Apis Mellifera Caucasica Research Articles

Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of Caucasian bee propolis at different locations, solvents, and temperatures.

Propolis is a natural substance produced by honey bees by processing the secretions collected from various plants with their own enzymes. Caucasian honey bee is one of the productive bee races known in the world and its homeland in Türkiye is Northeastern Anatolia. This study is the first comprehensive research to determine, compare, and correlate the effects of various solvents and temperatures on 17 different Caucasian bee propolis obtained from different locations in terms of phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The highest total polyphenol and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) in Caucasian bee propolis extracts varied between 23.37-97.62 mg gallic acid per gram (GA/g) of propolis and 6.73-43.75 mg quercetin per gram (Q/g) of propolis in ethanolic extract at 60°C. While ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) did not differ at both temperatures, the highest was determined in ethanolic extracts. Analyses of propolis samples according to locations did not show any significant differences in terms of TPC, TFC, and FRAP. By Pearson's correlation analysis, it was found that each of the extracts showed a positive correlation between TPC, TFC, and FRAP. As a result, it was revealed that the main difference in the phenolic content and antioxidant activities of propolis obtained from gene centers of Caucasian bee race was due to the polarity of the solvent used and temperature, and that there was no difference between locations within a single bee race. This pioneering study shows that Caucasian bee propolis has a high potential that can pave the way for different research in this field.

Development Peculiarities in Azerbaijan Apis mellifera subsp. caucasica Gorbachev, 1916

The work provides data on the current state of beekeeping in Azerbaijan. Information on the morphology and ecology of the Caucasian bee is analyzed. The characteristics of the subspecies obtained using the morphometric program BEE2 are given. Expeditions were organized to the Ganja-Gazakh, Sheki-Zagatala and Guba-Khachmaz regions of the country, and bees were selected from apiaries. On the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the average annual productivity of a bee colony is 10-12 kg in years with favorable weather and 3-5 kg ​​in years with unfavorable weather conditions. In apiaries, due to various reasons (sowing, weakness, illness, etc.), not all bee colonies are able to reach this level. Therefore, if we carry out calculations with the average productivity limit, then the annual volume of honey production in Azerbaijan is currently about 4,000 tons.

Comparison of pure caucasian, carniolan and native anatolian ecotype honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in the eastern anatolia region with reciprocal F1 hybrids

The aim of this study was to compare specific physiological and behavioral characteristics of A. m. caucasica, A. m. carnica, and native honeybees, as well as reciprocal crosses, within the ecological conditions of East Anatolia (Van province), Turkey. The findings revealed that native honeybees exhibited the highest average sealed brood area and the highest average number of frames with bees. In contrast, the highest average honey yield was observed in the crossbreeding of Carniolan bees with native bees. Significant differences were identified among the groups concerning brood area, the number of bee frames, aggression tendency, and honey yield. The study concluded that Carniolan and Caucasian bees exhibited suboptimal performance outside their native habitats. Nevertheless, Carniolan bees were identified as a viable option for mitigating aggression tendencies and enhancing honey yield in native bee populations.

The effects of altitude and rearing period on some characteristics of honey bee queens, Apis mellifera caucasica Gorbachev, 1916 (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

In the study, some characteristics of honey bee queens, Apis mellifera caucasica Gorbachev, 1916 (Hymenoptera: Apidae), reared at two different altitudes (140 m vs 920 m) and three rearing seasons (May, June-I, June-II) in 2019-2020 were examined in Ordu. These are larvae grafting, length of the queen cell, weight of queens at various periods, and spermathecae parameters of queens. One-day old 50 larvae were grafted at each period and altitude. The effect of period and period*altitude interaction on the weight at emergence of queen was significant (p<0.001) while the effect of altitude and year was nonsignificant. Weights at emergence of queens were lower in May at high altitudes and in June-II at low altitudes. The effects of year, period and altitude were significant (p<0.001) in the terms of the diameter and volume of the spermathecae, and the number of spermatozoa in the spermathecae. When the two-year data was evaluated together, the number of spermatozoa in the spermathecae was higher in the queen bees reared in May. It is recommended to pay attention to the period and altitude when pollen and nectar flow is intense in queen rearing in Ordu and similar climatic conditions.

