Sample results show that the Pareto principle may not rate these systems because its equivalent unit exergy value (0.21 kWh/kWh), also described as virtual Pareto temperature (363.9 K), is less than the unit exergy of renewable energy systems under their normal domain of operations. One of these results regarding wind energy is that the 80/20 Pareto principle has equivalent unit exergy of 0.21 kW hexergy/kW henergy, corresponding to a wind velocity of three meters per second, which is less than the practical cut-in speed of a conventional wind turbine. Therefore, the Pareto principle may not be a measuring stick for wind energy and other resources. It has also been shown why the global average of rational exergy management efficiency of 0.21 is not improving because the Pareto principle limits it.

Application of Smart Agricultural Practices in Wheat Crop to Increase Yield and Mitigate Emission of Greenhouse Gases for Sustainable Ecofriendly Environment

The present study was based on the hypothesis that “the use of classical farming techniques is the cause of emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the study area, which can be mitigated by employing smart agricultural practices (SAPs)”. The study comprises experimental trials, which were carried out over two consecutive years (2020–2021) on two experimental areas (site 1: Koel, site 2: Moel) in District Bhimber of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Wheat cv. Punjab-2018 was used in the experiment. The experiment was performed in a split-plot factorial arrangement with the main experimental plot bisected into two subplots. Within the two halves of the experimental plot, one side experienced the original tillage practice (PT––by ploughing at a depth of 4–6 cm; HT––by harrowing at 12–15 cm; NT––no tillage, of subsoil or soil ploughing). The subsoiling technique applied included subsoiling ploughing tillage (SPT), subsoiling harrow tillage (SHT), and subsoiling of no-tillage (SNT). Subsoiling was performed by means of ploughing land utilizing a vibrating subsoil trowel to a depth of 14 to 14.5 inches. As a result, each subplot was divided into three replicates. So, a total of six replicates, each 35 m in length and 4 m in width were chosen for the experiment. The results depicted that the influx of COx uptake increased in all subsoiling treatments: that is, SPT, SHT, and SNT. The uptake of COx was comparatively lower in HT, RT, and NT. In the same manner, GWP for NOx was recorded to increase when the soil was subjected to subsoiling, that is, HTS, RTS, and NTS. Along with this, the trend of soil temperature and soil content also fluctuated with R2 = 0.78 at p < 0.01 from February to April and R2 = 0.66 from December to January, which shows that SAP causes higher emission of NOx and more uptake of COx. Subsoiling maintains soil moisture content (SMC) and soil organic carbon (SOC), which allows limited release of NOx from soil, maintaining the soil nitrogen content. In the case of SOC and pH, it was found that higher pH causes reduced absorption of COx into soil and NOx emission from soil while higher SOC causes more absorption of COx into soil and more emission of NOx. The application of smart agriculture in the form of subsoiling leads to an increase in the yield of wheat crops and is recommended in agriculture in the context of climate change.

Challenges in the CO2 emissions of the Turkish power sector: Evidence from a two-level decomposition approach

Decarbonization of the energy system is urgent to avert the disruptions in the climate. Considering its share, the low carbon transition of the power sector is pivotal. Growing electricity demand poses unique challenges for Turkey to enact deep decarbonization. It is vital to uncover the contributing causes of emissions to provide strategic oversight for carbon management activities. This study investigates key drivers of CO2 emissions from the power sector using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index decomposition method. While efficiency improvement contributes to sustainable yet minor mitigation, changes in the fossil-fuel share indicate a cycling but significant overall impact.

IDENTIFICATION AND PROCESSING OF DATA ANOMALIES IN MACHINE LEARNING TASKS

The paper presents the procedure of identification and processing of data anomalies at the stage of preliminary data processing in machine learning tasks. The procedure consists of three stages. At the first stage, emissions are detected in the data samples. A large number of methods are used for this. The choice of a particular method depends on the task of machine learning, the structure of the data set and the types of data being processed. The methods used at this stage are methods of statistical tests, methods of metric tests, methods of model tests, iterative methods, methods of machine learning, ensemble methods. Until the second stage, the analysis of the causes of emissions is carried out. The causes of emissions include: causes of measurement errors and causes of data processing errors, the results of external influences, or errors in data records. In the third stage, there is a final processing of data sets with emissions, in which there is a removal of emissions or normalizing transformations. The effectiveness of the procedure was tested on different data sets.

