Causes In China Research Articles

Analysis and Research on Current Juvenile Delinquency

It has been more than 30 years since China started to study the issue of juvenile delinquency. And research results from all dimensions currently show initial scale and efficiency. With the perfection of the legislation to teenagers and continuously-profound research on this issue, juvenile delinquency has got a quite good control. However, the issue of teens-related crimes in China still is not thoroughly optimistic at the present time due to effects from these factors including development and transformation of the society, as well as family problems, physical and mental issues of the young boys and girls, etc. This paper tries to analyze the features about juvenile delinquency and its causes in China at present from status quo of juvenile delinquency and relevant data, and tries to come across with solutions for the existing issues.

Dose Administrative Monopoly Aggravate the Survival Risk of Chinese Enterprises

In June 2016, the publication of the 'Opinions of the State Council on Establishing a Fair Competition Review System during the Development of Market-oriented Review System', (hereinafter referred to as 'Fair Competition Review System'), marks a new stage of the anti-monopoly cause in China. The determination and strength of this economic restructuring is unprecedented. At the critical stage of transformation and upgrading, administrative monopoly may lead to short-term business dilemma of enterprises with high efficiency that are just found but have no growth, and the survival of enterprises with low efficiency in a market environment with distorted entry and exit mechanisms. The quantitative evaluation of the relationship between administrative monopoly and enterprise strategy choice is of great importance to the promotion of the theory and practice exploration of 'Fair Competition Review System' and the improvement of institutional environment concerning enterprise survival. But the analysis of policy effect of administrative monopoly rarely goes deep into micro-firm level, especially in the view of enterprise survival. This paper uses PSM-Cox proportional hazard model to examine the effect of administrative monopoly on enterprise survival risk and its mechanism at micro-firm level. Our results indicate that in general, administrative monopoly has positive policy impact on the survival risk of manufacturing enterprises, i.e. government intervention represented by administrative monopoly aggravates the survival risk of enterprises. Furthermore, the effects of administrative monopoly on the survival risk of heterogeneous enterprises differ somewhat:firstly, administrative monopoly does not have significant effect on the survival risk of state-owned enterprises, but has significant effect on non-state-owned enterprises; secondly, administrative monopoly has significant positive effect on the survival risk of enterprises in mid-west China, but does not have significant effect in East China; administrative monopoly is positively correlated with the survival risk of labor-intensive enterprises, but does not have significant effect on capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries. Administrative monopoly raises the survival risk of enterprises by reducing survival rate and innovation, and really results in rent-seeking activities which weaken the effect of administrative monopoly on the survival risk of enterprises to some extent. And the joint effect of these three above provides an important explanation for the foregoing study. As for supply-side structural reform, the elimination of administrative monopoly through the competition policy, can improve the resource allocation efficiency in Chinese market, thereby creating a favorable supply-side institutional environment for enterprise survival and economic development. As for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, the construction of a sound competition policy system, can strengthen the viability of non-state-owned enterprises, enterprises in mid-west China and labor-intensive enterprises, and offers systematic and mechanism support for the 'mass entrepreneurship'. The competition policy system focusing on 'Fair Competition Review System' is gradually being completed, and the development of socialist market economic system is bound to enter a new stage.

Potential Cardiovascular and Total Mortality Benefits of Air Pollution Control in Urban China.

Outdoor air pollution ranks fourth among preventable causes of China's burden of disease. We hypothesized that the magnitude of health gains from air quality improvement in urban China could compare with achieving recommended blood pressure or smoking control goals. The Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model-China projected coronary heart disease, stroke, and all-cause deaths in urban Chinese adults 35 to 84 years of age from 2017 to 2030 if recent air quality (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm, PM2.5) and traditional cardiovascular risk factor trends continue. We projected life-years gained if urban China were to reach 1 of 3 air quality goals: Beijing Olympic Games level (mean PM2.5, 55 μg/m3), China Class II standard (35 μg/m3), or World Health Organization standard (10 μg/m3). We compared projected air pollution reduction control benefits with potential benefits of reaching World Health Organization hypertension and tobacco control goals. Mean PM2.5 reduction to Beijing Olympic levels by 2030 would gain ≈241,000 (95% uncertainty interval, 189 000-293 000) life-years annually. Achieving either the China Class II or World Health Organization PM2.5 standard would yield greater health benefits (992 000 [95% uncertainty interval, 790 000-1 180 000] or 1 827 000 [95% uncertainty interval, 1 481 00-2 129 000] annual life-years gained, respectively) than World Health Organization-recommended goals of 25% improvement in systolic hypertension control and 30% reduction in smoking combined (928 000 [95% uncertainty interval, 830 000-1 033 000] life-years). Air quality improvement in different scenarios could lead to graded health benefits ranging from 241 000 life-years gained to much greater benefits equal to or greater than the combined benefits of 25% improvement in systolic hypertension control and 30% smoking reduction.

