Caudal Mesenteric Ganglion Research Articles

Distribution and immunohistochemical characteristics of neurons in the porcine caudal mesenteric ganglion projecting to the vas deferens and seminal vesicle

Combined retrograde tracing (using fluorescent tracer Fast Blue) and double-labelling immunofluorescence were used to study the distribution and immunohistochemical characteristics of neurons in the porcine caudal mesenteric ganglion projecting to the vas deferens and seminal vesicle. The distribution and immunohistochemical properties of neurons projecting to both organs were similar. As revealed by retrograde tracing, Fast Blue-positive neurons were located within the left and right ganglia, with a distinct predominance in the ipsilateral one. In the ipsilateral ganglion, the majority of the neurons were located caudally, along the dorso-lateral ganglionic border, suggesting a somatotopic organization of the ganglion. Immunohistochemistry revealed four populations of retrogradely labelled neurons (from the largest to the smaller one): tyrosine hydroxylase-positive/neuropeptide Y-negative (TH+/NPY-), TH+/NPY+, TH-/NPY-, TH-/NPY+. With respect to their surrounding nerve fibres, two subpopulations of the dye-labelled neurons could be distinguished. The small one consisted of solitary neurons receiving a strong calcitonin gene-related peptide- and Leu5-enkephalin-, and a less intense vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive innervation. The remaining neurons were poorly supplied by singular nerve fibres containing some of the investigated peptides. We conclude that the caudal mesenteric ganglion should be considered as a prominent source of adrenergic and/or NPY-positive innervation for the porcine male reproductive tract.

Distribution and immunohistochemical characteristics of neurons in the porcine caudal mesenteric ganglion projecting to the vas deferens and seminal vesicle

Distribution and immunohistochemical characteristics of neurons in the porcine caudal mesenteric ganglion projecting to the vas deferens and seminal vesicle

Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the pig large intestine: topography, morphology, and viscerofugal projections.

The distribution of neurons that are capable of synthesizing nitric oxide (NO) has been demonstrated in the porcine large intestine by means of NO synthase (NOS) immunocytochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry. An overall colocalization of NOS immunoreactivity and NADPHd staining was observed. Nitrergic neurons were abundant in the myenteric and outer submucous plexus of the caecum, colon, and rectum. Only a few nitrergic perikarya were seen in the inner submucous plexus of the colon and caecum, whereas a substantially larger number was observed in the rectum. Nitrergic nerve fibers were present in the three ganglionic nerve plexuses. Contrary to the outer longitudinal muscle layer and the mucosal region, the circular muscle layer received a dense nitrergic innervation. The nitrergic nerve cells were variable in size and shape, and several displayed vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactivity (IR). Retrograde tracing studies revealed the existence of nitrergic neurons that project to the caudal (inferior) mesenteric ganglion. They were observed in the myenteric and outer submucous plexus of the transverse and descending colon and the rectum. These observations strongly suggest that several subpopulations of NO-synthesizing neurons, namely, motor neurons and interneurons, should be distinguished in the porcine large intestine, thereby emphasizing the importance of NO as a biologically active mediator.

The ovarian innervation in the dog: a preliminary study for the base for electro-acupuncture

The origin of the canine ovarian sensory and sympathetic nerves was studied by applying horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP (WGA-HRP) to the ovarian stroma and into the ovarian bursa. HRP/WGA-HRP positive neurons were found bilaterally in the dorsal root ganglia of T10 to L4 segment with the majority located in T13 to L2. In sympathetic paravertebral ganglia, labeled neurons were distributed bilaterally in ganglia from T11 to L4 with the majorities located in segments T13 to L2. Both distributions show ipsilateral predominance. Labeled prevertebral neurons were mainly located in the aorticorenal ganglion, ovarian ganglia and caudal mesenteric ganglion. No labeled neurons were found in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, nodose ganglia or sacral segment from S1 to S3. This study provides the possible morphological basis of electro-acupuncture concerning the somato-visceral reflex of the ovary.