Spectra of tryptophan fluorescence are the result of co-existence of certain most abundant stabilized excited state and certain most abundant destabilized excited state

Fluorescence spectra of proteins and peptides are traditionally used to get an information on self-association of proteins and peptides, on their tertiary and quaternary structure. In this study it was shown that there are just three peaks of tryptophan fluorescence (at ∼308, at ∼330, and at ∼360 nm) in rough unsmoothed spectra of fluorescence of pure tryptophan in different solvents that change their heights depending on the polarity of a solvent. Two separate peaks at ∼330 nm and ∼360 nm are especially prominent in the spectrum of human epidermal growth factor. In contrast, in smoothed (either mathematically, or physically) spectra of Trp-containing proteins a single maximum of fluorescence varies between 330 and 360 nm. The theory of tryptophan fluorescence is discussed in light of three discrete peaks existence. A stabilizing hydrogen bond with aromatic system of benzene ring in the excited state is proposed as the cause of emission at ∼360 nm bringing Trp to the destabilized ground state. Emission from the destabilized excited state has a maximum at ∼330 nm if the ground state is destabilized, as well as if both states are stabilized. If the excited state is destabilized, while the ground state is stabilized by purely hydrophobic interactions, emitted light should have a maximum at ∼308 nm. The degree of hydrophilicity of tryptophan microenvironment is proposed to be measured as the ratio between the peak at 360 nm and the peak at 330 nm if the observed shifts are not “horizontal”, but “vertical”. The process of dissociation of hemagglutinin trimers from pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) virus is described as an example of the advantages of the proposed method.

More from Less? Environmental Rebound Effects of City Size

Global sustainability relies on our capacity of understanding and guiding urban systems and their metabolism adequately. It has been proposed that bigger and denser cities are more resource-efficient than smaller ones because they tend to demand less infrastructure, consume less fuel for transportation and less energy for cooling/heating in per capita terms. This hypothesis is also called Brand’s Law. However, as cities get bigger, denser and more resource-efficient, they also get richer, and richer inhabitants consume more, potentially increasing resource demand and associated environmental impacts. In this paper, we propose a method based on scaling theory to assess Brand’s Law taking into account greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from both direct (energy and fuels locally consumed) and indirect (embedded in goods and services) sources, measured as carbon footprint (CF). We aim at understanding whether Brand’s Law can be confirmed once we adopt a consumption-based approach to urban emissions. By analyzing the balance between direct and indirect emissions in a theoretical urban system, we develop a scaling theory relating carbon footprint and city size. Facing the lack of empirical data on consumption-based emissions for cities, we developed a model to derive emission estimations using well-established urban metrics (city size, density, infrastructure, wealth). Our results show that, once consumption-based CF is considered, Brand’s Law falls apart, as bigger cities have greater purchase power, leading to greater consumption of goods and higher associated GHG. Findings also suggest that a shift in consumption patterns is of utmost importance, given that, according to the model, each new monetary unit added to the gross domestic product (GDP) or to other income variables results in a more than proportional increase in GHG emissions. This work contributes to a broader assessment of the causes of emissions and the paradigm shift regarding the assumption of efficiency in the relationship of city size and emissions, adding consumption behavior as a critical variable, beyond Brand’s Law.

Pollution evaluation, human health effect and tracing source of trace elements on road dust of Dhanbad, a highly polluted industrial coal belt of India.

Dust samples were collected from roads of five distinct types of land use zones (National Highway, residential areas, sensitive areas, mining areas, and busy traffic areas) of Dhanbad to determine the pollution characteristics, health risk, and identifying the source of trace elements. The dust samples were segregated into ≤ 60µm and trace elements like Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analysed. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn were observed highest in the mining areas, whereas Ni, Pb, and Zn presented higher concentration values at National Highway and busy traffic zones. Cd showed highest geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf), and ecological risk (ER) among all the trace elements. The health risk assessment model was performed to assess the health effects of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic pollutants caused due to multi-elemental exposure on adults and children. The significantly higher HQ (Hazard Quotient) and HI (Hazard Index) values posed by Cr, Fe, and Mn indicated potential non-carcinogenic risks to the people of Dhanbad. Similarly, values of CR (Cancer Risk) for Cd, Cr and Ni were within the range of 10-6-10-4, which indicated to cause carcinogenic risk to the population by the exposure of road dust. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation showed that coal mining activities in Jharia coalfield, coal-based industries like coke-oven plants, coal washeries and heavy vehicular load in the roads of Dhanbad were the major causes of emission of these trace elements.

