Cause Of Deactivation Research Articles

Modulation of metal/support interactions improves catalytic performance of Ni–Pt/CeO2 for hydrogen generation from hydrazine monohydrate

Controllable hydrogen generation through catalytic decomposition of hydrazine monohydrate (N2H4·H2O) holds promise for mobile and portable applications. However, the existing catalysts (such as Ni60Pt40/CeO2, CoPt/CeOx) often suffer from poor stability, and active site poisoning appears an important cause of deactivation. Here, we present a simple yet effective method to address this issue. By adding a Ce3+ salt during the precipitation-deposition process, we observed enhanced interactions between Ni–Pt alloy and CeO2 matrix, impacting the electronic structure and dispersion of Ni–Pt nanoparticles. Thus-obtained Ni4Pt/CeO2 catalyst exhibited an over two-fold increase in activity and an 80% retention after 10 cycles, outperforming conventional methods. The novel approach simultaneously improved activity and stability while maintaining a constant alloy composition. This catalyst demonstrated high activity, 100% H2 selectivity, and good stability in N2H4·H2O decomposition. Additionally, it enabled the construction of a high-capacity N2H4·H2O-based hydrogen generation system with rapid dynamic response.

Catalytic regeneration of amine-based absorbents for CO2 capture: The effect of acidic sites and accessibility

The high regeneration energy consumption is the bottleneck problem for the large-scale application of organic amine absorption method. Catalytic regeneration has received a lot of attention because it can be done at low temperatures using solid acid catalysts. Although the catalytic activity of the catalysts presently reported is exceptional, the exorbitant cost renders this technology unsuitable for industrial implementation.The present work uses a composite metal oxide solid acid catalysts for the catalytic regeneration of a CO2-rich 5 M MEA solution at 90 °C. The findings indicate that the inclusion of SO42-/ZrTiOx catalyst resulted in a 99% increase in CO2 desorption rate, a 43% improvement in cyclic capacity, and a 29.09% reduction in relative heat duty when compared to the blank experiment. The catalyst underwent characterization through BET, NH3-TPD, and Py-IR techniques, revealing that its superior catalytic performance can be attributed to its substantial mesoporous specific surface area and significant concentration of acid sites. The catalytic effect and catalytic mechanism of SO42-/ZrTiOx were confirmed using 13C NMR spectroscopy. The stability of the SO42-/ZrTiOx catalyst during regeneration was investigated in five cycles and the cause of catalyst deactivation was investigated by FT-IR. The results show that the SO42-/ZrTiOx catalyst has high catalytic activity and low cost, and has potential for large-scale industrial applications.

Investigation of the properties influencing the deactivation of iron electrodes in iron-air batteries

Iron-air batteries hold the potential to be a key technology for energy storage, thanks to their energy density, low cost, safety and abundance of their materials. In order to scale the technology up and optimize the cell formulations, it is key to obtain a clear understanding of how the physical-chemical properties of the electrode influence their electrochemical behaviour, in particular, the capacity loss. In this work, we propose for the first time mathematical correlations between textural and crystallographic properties of iron electrodes and their electrochemical stability. By adjusting synthesis parameters, we were able to tune pore size and volume, surface area and crystal size of iron oxides, and found that stability is highly correlated to both surface area and pore size. Large surface area and small average pore size provide electrodes with enhanced stability. We hypothesize that the cause for deactivation is the passivation of the electrodes ascribed to the formation of a non-conductive, non-reactive iron (II) hydroxide layer during discharge, which then cannot be reduced to iron again. We validate this hypothesis with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies, which show that, in the more stable electrodes, the charge transfer resistance in the Fe(OH)2 to Fe reduction does not significantly change after cycling, contrary to the behaviour of the less stable electrodes, corroborating our hypothesis. Furthermore, the electrode with the best properties was cycled 100 times, retaining almost 75% of its initial capacity at the end of the 100 cycles. These results are highly relevant for the future design and operation of iron-air batteries.