The higher prevalence of truncal obesity and diabetes in American than Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C might contribute to more rapid progression to advanced liver disease.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States (US) and an emerging cause in China. To compare the clinical characteristics of hepatitis C patients in the US and China, and factors influencing disease stage. Prospective study of 2 cohorts of HCV patients recruited at 1 site in the US and 3 sites in China. Standardised questionnaire on risk factors and medical history were used and diagnosis of cirrhosis and HCC was based on pre-defined criteria. One thousand nine hundred and fifty seven patients (1000 US and 957 China) were enrolled. US patients were more likely to be men (61.4% vs 48.5%), older (median age 57 vs 53 years), obese (38.4% vs 16.8%) and diabetic (21.8% vs 10.8%). A significantly higher per cent of US patients had cirrhosis (38.2% vs 16.0%) and HCC (14.1% vs 2.7%). Investigator estimated time at infection in US was 10 years earlier than in Chinese patients but US patients were more likely to have advanced disease even after stratifying for duration of infection. Study site in the US, older age, truncal obesity, diabetes and prior HCV treatment were significant predictors of advanced disease on multivariate analysis. HCV patients in the US had more advanced liver disease than those in China. We speculate that underlying fatty liver disease may be a major contributor to this difference, and management of glycometabolic abnormalities should occur in parallel with anti-viral therapy to achieve optimal outcomes.

Development strategy, economic transformation and income distribution

Income inequality will affect China’s economic growth over the long term. It is also one of the important factors determining whether China can avoid the middle-income trap. Different from the ‘equality of outcome’ perspective, this paper analyses the causes of China’s income distribution from the perspective of equality of opportunity. The inequality of opportunity in China is mainly caused by distorted institutional arrangements in the financial markets, labour markets, and product markets, involving e.g. restrictions on interest rates, the household registration (hukou) system, price controls on industrial and agricultural products, and privileges of state-owned enterprises. All of these distorted institutional arrangements are attributed to the heavy-industry-oriented development strategy in the recent history. Although this strategy was gradually abandoned, it has generated some institutions which have long-run impacts on the income distribution in China. Transforming government functions through institutional reforms is necessary to improve equality of opportunity and income distribution.

Ghost Culture, Face Culture and Illusion of Demand—A Cultural Perspective of Pension Real Estate

The aging of the population and the continuous development of the real estate industry have brought about the rise of pension real estate. Nowadays, the academic and real estate enterprises have passion for pension real estate and do a lot of discussions. However, in fact, the study of China’s pension real estate theory is still in its infancy, the practice has been stalled. From the traditional culture point of view, Chinese ghost culture and face culture affect the effective demand of the pension real estate. For the elderly, the elderly live together; the death of an elderly person will cause fear, then affecting physical and mental health. For sons and daughters, few of them will send their parents to pension institutions because of concept of saving face whether the sons and daughters are rich or not. This cultural conflict is the cause of China’s pension real estate in trouble. Therefore, for the development of pension real estate, we must take into account the unique cultural background of China, and take the localization of the road.