Horseradish peroxidase study of the location of extrinsic efferent and afferent neurons innervating the colon of dogs

SUMMARY The abdominal portion of the colon of 13 clinically normal dogs was divided into 5 regions (ascending, transverse, left colic flexure, proximal descending, and distal descending), and each region was injected with 30 mg of horseradish peroxidase (hrp). The injected colonic region, brain stem, L7-Cd1 portion of the spinal cord, sympathetic trunk ganglia, celiacomesenteric ganglia, caudal mesenteric ganglion, pelvic plexi, distal vagal (nodose) ganglia, and Ll-Cdl spinal ganglia were obtained at postinjection hour 48, sectioned, and processed by use of the tetramethylbenzidine method. The entire length of the colon was found to be under extrinsic influence of the parasympathetic nucleus of cranial nerve X (px), with the largest average number of labeled cells resulting from injection of the ascending colon. It was also indicated that the entire colon is under extrinsic influence of the sacral portion of the spinal cord because the pelvic ganglia (second-order neurons) of the pelvic plexi contained labeled cells for all colonic regions. The largest average number of labeled cells in pelvic ganglia was seen after injection of the distal portion of the descending colon. Only after injection of the distal portion of the descending colon were labeled cells found in the S1-S3 portion of the spinal cord. Labeled cells in the px, spinal cord, and pelvic ganglia were found bilaterally. Although the entire abdominal portion of the colon appears to be influenced by cranial and sacral parasympathetic preganglionic (via pelvic ganglia) neurons, the relative importance of the 2 areas seems to be reversed between the ascending colon and distal portion of the descending colon. Sympathetic postganglionic innervation was located in the celiacomesenteric ganglion, caudal mesenteric ganglion, and, inconsistently, in sympathetic trunk ganglia. Sensory innervation for all colonic regions was found bilaterally in the distal vagal ganglia, and in 2 groups of spinal ganglia—a cranial group of LI to L5 and a caudal group of S1 to Cd1 ganglia. It has been reported in the literature that the left colic flexure is subject to colonic perforation in dogs with spinal cord disease treated with corticosteroid administration, but a direct, anatomic reason for this site of susceptibility was not found during this study. It is possible that the left colonic flexure represents the most proximal portion of colon detrimentally affected by loss of sacral influence, because the relative importance of vagal and sacral parasympathetic innervation appears to shift along the length of the colon.

Electron-microscopic analysis of adrenergic nerve endings in the cat caudal mesenteric ganglion

The ultrastructure of nerve endings of the cat caudal mesenteric ganglion was studied after fixation of the material with 4% lithium permanganate solution by Richardson's method in the modification of Hokfelt et al. [12]. This fixation method was shown to permit the demonstration of numerous adrenergic as well as cholinergic nerve endings. Four types of adrenergic organelles were distinguished in neurons of the ganglion: small and large granular vesicles 30–50 and 70–90 nm in diameter, respectively, a tubular reticulum with electron-dense contents, and small granular vesicles 15–20 nm in diameter. The localization of the adrenergic endings and their relations with other processes and cells of the caudal mesenteric ganglion were studied in detail. The problem of the origin and physiological role of adrenergic nerve endings in this ganglion is discussed.

Submicroscopic localization of acetylcholinesterase in synapses of the cat caudal messenteric ganglion

The synapse structure of the caudal mesenteric ganglion was investigated by an electron-microscopic method in normal cats and at various times (10, 30, and 100 days) after decentralization. The submicroscopic localization of acetylcholinesterase was demonstrated by Karnovsky's method [18] in some synapses of the intact and decentralized ganglion. From the character of the reaction for acetylcholinesterase two groups of synapses could be distinguished. One group, containing pale agranular synaptic vesicles and giving a positive reaction for acetyl-cholinesterase, was classed as cholinergic; the other synapses, giving a negative or weakly positive reaction for acetylcholinesterase and containing many granular vesicles, belonged to the monoaminergic group. The question of the origins of these two groups of synapses is discussed.

Effects of methylene blue on transmission in autonomic ganglia

In vivo perfusions with methylene blue of the cat's caudal mesenteric sympathetic ganglion gradually suppresses transmission in the ganglion, measured as an increase in latency and a decrease in amplitude of the compound action potentials in the postganglionic fibres.