Destruction and preservation of nonstoichiometric ZnCr oxide catalyst from machine-learning simulation

Structural destruction, for example via the solid disproportionation reaction (SDR), is one of the main causes of catalyst deactivation that often lacks atomic level understanding due to the strong coupling of reaction conditions and the long-time scale of the structural evolution. Here by using machine-learning-based atomic simulations we are able to clarify the detailed deactivation mechanism of the nonstoichiometric zinc-chromium oxide (ZnCrxOy) catalyst, an important industrial catalyst for syngas conversion. We show that the reductive reaction conditions first lead to the generation of surface and subsurface oxygen vacancies, and the subsequent cation migration via the replacement of subsurface Zn by surface Cr kills the catalyst activity by diminishing the active surface planer [CrO4] sites. The rate-determining step, the Zn/Cr cation migration, is exothermic towards forming stoichiometric ZnCr2O4, and has an accessible barrier (∼1.7 eV) under syngas conversion reaction conditions, indicating that the long-term deactivation is inevitable. By screening a set of additive elements, we demonstrate that Al element is an effective inhibitor to impede the formation of subsurface oxygen vacancy, the initial step of SDR. Our findings demonstrate the power of machine-learning-based atomic simulations in elucidating complex structural transformations and provide directions to mitigate ZnCrxOy catalyst deactivation.

Recent progress of the transition metal-based catalysts in the catalytic biomass gasification: A mini-review

Biomass is regarded as an important renewable resource, which plays a critical role in the development of sustainable energy systems. Biomass can be converted into energy or valuable chemicals by combustion, liquefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification. Among these processes, thermal gasification cracks biomass into light species at high temperatures, which can be applied to biomass with the greatest variety. As the target product of biomass gasification, syngas or H2-rich gas are very important intermediates in the petrochemical industry. However, the troublesome tar produced during gasification could bring a series of problems. Catalytic biomass gasification is a promising strategy to greatly alleviate these issues. The transition metal-based catalysts for catalytic biomass gasification have been studied in the last decades. Various transition metal catalysts for biomass gasification are reviewed in this article, including monometallic and bimetallic Ni-based catalysts, and other Fe-, Co-, and Pt-based catalysts. The performance of these catalysts is evaluated based on applied reaction parameters, the quality of produced syngas, and the performance of tar reduction. The applications of DFT calculation and AI for mechanism studies of biomass gasification have been summarized, and the cause of catalyst deactivation and regeneration of spent catalysts are also discussed. Therefore, the target of this article is to elucidate conventional biomass conversion pathways and review the recent progress on catalyst development in the biomass gasification process.

Study on the performance and sulfur tolerance mechanism of Pd/beta zeolite in catalytic combustion of toluene

Based on the method of quantitative pyrolysis of ammonium sulfate, sulfur tolerance of Pd/beta zeolite in catalytic conversion of toluene was explored in this paper. Changes in pore structure, valence, acidity, oxidation, and adsorption/desorption behavior were investigated in detail through XRD, N2 adsorption, HRTEM-EDS, XPS, H2-TPR, and NH3-TPD before and after sulfur poisoning. The results proved the structural stability of Pd/beta zeolite in the process of sulfur poisoning. Combined with FT-IR and ICP characterization results, the possible sulfur poisoning process and the intrinsic sulfur tolerance mechanism of Pd/beta zeolite were revealed: Active PdO/Pd reacted with sulfur species to produce inactive PdSO4 was regarded as a major cause of partial deactivation of Pd/beta zeolite. AlO4 units in beta zeolite were likely to combine with sulfur species to obtain Al2(SO4)3 and generate more acidic sites, and SiO4 units in beta zeolite were structurally stable enough to resist sulfur corrosion, guaranteeing the stability of the catalyst. The catalyst catalytic performance was not seriously affected after deep sulfur poisoning, exhibiting good resistance to sulfur poisoning.

The titania-catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol to formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is one of the most important intermediates in today’s chemical industry and mainly produced via the silver or Formox process. In this study, we introduce titania as a new catalyst for the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of methanol to formaldehyde. Bulk titania catalysts were tested under methanol ODH conditions and the influence of reaction temperature, residence time and feed composition was investigated. The highest formaldehyde yield exhibited in the titania-catalyzed methanol ODH was around 70 % at 600 °C, 1.6 gCatalyst h molMethanol−1 and 2.0 molMethanol molOxygen−1. Long-term experiments were performed to get insights on the catalyst stability. While catalyst deactivation was observed at 600 °C (90–60 % methanol conversion after 72 h) and 550 °C (90–85 % methanol conversion after 72 h), methanol conversion (85 %) was stable and no deactivation occurred at 500 °C. Characterization of the used catalysts by nitrogen physisorption, powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis revealed deposition of carbon species as the main cause of catalyst deactivation. By alternating reaction and regeneration with oxygen, constant methanol conversions (90 %) and formaldehyde yields (70 %) were achieved at 600 °C.