Leadership and teacher learning in urban and rural schools in China: Meeting the dual challenges of equity and effectiveness

Despite a rapid rise in national income levels, the distribution of wealth remains unevenly distributed between residents of rural and urban areas both in mainland China and other developing nations. These inequities carry over to the education system where researchers have documented differences not only in resource allocation but also in the academic performance of students in urban and rural schools. Most research into the causes of China’s urban-rural achievement gap has focused on fiscal resources. In contrast, the current study examined differences in school organization processes associated with learning-centered leadership and teacher learning. These foci were selected due to their documented importance in supporting sustainable school improvement. We employed multi-group confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to analyze survey data collected from 492 urban teachers and 423 rural teachers in 31 Chinese schools located in three different provinces. The results affirmed a similar model of leadership and teacher learning in urban and rural schools. Specifically, school leadership exerted significant direct and indirect effects on teacher learning. It was, however, notable that the strength of all variable measures were significantly higher in the urban schools. The findings imply a potential benefit to be gained from providing training focused on ‘learning-centered leadership for principals and middle level leaders in rural schools, as well as expanding access to quality professional development opportunities for rural teachers.

Barriers and countermeasures in developing traditional Chinese medicine in Europe.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is one of the unique cultural treasures of Chinese; it represents a significant feature and prominent advantage of the healthcare cause in China. Data in this paper were fromWorld Health Organization, Chinese Bureau of Statistics, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and PubMed. In recent years, TCM has established a solid foundation in Europe, which made great strides in legislation, education, research, and international exchange, and has enjoyed a vast development space in the continent. Now, TCM is embracing unprecedented development opportunities in Europe. At the same time, the stiff international competition poses a grave threat to China's TCM industry. With multiple cultural, legal, and institutional challenges, as well as talent shortages in the way, TCM is now facing many difficulties in Europe. To fully prepare and enact active and vigorous steps to seize opportunities, we should have a clear picture about the serious challenges hampering TCM development in Europe. The TCM development at overseas markets has shifted from a spontaneous trade activity into a national strategy spearheaded by the government and participated in by multiple stakeholders. We should make a systematic, comprehensive, and sustainable push in fields such as TCM therapy, healthcare, education, research, culture, and industry development. The ultimate goal is to bring TCMs to the global market and allow them to play a role in safeguarding public health along with modern medicines.

Income inequality in China: causes and policy responses

ABSTRACTThe phenomenal economic growth in China has been accompanied by a rapid increase in income inequality. This paper reviews the historical trends and patterns of income inequality in China, discusses the potential causes underlying rising income inequality, and applies the functional distribution of income approach in understanding China’s income inequality. This analytical approach highlights how rising return to capital relative to wage incomes can be an important source for increasing income inequality in China. The paper provides the evidence which shows that the rapid economic growth in China has been relying on a model that pays high returns to various kinds of capital including financial capital and real estate, while the ownership of capital is very unequal. This finding prompts us to rethink about the causes of China’s income inequality and to formulate appropriate policies based on the new way of understanding this pressing issue of income distribution in China.

A Two-Step Strategy for Developing Cultivated Pastures in China that Offer the Advantages of Ecosystem Services

Based on a site experiment on a typical steppe of Inner Mongolia, the short term effects on aboveground biomass, soil water content, soil organic carbon, and soil total nitrogen of four cultivated pastures (CPs) with different compositions of herbaceous species were examined and compared to those of adjacent, natural grassland (NG) enclosed simultaneously. All CPs produced significantly higher aboveground biomass than did the NG after two years of establishment, and the mixed culture of Agropyron cristatum (A. cristatum) and Medicago sativa (M. sativa) produced the highest (312.39% higher than the NG). Without irrigation, soil water content in the 10–20 cm soil layer was also found to be significantly higher in the CPs than in the NG, especially for the mixed cultures of A. cristatum and M. sativa, A. cristatum, M. sativa and Lolium perenne (L. perenne), by 184.25% and 125.97%, respectively. The improvements in soil organic carbon and soil total nitrogen in CPs were less obvious and mixed, with different species compositions showing significant increases at different depths. The experimental results suggested that, with carefully selected species compositions and proper farming measures, CPs could have a positive effect on some of the pathways that generate ecosystem services, at least in the short term. We also analyzed the underlying institutional and socioeconomic causes of China’s underdevelopment of CPs, and proposed a two-step development strategy. The first is to promote rain-fed CPs on small-hold farms, which require relatively low inputs in fertilizers and labor. The second is to promote large-scale operations, which will require significantly more inputs in land, irrigation, fertilizers, and machinery.