Determination of the Factors Affecting the Honey Production Per Coloney in Bingöl Beekeeping Enterprises

This study was carried out to determine the factors affecting the honey yield per colony in beekeeping enterprises in Bingöl province by regression analysis. The number of enterprises to be surveyed with the "proportional sampling method" was determined as 87 in the province of Bingöl. "T test", "Anova", "Chi-square", "Correlation and Regression" analyzes were used to evaluate the data. According to the research findings; the average age of the surveyed beekeepers was 46.14 years and the average beekeeping period was 15.5 years. The average number of hives owned by beekeepers was 219.5, while the average honey yield per beehive was calculated as 11.4 kg-1. The coefficients of the variables in the model were found to be statistically significant. The R2 value, which determines the explanatory power of the model, was found to be 0.323 and the adjusted R2 value was found to be 0.203. The way beekeeping is done, the profession and the variables of getting information from PIKOM are determined as the variables that affect the honey yield. As a result; in conclusion; it has been concluded that there is an increase in honey yield per colony of the enterprises that are made by wandering beekeeping, beekeeping is done for the main income, the Caucasian bee race is used, the enterprises that receive training, support and information about beekeeping from picom and that are members of the union and that produce queen bees.. Considering Türkiye's ecological richness and existing rural economic conditions together, beekeeping; it should be done in an organizational, conscious and sustainable structure.

İzole bölgelerde korunan Kafkas arısı, Apis mellifera caucasica Pollmann, 1889 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) popülasyonunda genetik varyasyonun azalıp azalmadığına dair bir çalışma

The Caucasian honeybee, Apis mellifera caucasica Pollmann, 1889 (Hymenoptera: Apidae), is one of the most productive bee subspecies. This subspecies, which has special importance for Türkiye, has been taken under protection in two isolated regions (Artvin and Ardahan) since 2000. To date, no study has been conducted on whether genetic diversity has decreased in these protected Caucasian honeybee colonies. Therefore in 2022, worker bees were collected from 100 different colonies in 15 different locations in these two regions and their genetic variations were examined using 30 microsatellite loci. The average number of alleles per locus was 13.57, and the loci had a high level of information content according to the PIC (0.7) value. FIS (0.96) and FST (0.01) values showed low genetic diversity and high inbreeding in populations. Genetic variations were calculated as 0.77% among populations, 99.23% among individuals in populations, and 0% among all individuals. Also, populations deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p<0.001). Significant bottleneck evidence was found for Artvin in the analysis results using the two-phase mutation model. These results provide important information that can be used as a guide for Caucasian bee breeding strategies and conservation programs.

Geometric morphometric characteristics of Apis mellifera honeybee in Kazakhstan

Abstract. Nuralieva U, Tajiyev K, Sheralieva Z, Toishimanov M, Moldakhmetova G, Temirbayeva K, Tajieva A. 2023. Geometric morphometric characteristics of Apis mellifera honeybee in Kazakhstan. Biodiversitas 24: 4402-4409. This study was conducted in the whole beekeeping region of Kazakhstan. We researched morphological studies using (45 colony bees in 5 main regions in various geographical and climatic zone environmental conditions. The obtained data were compared with the Apis mellifera carnica reference samples, Apis mellifera caucasica, and Apis mellifera mellifera. Morphometric identification was carried out using 19 landmarks by IdentiFly software. Almost all colonies showed belonging to the lineage C (about 85%), by subspecies to A. m. carnica, A. m. caucasica showed 11%, A. m. mellifera belonged to only 4%. Furthermore, using multivariate principal component analysis compared honeybee lineages between reference samples. There were significant differences in wing landmarks between lineages and subspecies (Mahalanobis square distance). By Mahalanobis, distances between the evolutionary lineages M differ from line C by 15.93 and from line O by 19.03 units. In contrast, the distance between lines C and O is insignificant, with satisfactory reliability. The forewing wing size evaluated centroid size, which showed the highest degree of honeybees in the west and south Kazakhstan zones. The percentage of variation in wing centroids was relatively small between analyzed samples (less than 1%) but extremely changed for reference samples A. m. carnica, A. m. caucasica, A. m. mellifera, where log centroid sizes showed 1.33%, 4.18%, and 4.67%, respectively. The results showed significant differences between populations in different climatic zones.