Adrenoceptor action of neurons of the superior cervical and caudal mesenteric sympathetic ganglia in cats

Experiments on the superior cervical and caudal mesenteric sympathetic ganglia of cats showed that dopamine (DA), like noradrenalin (NA) and adrenalin (A), inhibits cholinergic conduction. DA activity in the superior cervical ganglion is 2 and 3 times less respectively than NA and A activity, whereas in the caudal mesenteric ganglion, DA is 50 times more active than NA as regards ability to inhibit cholinergic conduction. The effects of DA and NA in the superior cervical ganglion are abolished by dihydroergotamine, phentolamine, and haloperidol, but not by tropaphen and chloropromazine. In the caudal mesenteric ganglion the inhibitory effect of NA is reduced by phentolamine, dihydroergotamine, and chlorpromazine but not by haloperidol. Conversely, haloperidol and chlorpromazine reduced the inhibitory effect of DA on cholinergic conduction in the caudal mesenteric ganglion, whereas phentolamine, dihydroergotamine, and deseryl were ineffective. It is postulated that the high level of development of the dopaminergic mechanism of inhibition of cholinergic conduction in the caudal mesenteric sympathetic ganglion may lie at the basis of DA-induced dilatation of mesenteric and renal blood vessels and the hypotensive action of DA.

4) - Pharmacological studies on ganglionic transmission: effects of cholinomimetic agents, catecholamine and preganglionic stimulation on the ganglionic transmission in the caudal mesenteric ganglia

4) - Pharmacological studies on ganglionic transmission: effects of cholinomimetic agents, catecholamine and preganglionic stimulation on the ganglionic transmission in the caudal mesenteric ganglia

Activity of caudal mesenteric ganglion in relation to its impulsation (age aspect)

It has been shown in acute experiments on cats and kittens that the pre- and postganglionic nerves of the caudal mesenteric sympathetic ganglion (CMSG) are bioelectrically active from the first day of the animal's life. When the impulsation which comes to the ganglion along the afferent and preganglionic fibers is removed, the impulse activity of the post-ganglionic neurons disappears completely. In newborn kittens the level of activity of the postganglionic fibers is determined to a greater degree by the afferent impulsation of the hypogastric nerves than in adult cats. The effect of the preganglionic impulsation, especially that coming through the intramesenteric nerves, predominates in adult animals. The efferent impulsation of the hypogastric nerves in cats not older than five days disappeared after sectioning of two to three preganglionic branches of the CMSG; in six to nine and 14 to 15-day-old cats, after sectioning of four and in month old cats after sectioning of five; and in two to three month old cats after sectioning of six branches. In adult cats after the first sectioning the postganglionic impulsation frequently intensified, and after sectioning of seven branches the activity completely disappeared. Automatic activity of the ganglia was not observed, postganglionic impulsation developed and changed under the influence of the impulses coming to the ganglion.

Visceral afferent pathways relaying synaptically in the caudal mesenteric sympathetic ganglion

The caudal mesenteric sympathetic ganglion of cats was isolated and perfused, and responses of the preganglionic trunks of the ganglion to electrical stimulation of the central end of the hypogastric nerve were studied. Stimulation of the nerve with single square pulses gives rise to early and late responses. Early responses appear after various latent periods and are the result of excitation of transit fibers of groups A, B, and C, whereas the appearance of late responses is associated with the synaptic transmission of excitation in the sympathetic ganglion from afferent sympathetic neurons at the first level (from the pelvic organs to the caudal ganglion) to afferent sympathetic neurons of the second level (from the caudal ganglion and above). Early responses are not blocked, but late responses are blocked by perfusion of the ganglion with azamethonium bromide and magnesium salts, and also by tetanization of the hypogastric nerve at 10–50 Hz. Other facts indicating the synaptic relaying of visceral sympatho-sympathetic afferent pathways in the ganglion are also described.

Intraneuroplasmic transport of catecholamines as studied by fluorescence and electron microscopy.