Recent Highway Bridge Collapses in China: Review and Discussion

AbstractThe data of 302 highway bridge catastrophic collapses occurring in China between 2000 and 2014 due to human causes were collected and statistical analyses were conducted from various viewpoints including accident stages (during construction or service), casualties (death or injury), location, time, life span, bridge type, and primary causes behind the accidents. Six representative collapse cases were expounded on to find out their individual peculiarities. These cases encapsulated serious problems in Chinese highway bridge engineering, including design, construction, maintenance, and management, among others. A concise review of highway bridge collapses due to human causes in China was presented. Some typical abnormal phenomena, such as those concerning entities involved in the Chinese highway bridge engineering industry, were analyzed and highlighted. Suggestions were put forward to urge all related parties to obey rules and laws to reduce and avoid bridge collapse accidents. The lessons from the...

Cause-specific mortality for 240 causes in China during 1990–2013: a systematic subnational analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

China has experienced a remarkable epidemiological and demographic transition during the past three decades. Far less is known about this transition at the subnational level. Timely and accurate assessment of the provincial burden of disease is needed for evidence-based priority setting at the local level in China. Following the methods of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we have systematically analysed all available demographic and epidemiological data sources for China at the provincial level. We developed methods to aggregate county-level surveillance data to inform provincial-level analysis, and we used local data to develop specific garbage code redistribution procedures for China. We assessed levels of and trends in all-cause mortality, causes of death, and years of life lost (YLL) in all 33 province-level administrative units in mainland China, all of which we refer to as provinces, for the years between 1990 and 2013. All provinces in mainland China have made substantial strides to improve life expectancy at birth between 1990 and 2013. Increases ranged from 4.0 years in Hebei province to 14.2 years in Tibet. Improvements in female life expectancy exceeded those in male life expectancy in all provinces except Shanghai, Macao, and Hong Kong. We saw significant heterogeneity among provinces in life expectancy at birth and probability of death at ages 0-14, 15-49, and 50-74 years. Such heterogeneity is also present in cause of death structures between sexes and provinces. From 1990 to 2013, leading causes of YLLs changed substantially. In 1990, 16 of 33 provinces had lower respiratory infections or preterm birth complications as the leading causes of YLLs. 15 provinces had cerebrovascular disease and two (Hong Kong and Macao) had ischaemic heart disease. By 2013, 27 provinces had cerebrovascular disease as the leading cause, five had ischaemic heart disease, and one had lung cancer (Hong Kong). Road injuries have become a top ten cause of death in all provinces in mainland China. The most common non-communicable diseases, including ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancers (liver, stomach, and lung), contributed much more to YLLs in 2013 compared with 1990. Rapid transitions are occurring across China, but the leading health problems and the challenges imposed on the health system by epidemiological and demographic change differ between groups of Chinese provinces. Localised health policies need to be implemented to tackle the diverse challenges faced by local health-care systems. China National Science & Technology Pillar Program 2013 (2013BAI04B02) and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Analysis of Causes and Hazards of China’s Frequent Hazy Weather