RT-PCR Analysis of Caucasian and Mugla Honey Bees by SNP Markers of Chalkbrood Disease

Two different honey bee subspecies’ genotypes obtained from Ordu, Apiculture Research Institute were analyzed by SNP markers using Real-Time PCR-HRM. Genomic DNA samples analysed with 10 SNP primers those were used for identification of chalkbrood disease resistance genes and two SNP primers those were obtained from honey bee genom sequencing. Result of SNP analyses, four primers (AMB-00858574, AMB-01151447, AMB00631190, AMB-00686140) amplified in Caucasian honey bee and six (AMB-00858574, AMB-00612262, AMB-01151447, AMB-00631190, AMB-00674355, AMB-00686140) primers amplified in Mugla honey bee. Four amplicons are similar for this subspecies. Result of electrophoresis analyses, five primers (AMB00858574, AMB-00612262, AMB-01151447, AMB-00631190, AMB-00686140) form a band in Caucasian honey bee, seven amplicons (AMB-00858574, AMB00612262, AMB-01151447, AMB-00631190, AMB-00902548, AMB-00674355, AMB-00686140) form a band in Mugla honey bee and four amplicons (AMB00858574, AMB-01151447, AMB-00631190, AMB-00686140) similar for this subspecies. As a result of this study, in Caucasian and Muğla honeybee for identification of disease resistance and evaluability as a identification key for this subspecies was emerged the capacity of association of single nucleotide polymorphisms to resistance to chalkbrood in two important honeybee genotypes in country of Apis mellifera using RT-PCR for HRM analysis.

Morphometric and morphological analysis of the <i>A. m. mellifera L.</i> spermatozoa in Russia

Honey bees are an important element of the ecological system. Today the state of the gene pool of honey bees is one of the main causes of the beekeeping crisis in the world. The quality of drone sperm is a significant factor for breeding productive bee colonies. Sperm concentration, motility, and viability of spermatozoa are an expression of sperm fertility. However, a full understanding of fertility can be obtained only by studying the morphology of spermatozoa. The purpose of this study was to describe the morphometric parameters and morphological characteristics of sperm heads of the Caucasian honey bee (A. mellifera caucasica), Bashkir honey bee (A. m. mellifera L.), of the Russian Far East honey bee (A. mellifera from far-eastern Russia) and Carnica honey bee (A. mellifera carnica) in order to determine standard features that could be used in further studies. Diff Quick staining was used to study the morphometric parameters of sperm heads. Sperm images were taken on each of the slides from a Canon 1300D digital cameras with an Altami-LUM 1 LED microscope using oil immersion at a magnification of 2000 × . Sperm images and morphometric parameters were studied using Altami Studio software version 3.5. The morphometric dimensions for area nucleus, perimeter nucleus, nucleus length and acrosome length were acquired for 200 images drone spermatozoa for each A. mellifera. Acquiring 200 images assures that a minimum of 150 properly measured sperm heads are analyses after improperly measured sperm heads are deleted from the analysis . The sperm cells were randomly selected for the morphometric analysis. A total of 573 spermatozoa were assessed with morphometric parameters of sperm heads. The results of the morphometric analysis of drone spermatozoa show individual differences between the spermatozoa dimensions in each group. Between the A. mellifera groups the differences are not statistically significant. In this study, the min and max values of the acrosome length 3.14-5.02 µm, and nucleus length 4.02 -5.9 µm, perimeter nucleus 10.4-13.4 µm, and area nucleus 3.4-6.73 µm2, of A. mellifera spermatozoa. The morphological analysis of the drone spermatozoa revealed the presence of various abnormalities of the head (including the acrosome) and flagellum of the spermatozoa.

Intrabreed Diversity and Relationships between Races of the Honey Bee Apis mellifera carpathica and Apis mellifera caucasica

Intrabreed Diversity and Relationships between Races of the Honey Bee Apis mellifera carpathica and Apis mellifera caucasica

Effects of coumaphos on locomotor activities of different honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) subspecies and ecotypes