The axoplasmic transport of catecholamines in sympathetic neurons was examined with the formaldehyde fluorescence method for biogenic amines. The whole course of canine colonic nerves, from the caudal mesenteric ganglion to the terminals in the colonic wall, as well as the sciatic nerve was used. Besides normal animals, various experimental conditions caused by axotomy, ligation, reserpinization, and their combinations were studied. The proximal cut end of the colonic nerve was also observed electron microscopically in comparison with the normal nerve.1. Most nerve cells in normal caudal mesenteric ganglia possessed catecholamine specific fluorescence. Some fluorescent nerve fibers passed by them while others terminated on them. Every part of the colonic nerve weakly fluoresced. In the colonic wall the fluorescent nerve fibers entered the submucosal nerve plexus.2. After administration of reserpine the entire length of the colonic nerve became non-fluorescent in 6hrs. In 24hrs the ganglion cells first became weakly fluorescent, in 48hrs the fluorescence was somewhat intensified and in 96hrs it returned to normal and a weak fluorescence reappeared in the terminals in the colonic wall.3. After section at the branching site of the colonic nerve and at the root of all other nerves arising from the caudal mesenteric ganglion, fluorescent nerve cells in the ganglion decreased in number with time, whereas the fluorescent materials accumulated in the proximal cut end reaching a maximum 7 days after section and then decreasing. The fluorescence in the distal cut end and in the terminals in the colonic wall disappeared after 4 days.4. One to 2 days after double ligations of the colonic nerve, the fluorescent material accumulated more markedly to the proximal end rather than distal end of the nerve segment between the ligations.5. When reserpine is given after axotomy the fluorescence in the proximal cut end of the nerve almost completely disappeared in 24hrs. When the nerve is sectioned after pretreatment with reserpine, the fluorescence in the proximal cut end disappeared as late as 5 days after axotomy.6. Fluorescent nerve fibers in the sciatic nerve lost their fluorescence 7 days after resection of the lumbar sympathetic trunk.7. In the proximal cut end of the colonic nerve, a number of large granular vesicles with a diameter of 1, 100-1, 500A were observed electron microscopically. Even with the use of KMnO4 fixation small granular vesicles (500A diameter) were never detected. The large granular vesicles were also found sparsely in normal axons of the colonic nerve.From these findings we conclude that the fluorescent materials, representing catecholamines, are synthesized within the cell bodies of the sympathetic gangilon cells, transported distally towards the terminals, by means of an axoplasmic flow. Electron microscopical findings suggest that at least most of the catecholamines may be contained in large granular vesicles to be transported to the periphery. The relation of this type of vesicles to the small granular vesicles in the nerve terminals is unknown.

Spinal cord representation of the micturition reflex.

AbstractThe spinal cord origin and peripheral pathways of the sensory and motor nerves to the urinary bladder were delineated in the cat by stimulating the appropriate nerves near the urinary bladder and recording from the dorsal and ventral rootlets near the spinal cord.The parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originated in the sacral segments of the spinal cord and reached the bladder by way of the pelvic nerve. The preganglionic parasympathetic perikarya to the urinary bladder were distributed over a length of approximately 1.5 segments, centered near the junction of segments S‐2 and S‐3 in cats with a median arrangement of the lumbosacral plexus. Conduction velocities in preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the bladder ranged from 46 to 2 M/sec with a mean maximal velocity of 18.2 M/sec.The major sympathetic pathway to the bladder was in the hypogastric nerve. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers originated in the lumbar spinal cord and traveled through the caudal mesenteric ganglion and hypogastric nerve to the urinary bladder. There were both ipsilateral and contralateral preganglionic and afferent fibers in this pathway. The preganglionic sympathetic neurons originated in segments L‐2 and L‐5. They were usually distributed over approximately 2 full segments centered near the junction of L‐3 and L‐4 in cats with a median arrangement of the lumbosacral plexus.Neurons involved in the micturition reflex may extend from the rostral end of the L‐2 segment to the caudal end of the S‐3 segment. The sympathetic preganglionic neurons were usually separated from the somatic and parasympathetic columns by segments L‐5 to L‐7.

Effect of adrenalectomy and corticosteroids on electrical activity of the caudal mesenteric sympathetic ganglion

Effect of adrenalectomy and corticosteroids on electrical activity of the caudal mesenteric sympathetic ganglion

Electrical activity of the caudal mesenteric ganglion in waking conditions

Electrical activity of the caudal mesenteric ganglion in waking conditions

Extraspinal pathways in the reflex interaction of large and small intestines

In rabbits the transmission of inhibitory interoceptive effects from the caudal portion of the large intestine to the first portion of the small intestine takes place mainly along the intermesenteric nerve tract, following decentralization of the caudal mesenteric ganglion. When this nerve tract is divided, in most experiments, no viscerovisceral reflex effects are observed.