The focus of haze prevention is how to solve the relationship between social and economic development and the haze prevention. In the current situation where environmental pollution becomes increasingly worse, China needs to enhance the effectiveness of preventing and treating hazy weather. The article first introduces the characteristics of Chi- nese hazy weather, including a wide range, long duration, mainly occurring in areas with low rainfall, severe pollution, great harm, etc.; then it analyzes the causes of China's frequent hazy weather such as the increased particulate hazards in the air and the increased horizontal static wind and vertical temperature inversion; finally, it points out that China's hazy weather has harmed the health of people, exacerbated the deterioration of the ecological environment, affected social and economic development, etc. In recent years, with the large-scale industrialization and urbanization of China and the rapid development of industry, transportation, etc., a lot of exhaust gases are discharged into the air, creating favorable conditions for the formation of China's hazy weather, together with the global warming, significant changes have occurred in weather conditions, so the exhaust gases accumulated in the air cannot be diffused in time, resulting in the frequent occurrence of massive hazy weather in China (1). The disasters of the hazy weather have seriously affected people's daily production and life have brought great challenges to the sustainable development of Chinese society and economy. Many experts and scholars have carried out some exploratory research into the causes and hazards of China's hazy weather. For example, Zhou Tao et al. (2) point out that Beijing's haze concentration is large between 7:00 a.m. and 8:00 a.m. and between 18:00 p.m. and 20:00 p.m. during the rush hours of a day, which indicates that mobile emission sources have become impor- tant sources of urban pollution in Beijing. In addition to the significant increase in haze concentration due to short-period setting off of firecrackers during the Spring Festival, Bei- jing's haze concentration is minimized during holidays, showing that people's activities play a significant leading role in haze concentration; Zhang Liya et al. (3) point out that the causes of China's hazy weather include general at- mospheric circulation, extensive economic production mode, irrational energy consumption structure, excessive vehicle emissions, ground dust and so on; Xiao Hongwei (4) points out that the causes of hazy weather include the increased dust emission due to the accelerated industrialization proc- ess, irrational coal-based energy consumption structure, ur- ban motor vehicle exhaust, environmental capacity overdraft, insufficient environmental pollution monitoring, etc.; Liu Qiang et al. (5) point out that the causes of hazy weather include that total pollutant discharge is too large, loss of self- purification function of eco-environment system, the emis- sion standard of air pollutants is too low, etc. Currently, ex- perts and scholars' analysis of China's hazy weather causes still focuses on several aspects, which is not very compre- hensive and systematic.

Prevalence of Liddle Syndrome Among Young Hypertension Patients of Undetermined Cause in a Chinese Population.

Liddle syndrome, an autosomal dominant form of monogenic hypertension, has been regarded as a rare disorder, which leads to many Liddle syndrome patients being misdiagnosed and experiencing severe complications at an early age. Little is known about the prevalence of Liddle syndrome. In this study, the authors investigated the prevalence of Liddle syndrome confirmed by genetic testing among young hypertension patients of undetermined causes in China. A total of 330 hypertensive patients aged 14 to 40 years after exclusion of common secondary causes of hypertension were enrolled and serum potassium concentrations were measured. Patients with hypokalemia underwent genetic testing of the 13th exon of genes encoding β and γ subunits of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). Diagnosis was established by identification of mutations that destroy the PY motif of ENaC. Five patients were diagnosed with Liddle syndrome (prevalence, 1.52%), as well as 12 of their relatives. These patients with Liddle syndrome presented with an earlier onset of hypertension, a stronger family history of hypertension, and higher blood pressure than those with essential hypertension. All patients had hypokalemia and suppressed plasma renin activity. The results demonstrated that Liddle syndrome is an important etiology of hypertension in this young population. Screening of Liddle syndrome should focus on young hypertension patients, particularly those with early penetrance, hypokalemia, and low renin levels after exclusion of common secondary causes.

The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961

This article studies the causes of China's Great Famine, during which 16.5 to 45 million individuals perished in rural areas. We document that average rural food retention during the famine was too high to generate a severe famine without rural inequality in food availability; that there was significant variance in famine mortality rates across rural regions; and that rural mortality rates were positively correlated with per capita food production, a surprising pattern that is unique to the famine years. We provide evidence that an inflexible and progressive government procurement policy (where procurement could not adjust to contemporaneous production and larger shares of expected production were procured from more productive regions) was necessary for generating this pattern and that this policy was a quantitatively important contributor to overall famine mortality.

Literature analysis and comparison on basic information of scientific papers subject in Chinese journals of nursing nearly six years