The effects of acute sublethal doses of coumaphos, an acaricide used against Varroa destructor infestation in beekeeping, on the locomotor activities of four native honeybee subspecies of Türkiye including two ecotypes (Carniolan honeybee -A. m. carnica, Syrian honeybee -A. m. syriaca, Caucasian honeybee- A. m. caucasica, and Muğla and Yığılca ecotypes of Anatolian honeybee A. m. anatoliaca) were investigated using an individual locomotor activity monitoring system. Analysis of locomotor activity data in the first 12-h, last 12-h, and 24-h time periods showed that bees from caucasica and carnica subspecies were not affected by coumaphos at all three acute doses (1, 2, and 5 μg coumaphos in 10 μl sucrose syrup for each bee). In contrast, bees from A. m. syriaca subspecies showed significantly elevated locomotor activity levels at 2 and 5 μg coumaphos doses within the first 12 h. Bees from both Muğla and Yığılca ecotypes of anatoliaca subspecies also showed elevated locomotor activity levels at 5 μg coumaphos dose but the magnitude of increase was lower in these ecotypes compared to that seen in syriaca subspecies in the first 12-h period. In general, increasing doses of coumaphos resulted in increased locomotor activity (locomotor activity), with differences in sensitivity across honeybee populations. Possible mechanisms underlying this variance and suggestions for further studies are discussed.

Wing morphometry of worker bees in the central and northern parts of Ukraine

In the flat forest-steppe region of Ukraine, several evolutionary lines of honey bees subspecies Apis mellifera mellifera L., Apis mellifera macedonica Ruttner, and Apis mellifera caucasica Pollmann are believed to be widespread, the territorial boundaries and within-population relationships of which require detailed study.Wing morphometry is one of the available methods for establishing the wing phenotype and morphological features of bees in general. However, the completeness and degree of study of the morphometric features of bee populations present in the territory of Ukraine are insufficient. The aim of the study was to carry out a more accurate and thorough classification of wings, establish morphometric standards of worker bees of local populations of Ukrainian steppe bees, create a methodology for assessing possible hybridization by wing phenotype, and attempt to find bee families with queens suitable for further breeding. To achieve this goal, classical morphometry was used to study the wing phenotype using 8 features: traditional - Ci, Dbi, Disc.sh, Pci, Ri, and additional features proposed by the authors - Сі.2, Сі.3, Сі.2.1, which allowed to increase the level of confidence in the quality of statistical data processing of wing features. Using discriminant analysis of the data and the Statistica software package, a classifier was created and 3717 wings were classified. With sufficient reliability (95.6 %), the wings of 28 bee families were divided into five clusters. Five arrays of standards were formed, two of which probably belong to the population of Ukrainian steppe bees subspecies A. m. macedonica, one to subspecies A. m. Carnica Pollmann, two to hybrids of Ukrainian steppe bees and the Polissya population of subspecies A. m. mellifera. A significant similarity in phenotypes was established between two clusters of investigated wings and wings of bees from the Carpathian region, and the hybridization of worker bees of the indicated territory was determined by the Polissya population of subspecies A. m. mellifera. It is shown how, in the presence of standard data of worker bee wing features obtained as a result of this work and others formed in another, it is possible to use discriminant analysis to correctly classify wings and assess the possible hybridization of bees. Formed arrays of five new standards can be used in subsequent studies as standards of comparison. Key words: Morphometry of wings, classification of worker bees, discriminant analysis.

Kafkas Bal Arısı (Apis mellifera caucasia) Gen Merkezinin Bozulmasına Neden Olan Etmenler ve Çözüm Önerileri

Bu çalışma Kafkas bal arısının saf yetiştirildiği Ardahan ve Artvin illerinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada arıcılığın yapısı, sosyo-ekonomik nitelikleri, arı hastalık ve zararlılarının durumu, Kafkas Arısı Gen Merkezi’ni tahrip eden sorunların belirlenmesi ve çözüm önerilerinin bulunması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında ana arı üretim izni olan 24 üretici ile yüz yüze görüşülerek anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre arıcıların yaş ortalamasının 52.5 yıl, arıcılık deneyimlerinin ortalama 24.3 yıl olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Üreticilerin %48.3’ünün lise mezunu olduğu, %35.6’sının asıl mesleğinin arıcılık olduğu, %46.1’inin arılı kovan alarak arıcılığa başladığı, %83,6’sının ana arı üretiminden memnun olduğu, %79’unun kolonilerinin damızlık ana arısını gen merkezlerinden temin ettiği ve %100’ünün Melez Kafkas Arısı ile çalıştığı tespit edilmiştir. Üreticilerin %46.1’i bölgenin izole bölge kapsamında olduğu, %72.8’i Kafkas Arılarının korunması için tedbirlerin alınmadığını, %63.3’ü kaçak olarak bölgeye gezginci arıcıların geldiğini, %76.6’sı Gen Merkezinin korunması için bölgeye kaçak girişlerin engellenmesi gerektiğini bildirmişlerdir.