Revealing the deactivation mechanism of Ca poisoning on V-W-Ti catalysts in cement kilns

Currently, Ca poisoning of the SCR catalyst was the main cause of deactivation in cement kilns. The mechanism of calcium poisoning is rarely studied. In this paper, a series of Ca poisoned V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts were simulated and studied in detailed. As the NH3-SCR results showed, the NO conversion of Fresh VWT was 97.6 % at 280 °C, and decreased to 65 % when 5 % CaO was added. As the CaO content continued to increase, the NO conversion of the catalysts decreased gradually and the catalysts showed worse H2O and SO2 resistance. For a detailed understanding of the poisoning mechanism, the fresh and poisoning VWT were analyzed by using XRD, Raman, XPS, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD and in-situ DRIFTs. It was discovered that CaO not only reacted with SO2 to form CaSO4, which blocked the partial active sites, but also destroyed the dispersion of WO3 and formed CaWO4. The presence of CaWO4 could reduce the amount of medium strong and strong acids, thus inhibiting the SCR process. In-situ DRIFTs experiments showed that less nitrate intermediates were produced on 5 % CaO VWT, making it difficult to perform “fast SCR” reaction.

Significant role of well-dispersed Fe2+ ions in the support of Ni catalysts in enhancing coking resistance during partial oxidation of methane

Coking is still a major cause of catalyst deactivation in catalytic methane reforming processes. In this work, doping the support of Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts with iron to provide redox functionality was found to significantly enhance coking resistance in methane partial oxidation. Catalysts with well-dispersed Fe3+ in the support, with Fe mass% in the range of 1.1–15.2 were prepared and tested in reactions at 700 °C. The catalyst with 3.2% Fe in the support showed negligible crystalline carbon at a coking rate of 9.0 × 10−6 gcg−1catalysth−1 compared with its Fe-free counterpart that showed a coking rate of 7.7 × 10−4 gcg−1catalysth−1. On the other hand, ≥10% Fe resulted in the formation of FeAl2O4 and Fe0 that promoted considerable coking. The unique influence of iron was referred to the role of the dispersed Fe2+, which is dominant upon reduction, in promoting a redox cycle that allow the oxidation and removal of carbon.

Surface species structure of deactivated catalyst for dehydrochlorination of trichloroethane

ABSTRACT Catalytic splitting method was expected to replace saponification method in industry to produce vinylidene chloride from trichloroethane, but catalyst deactivation had become the main factor hindering its industrial application. There were many speculations based on theory about the reasons for catalyst deactivation, but there was barely any analysis of the surface substance composition of deactivated catalysts. A systematic and scientific study of the composition of deactivating substances on the surface of deactivated catalysts would contribute to further research on the causes of deactivation. Several characterizations and computing methods were combined to analyze the structure of the deactivation species on the catalyst surface. The total number of rings calculated for the extracted species was approximately 11. The number of cycloalkanes and aromatic rings was 5 and 7, respectively, and the carbon fraction of cycloalkanes was 0.38. The ratio of unsubstituted hydrogen to carbon atoms was 0.42. The results show that the molecular formula of the deactivation species on the catalyst surface was C37.72H31.51Cl15.85, which was a multi-cyclic mixed component mainly composed of aromatic hydrocarbons and aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Integrated CO2 capture and utilisation: A promising step contributing to carbon neutrality