Objective To know the nursing scientific research status in recent years, and to reveal the differences between Chinese nursing scientific researches and foreign nursing scientific researches, in order to promote the rapid development of nursing cause in China. Methods Five Chinese journals of nursing and four foreign nursing journals were analyzed covered China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed and Google data ranged from 2008 to 2013. By adopting bibliometrics method, regional distribution, the number of people participation, the cooperation between units, the source of financial funding, research content and nature of Chinese nursing research papers were analyzed, and also compared to research content and nature of foreign nursing journals. Results The amounts of published papers were 1 527 pieces. The geographical distribution of research papers were all spread over 28 provinces, autonomous regions sand municipalities directly under the central government, most of which was Guangdong province [12.64% (193/1 527) ]; The majority of research papers were completed by single unit and more than five people, which about [68.4%(1 045/1 527) ], [38.6%(589/1 527) ], respectively; Provincial level of research papers were more than national level [81.4%(1 243/1 527) vs. 18.6%(284/1 527) ]; The papers focused on the clinical nursing research [37.8%(577/1 527) ] and clinical basic nursing research [34.6%(529/1 527) ]. Almost researches were descriptive research ,while 40.7%(622/1527) of which were clinical analysis. Foreign nursing scientific researches paid more attention to psychological research and nursing profession which were related to humanities and investigation was major method used; Compared with the foreign nursing papers at the same time, the number of Chinese nursing research papers increased rapidly (P < 0.05); Papers were completed more than five units rapidly increased compared with the pre-upgrade, as well as the national subjects, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions The number of nursing research programs tended to increase year by year and the enthusiasm of nurses participating in scientific research was higher than before. Different units needed to further strengthen cooperation in scientific research. The research content and direction were diversity, which had not yet formed central tendency. The research method was still limited to descriptive studies, and the creativity of the research methods was needed, especially laboratory research. Key words: Nursing research; Journal article; Bibliometrics

1971—2010年中国大陆潜在蒸散变化的年代际转折及其成因

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 1971-2010年中国大陆潜在蒸散变化的年代际转折及其成因 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201309022184 作者: 作者单位: 安徽省气象科学研究所,安徽省气候中心,南京信息工程大学江苏省农业气象重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(41405111,41105098); 安徽省自然科学基金项目(1408085QD73); 淮河流域气象开放研究基金项目(HRM201209) Inter-decadal breakpoint in potential evapotranspiration trends and the main causes in China during the period 1971-2010 Author: Affiliation: Anhui Meteorological Institute,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:潜在蒸散时间演变的年代际转折研究有助于全面认识潜在蒸散对气候变化的响应。基于修正的FAO56 Penman-Monteith公式和中国580个台站逐日气象观测资料,利用气候变化趋势转折判别模型分析了1971-2010年中国潜在蒸散变化的年代际转折特征,并探讨转折前、后的变化趋势及其主导因素。结果表明:1971-2010年中国年平均潜在蒸散在20世纪90年代初期由显著下降(-2.46 mm/a)转变为显著上升(1.57 mm/a),这与影响潜在蒸散变化的4个气象因子趋势的年代际转折密切相关。90年代之前,全国风速和日照时数普遍下降引起的负贡献超过气温上升引起的正贡献,导致潜在蒸散显著下降;90年代之后,全国大部分地区的增暖加剧和干旱化使得气温和相对湿度的正贡献明显增大,超过由于风速和日照时数下降趋势减缓甚至转折而减小的负贡献,导致潜在蒸散显著上升。潜在蒸散趋势转折现象在全国80%以上的站点普遍存在,且转折前、后主导因子的空间分布格局存在差异。90年代之前,风速和日照时数分别是北方和南方多数站点的主导因子;90年代之后,以气温和相对湿度为主导因子的站点明显增多,尤其是在西北地区、青藏高原和东南沿海部分地区。 Abstract:In the context of global warming, the impact of climate change on water resources is becoming increasingly significant and is thus drawing more attention. As a main component of the hydrological cycle, potential evapotranspiration (ET0) represents the maximum possible evaporation and is the rate of evaporation that would occur under given meteorological conditions from a continuously saturated surface. ET0 is essential for scheduling of irrigation system running times, preparing input data for hydrological models used in water balance studies, and assessing the hydrological impacts of the changing climate. Therefore, the trends of the changes in ET0 and its dominant factors across different regions of the world have been studied by many researchers in recent decades. Despite the global warming, decreasing trends in ET0 have been detected in several countries, including the United States, Russia, India, China, Australia, and New Zealand. Decreasing sunshine hours, declining wind speed, and increasing relative humidity have been considered to be the main causes of the decreasing ET0.Analysis of the linear trend of the time series is frequently used in climate change research. The linear trend can reflect the overall trend of climate change over a time period, but it cannot describe the undulating character of climate change over a long time period. Thus, the characteristics of interdecadal turning of climatic factors, including air temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation, have become a topic of concern for many researchers worldwide.Thorough exploration of the interdecadal turning of ET0 trends can lead to a better understanding of the evolution and abrupt changes of ET0 related to climate change. Based on the FAO56 Penman-Monteith equation, interdecadal breakpoints in ET0 trends were studied using Tomé and Miranda's climate-trend turning discriminatory model for 580 meteorological stations across China during 1971-2010. Differences in the trends and determining factors between the before and after breakpoint periods were also analyzed. The results showed that annual average ET0 decreased significantly (-2.46 mm/a) before the 1990s but increased significantly (1.57 mm/a) after the 1990s across China. This phenomenon was closely related to the interdecadal breakpoints in the trends of four meteorological factors affecting ET0 variations. The decrease in ET0 that occurred before the 1990s was attributed to a larger absolute value of the negative contributions caused by decreasing wind speed and sunshine duration compared to that of the positive contribution caused by increasing air temperature. After the 1990s, positive contribution from the air temperature and relative humidity increased due to the more intensive warming and climatic aridity across most of the areas in China and exceeded the smaller absolute value of the negative contribution from the wind speed and sunshine duration, causing the increasing trend in ET0. The interdecadal breakpoints existed at more than 80% of the meteorological stations across China, and there were differences between the pre- and post-breakpoint distribution patterns. Before the 1990s, wind speed and sunshine duration were the determining factors for most stations in North China and South China, respectively. After the 1990s, the number of stations with air temperature or relative humidity as a determining factor increased, especially in Northwest China, the Tibetan Plateau, and some parts of the southeastern coastal area. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