THE FIRST EXPERIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RICHES OF THE VASYUGAN SWAMP

Introduction to Siberia of bees of different breeds such as Italian Apis mellifera ligustica Spin., Apis mellifera carnica Pollm., Kuban (yellow Caucasian) Apis mellifera remipes Gerst., Far Eastern Apis mellifera acervorum, grey mountain Caucasian Apis mellifera caucasica Gorb. led to the fact that crossbreeds of an unknown generation predominate in the Novosibirsk region. These bees are rich in swarms, do not winter well, and the egg-laying of the queens is low. Currently, the importation of packet bees has stopped due to sharp increases in fuel prices (fuels and lubricants) and air and rail transport. But the importation of fetal queen bees is still ongoing. The authors studied the method of reproduction of bee colonies to preserve the beekeeping industry in Western Siberia. In one of the promising regions of Western Siberia, in the Vasyugan swamps, nectariferous plants grow for breeding bees. In that place, plants grow such as Rubus idaeus L. (common raspberry), Angelica sylvestris L. (wood angelica), Archangelica decurrens L. (Siberian angelica), Ribus nigrum L. (black currant), Sonchus arvensis L. (field sow thistle), Melilotus officinalis L. (yellow sweet clover), Melilotus albus Medik. (White sweet clover), Centaurea scabiosa L. (rough cornflower), Salix L. (willow), Taraxacum Wigg. (dandelion), Dracocephalum nutans L. (Siberian snakehead), Glechoma bederaceae L. (ivy-shaped budra), Prunella vulgaris L. (common blackhead). These plants are an excellent forage base for beekeeping. For two years of research, the authors found that the collection of honey per bee colony was in the group where the bees were propagated by natural swarming, 51.8 ± 5.1 kg, individual layering - 49.9 ± 4.3, prefabricated layering - 55, 6±3.1 kg. The strength of the families that went into the winter was 8.47±0.30; 8.77±0.20 and 9.06±0.40 bee space, respectively. Reproduction of bee colonies for two years showed that it is possible to increase the number of bee colonies from 4 to 16 (403%) by natural swarming, by individual layers - up to 19 (572%), and teams - up to 17 (422%).

Morphometric evaluation of the male bee of the selection and breeding group of the Kabakhtapa population of the Gray Mountain Caucasian breed (<i>Apis mellifera caucasica Gorb.</i>)

Relevance. The gene pool of bees in Azerbaijan consists of two bee breeds — the Gray Mountain Caucasian and the Yellow Caucasian bees. These breeds combine 5 populations. Among these populations, the Kabakhtapa population stands out, which is considered the “golden bee” of the gene pool of Azerbaijan. In order to protect and improve the gene pool of bees, in Azerbaijan conditions were carried out researchesrelated to the creation of a new highly productive selection and breeding group through mass, individual selection and selection in bee colonies of the Kabakhtapa population of the Gray Mountain Caucasian breed.Methods. Biometric analysis of the collected materials, compilation of a series of variations, starting with correction of the variation curve, mean (M), standard deviation (d), coefficient of variation (V), error of mean (m), reliability criterion (t) were definedas key indicators.Results. In the spring, when bee colonies have been provided with additional bee growth and feeding for the hive, it is possible to grow high-quality male bees, as in the summer season. Bee colonies which were given growth and feed were able to grow male bees, that were bigger by 4,8% in the length, by1,2% — in the length of the upper part of the third joint and by1,1% — in the length of the lower part of the third joint, by1,0% — in the wing length, by1,0% — in the wing width; the cubital index was also bigger by2,0% .

Determination of Color and Odor Preferences of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.)