Review of Renewable Energy Role in the Development of the World

The study was carried out since 16, September, 2020. The study major objective was to review the renewable energy role in the development of the world. Total 17 articles were downloaded from the net and read in depth and analyzed the situation. The study indicates that renewable energy is that energy which never finish and it infinitely provide energy to community of the world. The example is the solar, water and wind energies. Renewable energy is the clean energy and it does not add any carbon to atmosphere. Now a day majority world countries try to identify the renewable energy in the world for running the daily system for improving the socioeconomic condition of the world. The study further explained that fossils coverage for supply energy in the world is still 60% which is the main cause of CO2 emission to atmosphere while the share of renewable energies and other energies is only 40% but now the trend of the solar and wind energy production in the world is annually increasing. China and USA now a day highly focus on renewable energy. Large number of projects is working for renewable energies in the world. Germany, Japan and UK through wind produced huge electricity in the world while in Pakistan large number of hydropower working for electricity production. Both renewable and non renewable energies have plus and minus in the world. The Water dams produce electricity which is the major source of renewable energy in the south Asian world but when dams are constructed it create problems for animals and community which disturb the ecosystem of the world. Similarly wind electricity production system kills many birds in the world while geothermal projects increase the earth quick in different country of the world. So on one side it has the benefits for the world but on the other side it has disadvantages to the community of the world. Many conferences have been held in the world for controlling the global warming which is the causes of the emission of CO2 to the atmosphere by non renewable energy in the world. The CO2 create the global warming and increase the world temperature. Since, in 2014 the increase of temperature in the world was 0.85 degree centigrade. The increase of temperature disturb the climate of the world which in the long run change the pattern of the cropping and multiply the diseases while also disturb rainfall trend and bring the flood and melt the glacier on the top of the hill which further disturb the old people health, social life and livelihood of the community in the world. On the basis of problems the study recommend that to increase the renewable energy sources consumption in the world.; Family growth should be controlled for more population pressure on the world resources; Sustainable methodology for development purpose should be applied for escaping the life of the future generation for renewable energy increasing in the world; Mostly focus on solar and wind energy utilization in the world for escaping of CO2 emission to atmosphere; Oil, natural gases and coal consumption should be decreased for emission of CO2 gases for provision of clean environment; Not make large dams for production of energy of electricity while short dam should be constructed for escaping of ecosystem for world community. Sometime dams are made which damage the ecosystem of the community and disturbs the life of animal and crops in the area; New innovation should be developed for enhancing renewable energy in the world.

Microalgae: A Renewable Source for Wastewater Treatment and Feedstock Supply for Biofuel Generation

The search and exploitation of renewable clean energy sources have become crucial, because of the developing day by day interest for clean water and energy affected by the improvement of the economy, population, industrialization, urbanization, insufficient energy, climate abnormalities, and environmental pollution. The major cause of emissions of harmful gases into the environment is due to the high utilization of petroleum derivatives. In this way, it is paramount to explore environmentally sustainable energy sources for feasible advancement, to satisfy these expanding energy demands and to secure the environment. To mitigate these global problems, academic, industrial, and governmental sectors have engaged in a lot of brainstorming and research to surmount these difficulties, which have brought a steady flow of new information in the area of cultivation of microalgae in innovative technologies including photobioreactors and high rate algal ponds. In this respect, biomass generation from aquatic plants in enriched aquatic environments like wastewater has received considerable. Therefore, this review article provides comprehensive information on recent accounts on applications of microalgae in wastewater treatment using different technologies and their potentials in feedstock generation for biofuels applications. However, in the course of this study, high rate algal ponds (HRAP) and photobioreactors were found to be a reliable system for the cultivation of microalgae and wastewater treatment. Hence, the two-step method of dewatering methods is found to be the most effective approach for microalgae cultivation for wastewater treatment and generation of algal-based feedstock, taking into account high yield potentials and economic factors such as cost of operation and energy required for large scale algal biomass processing for biofuel generations.