From internal imbalances to global imbalances: a survey on the causes of China’s export-led growth

There is a broad consensus that China’s export- and investment-led growth model is unsustainable and therefore needs to become more balanced. In the public debate, Chinese exchange rate interventions are mostly made (solely) responsible for this. But it is unclear whether and how much the Renminbi is undervalued, and if an exchange rate appreciation helps to reduce China’s current account surplus significantly. This survey reviews the international literature on China’s export-oriented growth model. Internal structural imbalances in the Chinese economy, resulting in an extremely low consumption-to-GDP share by historical and international standards, play hereby a central role. Related to this are: 1) the drop in household and wage income as a share of GDP and low employment growth, and its impact on consumption demand; 2) the increase in income uncertainty and inequality, and its impact on household savings; and 3) the role of government spending, i.e., high and increasing public surpluses. The central policy challenge is therefore to increase household incomes, and to reduce income inequality and uncertainty.

Comparative Study and Enlightenment of Barrier-Free Laws and Regulations of America, Britain and China

The barrier-free environment is the guarantee for the vulnerable groups such as the senior citizens and the disabled, which reflects the civilization level of the society. And America and Britain are the most advanced countries which have longer history of barrier-free design. Their barrier-free design laws, regulations and standard system are complete, covering a wide range of security objects and having developed into the universal design or inclusive design stage with their own features. The barrier-free design of China was carried out late and yet within 30 years’ development, China still has made many achievements. However, in terms of scientific research and civil consciousness, the gap to the developed countries is still big. Summarizing the development trend of American and British barrier-free design features, comparison can provide the working direction for the barrier-free design cause of China, namely, the improvement of the researches on barrier-free design, the functions of organizations for the disabled, public participation and regulations enforcement.

A Tragedy of the Nomenklatura? Career incentives, political loyalty and political radicalism during China's Great Leap Forward

We review James Kung and Shuo Chen's study, published in the American Political Science Review, on the causes of China's Great Leap Famine (1959–1961). Kung and Chen explain the variations in provincial leaders' radicalism on the basis of the career incentives facing the provincial First Secretaries. In this article, we question the validity of their basic assumptions and also uncover serious issues with the Kung and Chen dataset. We conclude that their empirical findings were based on faulty foundations. Our alternative hypothesis instead explains the dynamics of political radicalism during the Great Leap Forward in terms of the provincial leaders' political loyalty to Mao. Our findings point to the significance of political networks in influencing the behavior of elites and, by extension, political and socio-economic outcomes.