The release of CO2 into the atmosphere is problematic; however, it is an abundant, renewable, and inexpensive carbon resource. In the past, the environmental problems caused by excessive CO2 emissions, such as global warming and ocean acidification, have become increasingly severe. Carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) has drawn intensive interest due to its capacity to sequester CO2 and utilise it as a carbon source to produce high-value chemicals and fuels. However, state-of-the-art CCU exhibits poor economics and technological complexity due to extensive energy input, a multiple reactor configuration, and sorbent transfer between reactors for sorbent regeneration. Integrated CO2 capture and utilisation (ICCU) directly utilises CO2-containing exhaust gas and in situ upgrades them into valuable products in a highly intensified process, representing a more direct and promising path for CO2 emission control. A series of high-performance dual functional materials (DFMs) composed of catalytic and adsorbent sites have succeeded in various ICCU applications. In this account, we first briefly introduced the research background of ICCU technology and the motivation for developing various ICCU applications. Furthermore, we conducted a detailed description of ICCU technology from three aspects: ICCU-methanation, ICCU-dry reforming methane (DRM) and ICCU-reverse water gas shift reaction (RWGS). In particular, we have investigated the optimal adsorption and catalytic sites for specific reaction characteristics and have solved the problem of temperature matching between the adsorption and catalytic sites. In addition, The mechanism underlying ICCU technology has been explored, and the effect of interfering components on catalytic performance in real plant flue gases for future applications has also been analysed. Significantly, the catalyst stability was effectively improved by investigating the causes of catalyst deactivation. Finally, although the technology of in situ CO2 capture and conversion is still in its preliminary stages, we can see that current research results already indicate promising prospects. In-situ capture and conversion of CO2 into high-value-added chemical feedstock will be a very attractive application for reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and recycling carbon resources. We are also committed to promoting the industrialisation and large-scale production of ICCU technology.

On the Application of an In Situ Catalyst Characterization System (ICCS) and a Mass Spectrometer Detector as Powerful Techniques for the Characterization of Catalysts

The in situ characterization of catalysts provides important information on the catalyst and the understanding of its catalytic performance and selectivity for a specific reaction. Temperature programmed analyses (TPX) techniques for catalyst characterization reveal the role of the support on the stabilization and dispersion of the active sites. However, these can be altered at high temperatures since sintering of active species can occur as well as possible carbon deposition which hinders the active species and deactivates the catalyst. The in situ characterization of the spent catalyst, however, may expose the causes of catalyst deactivation. For example, a simple temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) analysis on the spent catalyst may produce CO and CO2 via a reaction with O2 at high temperatures and this is a strong indication that deactivation may be due to the deposition of carbon. Other TPX techniques such as temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and pulse chemisorption are also valuable techniques when they are applied in situ to the fresh catalyst and then to the catalyst upon deactivation. In this work, two Ni supported catalysts were considered as examples to elucidate the importance of these techniques in the characterization study of catalysts applied to the reaction of hydrogenation of CO2.

Catalyst deactivation of cation‐exchange resin in cross‐aldol condensation of acetaldehyde to methyl pentenone

AbstractThe aldol condensation of acetaldehyde with methyl ethyl ketone was studied for the production of methyl pentenone in the presence of cationic resin, Amberlyst‐15. Methyl pentenone (MPO) is an important intermediate used for the synthesis of Iso‐E‐Super, which is a precursor in sandalwood fragrances. Amberlyst‐15 used as an alternative heterogeneous catalyst for conventional corrosive sulphuric acid was found to get deactivated with prolonged use. In this work, major possible causes of catalyst deactivation, such as desulphonation, coking, grafting, metal deposition and thermal degradation, are investigated. Characterization of fresh and used catalysts is performed for surface area, mass deposited and elemental composition (CHNS and ICP). The results confirm that multiple causes, i.e., desulphonation, metals exchange and oligomers deposition, are responsible for the catalyst deactivation. The presence of metal promotes desulphonation; the desulphonation along with metal exchange appears to be the major contributors to catalyst deactivation; and avoiding exposure to metal impurities may enhance the catalyst life significantly. Catalyst regeneration was also explored, and the catalyst site density is reclaimed from 0.5–0.6 meq/g to 4.1–4.2 meq/g, which is closer to the fresh Amberlyst‐15 (4.5–4.6 meq/g). The study provides a way to develop the resin‐based green technology for catalytic reactions.