This study was carried out in the beekeeping research area of Bayburt University in order to determine the effect of odor and color on plant preference of honeybees in 2021. The experimental setup was established at a distance of 200 meters from the apiary where 80 Caucasian bees (Apis mellifera caucasica) colonies are located. As a result of the study, the most preferred feeders were the control group (pure sucrose syrup) (9.81 pieces), and the least preferred feeders were the rose-scent group (2.58). The effect of odor on honeybees' feed preferences varied according to months. Considering the effect of months on honeybees' visits to their feeders, the most visited feeders were Melissa (6.8) in June, control (11.69) in July, and control (14.58) in August. The highest number of feeder visits by honeybees was in August (9.24), and the lowest (2.89) in June. Considering the color preferences of honeybees, the most visited forage color was blue (5.98) and the least red was 4.89. The effect of colors on the feed preferences of honeybees also varied according to the months. The highest visitor bee average was found in the blue colored feeder (4.53) in June, the green colored feeder (7.24) in July, and the yellow and blue colored feeders (7.29) in August.

Genetic diversity among queen bee, worker bees and larvae in terms of retrotransposon movements

Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) is a model organism, contributing significant effect on global ecology by pollination and examining due to its social behaviour. In this study, barley-specific Sukkula and Nikita retrotransposons were analysed using IRAP (Inter-Retrotransposon Amplification Polymorphism) marker technique, and the relationships between retrotransposon movements and development were also investigated in three different colonies of the Caucasian honey bee (A. mellifera caucasica). Furthermore, transposon sequences belonging to A. mellifera, Bombus terrestris, Triticum turgidum L. and Hordeum vulgare L. were also examined to figure out evolutionary relationships. For this purpose, a queen bee, five worker bees, and five larvae from each colony were studied. Both retrotransposons were found in all samples in three colonies with different polymorphism ratios (0–100% for Nikita and 0–67% for Sukkula). We also determined polymorphisms in queen–worker (0–83% for Nikita, 0–63% for Sukkula), queen–larvae (0–83% for Nikita, 0–43% for Sukkula) and worker–larvae comparisons (0–100% for Nikita, 0–63% for Sukkula) in colonies. Moreover, close relationships among transposons found in plant and insect genomes as a result of in silico evaluations to verify experimental results. This work could be one of the first studies to analyse plant-specific retrotransposons’ movements in honey bee genome. Results are expected to understand evolutionary relationships in terms of horizontal transfer of transposons among kingdoms.

Pharmacological action and physiological effect of the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera Caucasica

The present’s experimental data on the influence of the venom of the honey bee on the life span of experimental animals irradiated with small doses of gamma radiation on physiological and pharmacological action venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera Caucasica. The aim of the studies was to study the radioprotective effect of the pre-introduced venom Apis mellifera Caucasica with a single gamma irradiation of 60Co mice at doses of 1.3, 5, 7, 10 Gy at irradiation dose rates of 1 Gr / min. Injection of venom followed by gamma irradiation of 60Co at a dose of D = 1, 3, 5 and 7 Gy at an irradiation dose rate of 1 Gy / min increased the life span of the experimental groups of mice ranging from 45% to 56 % and from 52% to 67%, respectively. An increase in the lifespan of experimental rats exposed to radiation with the preliminary introduction of the venom of the honey bee.

Pharmacological action and physiological effect of the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera Caucasica

Pharmacological action and physiological effect of the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera Caucasica

EFFECTS OF HONEY BEE RACE AND SEASON ON PROPOLIS COMPOSITION

Honey bees collect the main material of propolis from the buds, leaves, branches, and barks or other botanical sources and mixed that resinous material with beeswax produced from abdominal exocrine glands, mandibular gland secretions, and pollen to produce propolis. The composition of propolis changes depends on multiple factors such as honey bee races, geographical locations, phytogeography, harvesting seasons, extraction methods and solvents. In this study, two different studies were conducted in two different locations in order to reveal the effect of race and season variables on the composition and antioxidant value of propolis. The effect of race factor was studied on three different honey bee races (Apis mellifera caucasica, Apis mellifera syriaca and Apis mellifera carnica) and two different ecotypes (Muğla ecotype and Yığılca ecotype) to investigate the effects of race factor on propolis composition in Central Anatolia by under the controlled conditions. The effect of seasonal change was determined by Yığılca ecotype of A. melifera anatoliaca in the apiary located in Yığılca, Düzce location. Studied samples were harvested by propolis trap between May and October. Total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity and chemical profiles of propolis samples were determined using HPLC-UV. The obtained results showed that honey bee race and season have an effect on the antioxidant capacity and chemical composition of propolis.