Causative Agents Of Urinary Infections Research Articles

Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of sulfur nanoparticles alone and in combination with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant uropathogenic bacteria

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) have been frequently reported from different parts of the world. The current knowledge on distribution of causative agents of urinary infections and antibiotics susceptibility pattern is essentially required. In the present study, total 351 uropathogenic bacteria were isolated; among them most prevalent were Escherichia coli (75%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%), Proteus mirabilis (6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4%), Staphylococcus aureus (4%) and Enterococcus faecalis (3%). Most isolates of uropathogenic bacteria showed resistance to amoxicillin and trimethoprim, followed by chloramphenicol and kanamycin. Biosynthesis of sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) was performed by co-precipitation method using sodium thiosulfate in presence of Catharanthus roseus leaf extract. The characterization data showed that SNPs were polydispersed, spherical in shape with size range of 20–86 nm and having negative zeta potential of –9.24 mV. The potential antibacterial activity was observed for SNPs alone and in combination with antibiotics particularly amoxicillin and trimethoprim against majority of the uropathogens. The synergistic effect yielded increase in fold area with high activity index against tested uropathogens. Based on overall results, it can be recommended to use SNPs for the management of UTI alone and also in combination with antibiotics.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ СПЕКТРА ВОЗБУДИТЕЛЕЙ МОЧЕВОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ УДЕТЕЙ ИРКУТСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И ДИНАМИКА БАКТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ РЕЗИСТЕНТНОСТИ В 2002-2004 и 2014-2016 гг.

In the structure of diseases of the urinary system in children, microbial-inflammatory lesions of the kidneys and urinary
 tract are 70–80 %. The prevalence of infections of urinary system in children in the Russian Federation is on average
 18–22 per 1000 children’s population.
 The aim of the study was to analyze the spectrum of infectious agents of urinary infection in children and to determine
 the dynamics of bacterial resistance.
 We analyzed 330 cases of urinary system infection in children aged from 2 months up to 18 years in two time peri-
 ods – 2002–2004 and 2014–2016 (n = 114 and n = 216, respectively). Patients of both periods were divided into three groups: the first one – cystitis, the second one – pyelonephritis and the third group – a combination of pyelonephritis
 and cystitis. An obligatory criterion for including the patient in the study was the presence of a pathogmonic combina-
 tion of leukocyturia and bacteriuria, 10 5 KOE/ml, for the infection of the urinary system.
 The main causative agent of urinary infection in children remains E. coli. An increase is marked in the specific gravity
 of E. coli, Enterococcus spp. and Klebsiella spp., Pr. vulgaris.
 The study revealed the growth of E. coli resistance to cephalosporins of II, III, IV generations; decreased resistance of
 Enterococcus spp. to ampicillin and gentamicin. In the study of the sensitivity of Klebsiella spp. an increase was detected
 in resistance to cephalosporins of the III generation.
 We identified the main pathogens of infections of the urinary system and determined bacterial resistance.

Results of epidemiological surveillance of hospital infections at the Clinic of Digestive System Surgery, CCS, in 2007

Nosocomial infections (NI) are significant medical problem in the countries worldwide. NI significance reflects in higher morbidity and mortality rates, and moreover, NIs add to longer stay and higher treatment costs. Based on data obtained from underdeveloped and developing countries, over 20% of hospitalized patients acquire some of NIs, while that proportion is 5% in developed countries. A) to establish the frequency of noosocomial infections at the Clinic of Digestive System Diseases, b) determine the NI incidence in accord with anatomic localizations, c) evaluate the percentage prevalence of NI causes according to anatomic localizations, and d) review the problem of resistance of NI causative agents. The study of NI incidence was calculated by Center for Diseases and Prevention (CDC) methodology. Sampling, cultivation, isolation, identification and sensitivity tests of cauosative agents to antimicrobial drugs, obtained from patient's material, were carried out by standard microbiological methods in Microbiological laboratory of the Emergency Center, Clinical Center of Serbia. All infections in patients hospitalized at the Clinic of Digestive System Surgery in 2007 were recorded. Data available from medical documentation as well as data obtained from interviews of medical personnel were analyzed. The incidence rates of patients with NI ranged from 1.7-3.4 per 1000 hospital days. Out of a total number of recorded nosocomial infections, surgical site infections accounted for 69%, blood infections 23% and urinary tract infections 6.8%. The most frequent causative agents of surgical site infections in the last year were as follows: Pseudomonas spp (19%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp--(18%), Acinetobacter spp (13%), and Enterococcus spp (8%). Forty percent (40%) of all blood infections verified by laboratory tests in 2007 was caused by coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp (CNS), followed by Acinetobacter spp (18%). Enterococcus spp (11%), and Staphylococcus aureus (7%). The most frequent causative agents of urinary infections were: Escherichia coli (35%) and Enterococcus spp (29%). Over 80% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to Methicillin (MRSA) and enterobacteria produced by beta lactamase were recorded (ESBL). Enforcement of epidemiological surveillance of nosocomial infections contributes to insight of severity of NI problem, recognition of resistance of causative agents to antibiotics and recommendation of specific preventive measures related to these infections.