Elucidation of quantitative effects of zeolitic pores in Mo-impregnated MWW type zeolites on catalytic activities and stabilities of methane dehydroaromatization reaction

The quantitative effects of the pores in Mo-impregnated zeolites on their catalytic activity and stability during methane dehydroaromatization (MDA) were investigated. For this, MCM-22 (Mobil Composition of Matter-22) and its derivatives (MCM-36, ITQ-2, and delaminated MCM-22 in this study), having MWW type zeolite topologies but different zeolite structures, were applied. Although Mo-impregnated catalysts exhibited different catalytic activities and stabilities, interestingly, all Mo-impregnated catalysts showed similar intrinsic benzene-toluene formation rates per zeolitic pore at the initial time-on-stream regardless of the different structures. Moreover, investigation of spent Mo-impregnated catalysts revealed that the coke deposited inside the zeolitic channels (viz., internal coke) was the cause of catalyst deactivation. In particular, the preferential deposition of internal coke in the 12-membered-ring supercage can retard zeolite channel blocking and, consequently, catalyst deactivation. Thus, the amount of zeolitic pore volumes in the catalyst structure is a crucial factor that determines the catalytic activity and stability during MDA.

Reduced surface sulphonic acid concentration Alleviates carbon-based solid acid catalysts deactivation in biodiesel production

In this study, esterification of oleic acid with methanol using solid acid catalysts synthesised from different waste biomasses (bamboo, wheat straw, and peanut shells) using the carbonisation–sulphonation method was investigated. The results showed that biomass with higher lignin content had a lower optimum carbonisation temperature and the corresponding catalyst contained more acidic groups. All three catalysts catalyzed esterification reactions under optimum reaction conditions (10 wt% catalyst loading, 8:1 methanol/oleic acid, at 75 °C for 8 h) with >96% conversion. The oleic acid conversion decreased with catalyst cycles, reaching approximately 80% after four cycles. In addition to the leaching of active groups during the reaction, the reaction of the sulphonic acid on the catalyst surface with excess methanol (i.e., sulphonic ester formation) is an important cause of catalyst deactivation. The high concentration of sulphonic acid groups on the catalyst surface was the major cause of sulphonic ester formation during esterification. Therefore, reducing the concentration of sulphonic acid groups by increasing the catalyst volume and specific surface area is an effective way to avoid reduction in the catalyst activity while maintaining a constant total number of sulphonic acid groups.

Low-temperature efficient removal of PH3 over novel Cu-based adsorbent in an anaerobic environment

The efficient removal of the highly toxic gas PH3 and its resourceful conversion is a major challenge. In this study, a novel copper-based adsorbent (UG@Cu-X) was prepared by direct calcination of a mixture of copper nitrate, urea, and glucose for PH3 purification under low-temperature and anaerobic conditions. As expected, this adsorbent prepared by a simple strategy showed excellent activity in capturing PH3, and the optimized adsorbent (UG@Cu-2) had a PH3 breakthrough capacity of up to 318.58 mg(PH3)·gadsorbent-1 under harsh test conditions (anaerobic, temperature: 60 °C, PH3 concentration: 1,000 ppm, WHSV: 30,000 h−1). This value is significantly better than previously reported. Further studies demonstrated that the superior performance of UG@Cu-X was attributed to its relatively large specific surface area, unique microscopic morphology, high concentration of surface active oxygen, and more substantial alkalinity, while the main cause of adsorbent deactivation was the consumption of the active component CuO. Surprisingly, the deactivation of the UG@Cu-X resulted in the conversion of the active component (CuO) into the high value-added P-type semiconductor Cu3P, a huge potential utilization value in photocatalysis, energy storage, medicine, etc. This phenomenon indicates that the adsorbent prepared in this study can probably achieve resourceful conversion of PH3 while removing PH3 efficiently, and can probably avoid the risk of secondary pollution caused by the deactivated adsorbents.

The effectiveness of rehabilitation of patients with injuries as part of the Social Insurance Institution's disability prevention.

Injuries are the cause of professional and social deactivation. The rehabilitation program provided under Social Security prevention pension enables earlier rehabilitation measures. The study's aim was to determine the efficiency of the rehabilitation as a part of Social Security prevention pension in the group of patients after limb injuries depending on the time when rehabilitation was undertaken. The study was a retrospective data analysis, based on medical histories of 93 patients after injuries, rehabilitated as part of Social Security prevention pension from January 2016 until July 2017. The effects of rehabilitation were assessed in 2 groups: early (up to 6 months from the injury) and late rehabilitation (over 6 months). Medical effects are based on measurements of the motion range in extremities' joints, functional test results and final evaluation of the rehabilitation. For both groups, the motion range of most joints improved. Improvement among the group of early rehabilitated patients concerned everyday activities (p = 0.035), the results of medical rehabilitation (p = 0.046) and also the results of the functional tests. Comprehensive rehabilitation of patients after the injuries in Social Security prevention pension leads to better medical effects. The results are better for earlier rehabilitated patients.