Further study on wall film effects and flame quenching under engine thermodynamic conditions

In direct-injection engines, the formation of fuel wall film on piston surface and liner wall is a primary cause for emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons and particulate matter. It is therefore important to investigate the behavior and effect of a wall fuel film under typical engine conditions. Following our previous study of wall film effects on flame propagation and quenching under constant thermodynamic conditions (Tao et al. IJER, 2018), more complexities rooted in real engine conditions have been considered in the current work, including two real engine in-cylinder thermodynamic trajectories occurring at catalyst warming (CW) and low-speed high-load (LSHL) conditions, varying fuel wall film thickness accounting for both vaporization and condensation, and the stagnation boundary layer flow over the wall film. To shed light on the role of wall heat transfer, parameter sweeping of wall temperature is conducted from 303 K to 363 K. Two representative wall film models using empirical vaporization rate and gas-liquid interface heat flux are compared with our numerical simulation. A good correlation between vapor boundary thickness and quenching distance has been found. Competition between enhanced vaporization due to tangential convection and aggravate condensation from elevated pressure is also demonstrated. The results lead to useful insights into the behavior of a wall film in real engine in-cylinder thermodynamic conditions and could be used to construct low dimensional empirical wall film models in three-dimensional engine combustion modeling.

Estimation of air emissions and applying GIS technology to build emissions map from area source in Ho Chi Minh City

The actual status of air pollution in HCM City is alarming and causing many impacts on human health. The sources of air pollution are classified into four main sources: industrial (point source), transport (line source), area and biological source. The study focused on emission inventory for the area source, including domestic cooking activities, restaurants, cafeterias, petrol stations, photocopy, construction materials stores, construction works, garages, pagodas, straw burning… Emissions inventory method make accurate, reliable and well-defined assessment decisions that show that the use of large amounts of coal and charcoal produces large amounts of gaseous pollutants: TSP, NO2, SO2, CO, CH4 and NMVOC… in which household activities account for about 90% of total emissions and 38% TSP amount of total emissions in the source. Application of GIS tools to develop emission maps for identifying high emission areas. The aim of the study was to point out the main cause of emissions in the source area and areas with high emissions (such as District 3, District 4, District 8, Binh Chanh and Cu Chi) so that solutions created to minimize emissions from the burning of fossil fuel for cooking activities of Ho Chi Minh City’s people would be economical and highly effective.

The Nexus of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Agriculture Sector: Case of Turkey and China

Greenhouse gas emissions constitute the basis of global warming. One of the sectors contributing to the greenhouse gas emissions is the agriculture sector which accounts for 24% of the global greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, the effect of cattle husbandry, small ruminant husbandry, poultry husbandry, paddy production, which are the main causes of emissions in the agriculture sector, on agricultural CO2 release was investigated. The research covers the years 1991-2017 of Turkey and China. In the study, time-series analyses such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller Breakpoint Unit Root Test, Johansen Cointegration Test, Ordinary Least Square Regression, Full Modified Ordinary Least Square, Canonical Cointegrating Regression and Impulse-Response Analysis were used. According to the results of the analysis, the effects of cattle husbandry, small ruminant husbandry, and paddy production activities on agricultural CO2 emissions were statistically significant in Turkey. We determined that the most effective variable on agricultural CO2 emissions was cattle husbandry both in the long- and short-term. On the other hand, poultry farming had no statistically significant effect on agricultural CO2 emissions. According to the results of the analysis for China, all variables were statistically significant. As a result, it is important to adopt methods that will not cause environmental damage or will have minimal impact in determination processes of effective parameters on agricultural CO2. The government should determine the boundaries of agricultural production processes through legal arrangements and the relevant ministries should implement them seriously. To take these measures and implement them are seen as a necessity for a sustainable world and a sustainable agricultural sector.