Catalytic oxidation mechanism of AsH3 over CuO@SiO2 core-shell catalysts via experimental and theoretical studies.

In this study, CuO@SiO2 core-shell catalysts were successfully synthesized and applied to efficiently remove hazardous gaseous pollutant arsine (AsH3) by catalytic oxidation under low-temperature and low-oxygen conditions for the first time. In typical experiments, the CuO@SiO2 catalysts showed excellent AsH3 removal activity and stability under low-temperature and low-oxygen conditions. The duration of the AsH3 conversion rate above 90 % for the CuO@SiO2 catalysts was 39h, which was markedly higher than that of other catalysts previously reported in the literature. The considerable catalytic activity and stability were attributed to the protection and confinement effects of the SiO2 shell, which resulted in highly dispersed CuO nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the strong interaction between the CuO core and SiO2 shell further facilitated the formation of active species such as coordinatively unsaturated Cu2+ and chemisorbed oxygen. The accumulation of oxidation products (As2O3 and As2O5) on the interface between the CuO core and SiO2 shell and the pore channels of the SiO2 shell is the main cause of catalysts deactivation. Furthermore, through combined density functional theory (DFT) calculations and characterization methods, a reaction pathway including gradual dehydrogenation (AsH3*→AsH2*→AsH*→As*) and gradual oxidation (2As*→As*+AsO*→2AsO*→As2O3) for the catalytic oxidation of AsH3 on CuO (111) surface was constructed to clarify the detailed reaction mechanism. The CuO@SiO2 core-shell catalysts applied in this study could provide a powerful method for developing AsH3 catalysts from multiple know AsH3 removal systems.

Cobalt Homeostatic Catalysis for Coupling of Enaminones and Oxadiazolones to Quinazolinones.

Transition metal catalysis has revolutionized modern synthetic chemistry for its diverse modes of coordination reactivity. However, this versatility in reactivity is also the predominant cause of catalyst deactivation, a persisting issue that can significantly compromise its synthetic value. Homeostatic catalysis, a catalytic process that can sustain its productive catalytic cycle even when chemically disturbed, is proposed herein as an effective tactic to address the challenge. In particular, a cobalt homeostatic catalysis process has been developed for the water-tolerant coupling of enaminones and oxadiazolones to quinazolinones. Dynamic covalent bonding serves as a mechanistic handle for the preferred buffering of water onto enaminone and reverse exchange by a released secondary amine, thus securing reversible entry into cobalt's dormant and active states for productive catalysis. Through this homeostatic catalysis mode, a broad structural scope has been achieved for quinazolinones, enabling further elaboration into distinct pharmaceutically active agents.

Coke-resistance over Rh–Ni bimetallic catalyst for low temperature dry reforming of methane

Methane and carbon dioxide can be converted into syngas using the prospective dry reforming of methane technology. Carbon deposition is a major cause of catalyst deactivation in this reaction, especially at low temperature. The superior stability of bimetallic catalysts has made their development more and more appealing. Herein, a series of bimetallic RhNi supported on MgAl2O4 catalysts were synthesized and used for low temperature biogas dry reforming. The results demonstrate that the bimetallic RhNi catalyst can convert CH4 and CO2 by up to 43% and 52% over at low reaction temperature (600 °C). Moreover, the reaction rate of CH4 and CO2 of RhNi–MgAl2O4 remains stable during the 20 h long time stability test, most importantly, there was no obviously carbon deposition observed over the spent catalyst. The enhanced coking resistance should be attributed to the addition of a little amount of noble metal Rh can efficiently suppress dissociation of CHX∗ species into carbon, and the high surface areas of MgAl2O4 support can also promote the adsorption and activation of carbon dioxide to generate more O∗ species. Balancing the rate of methane dissociation and carbon dioxide activation to inhibit the development of carbon deposition is a good strategy, which provides a guidance for design other high performance dry reforming of methane catalysts.