Trypanosomiasis In Cattle Research Articles

Detection of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle by Different Blood Smear and Staining Methods

Detection of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle by Different Blood Smear and Staining Methods

Epidemiological study on cattle trypanosomiasis and its vectors distributions in the Gambella regional state, southwestern Ethiopia

African animal trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease that causes significant economic losses in livestock due to anaemia, loss of condition, emaciation, and mortality. It is a key impediment to increased cattle output and productivity in Ethiopia. Cross-sectional entomological and parasitological studies were performed in the Gambella Region state of southwestern Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, apparent fly density, and potential risk factors. Blood samples were taken from 546 cattle for the parasitological study and analyzed using the buffy coat technique and stained with Giemsa. A total of 189 biconical (89) and NGU (100) traps were deployed in the specified districts for the entomological survey. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis at the animal level was 5.5% (95% CI: 3.86–7.75). Trypanosoma vivax (50.0%), T. congolense (30.0%), T. brucei (20.0%), and no mixed trypanosome species were found. The prevalence of trypanosomosis was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by altitude, body score conditions, age, mean packed cell volume (PCV), and peasant associations, while sex and coat color had no significant effect. According to the entomological survey results, a total of 2303 flies were captured and identified as tsetse (Glossina pallidipes (5.3%)) and G. fuscipes fuscipes (3.3%) and other biting flies (Tabanus (60.1%) and Stomoxys (31.3%)). In the current study, the overall apparent density was 4.1 flies/trap/day. This study shows that trypanosomosis remains a significant cattle disease in the Gambella regional state even during the dry season. Thus, the findings support the necessity to improve vector and parasite control measures in the area.

Prevalence of natural infection by Trypanosoma evansi in Crioula LAGEANA cattle

Cattle trypanosomiasis negatively impacts animal husbandry due to high morbidity, productivity losses, and mortality rates. Knowledge regarding Trypanosoma evansi infections in locally adapted breeds remains limited. Some cattle breeds exhibit trypanotolerance, requiring the determination of prevalence, as well as related tolerance and resistance characteristics, for disease control programs. This study aimed to determine T. evansi prevalence in Crioula Lageana cattle and associate clinical, hematological, and biochemical aspects with the infection to further research on tolerance in this population. Blood samples from 310 Crioula Lageana cattle were tested using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction (IIFR). T. evansi prevalence was 8% (24/310) using PCR and 4% (11/310) using IIFR. Positive animals showed increased ruminal movements, elevated eosinophil counts, and reduced monocyte numbers, but both latter within the reference range for the species. Albumin concentrations were low in positive cases and remained below the reference range limit for both groups. However, triglycerides exceeded the physiological range for the species in both positive and negative groups. Increased gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity was observed in positive animals. In conclusion, Crioula Lageana cattle exhibited enzootic instability with a low T. evansi infection prevalence when assessed using PCR and IIFR techniques. Furthermore, the animals did not display clinical, hematological, or biochemical alterations attributable to the presence of hemoparasites.

Molecular genotyping reveals mixed bovine and human trypanosomiasis in cattle from West Africa.

Animal trypanosomiasis is a major contributor to agricultural and economic losses, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. We have shown that some animal species expressed genes that are significant players in immune response to bovine trypanosomosis, impeding signs and symptoms of the disease. We hypothesize that such animals are contributors to disease transmission dynamics and severe outcomes. Therefore, this study aims to ascertain trypanosome species diversity in cattle and their potential role as reservoirs for the transmission of human disease. We performed a molecular genotyping of trypanosome internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) and 18S ribosomal RNA genes on genomic DNA extracts from randomly sampled N'Dama cattle from slaughterhouses in Nigeria. We identified trypanosome species circulating among the animals through polymerase chain reaction and genomic sequencing. We performed multiple sequence alignments as well as conducted a phylogenetic relationship between identified species. In all, 9 of 127 (7.1%) samples were positively amplified (band sizes ranging from 250 bp to 710 bp), including an isolate with two distinct bands (700 and 710 bp), indicating two trypanosome types. Sequence similarity and homology analysis identified four species, namely: Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense forest type, T. congolense savannah type, and Trypanosoma brucei. Interestingly, one of the bands, additionally verified by nucleotide sequencing, was identified as a human trypanosome (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense), confirming our hypothesis that cattle are potential reservoir hosts for human trypanosomes. Overall, we observed different trypanosome species in our study area, with animals on the same farm infected with multiple species, which could complicate treatment and disease control strategies. Finding human trypanosome species strengthens the argument that disease transmission dynamics are modulated by other vertebrates, further complicating control programs.

Pseudokinase NRP1 facilitates endocytosis of transferrin in the African trypanosome

Trypanosoma brucei causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and nagana in cattle. During infection of a vertebrate, endocytosis of host transferrin (Tf) is important for viability of the parasite. The majority of proteins involved in trypanosome endocytosis of Tf are unknown. Here we identify pseudokinase NRP1 (Tb427tmp.160.4770) as a regulator of Tf endocytosis. Genetic knockdown of NRP1 inhibited endocytosis of Tf without blocking uptake of bovine serum albumin. Binding of Tf to the flagellar pocket was not affected by knockdown of NRP1. However the quantity of Tf per endosome dropped significantly, consistent with NRP1 promoting robust capture and/or retention of Tf in vesicles. NRP1 is involved in motility of Tf-laden vesicles since distances between endosomes and the kinetoplast were reduced after knockdown of the gene. In search of possible mediators of NRP1 modulation of Tf endocytosis, the gene was knocked down and the phosphoproteome analyzed. Phosphorylation of protein kinases forkhead, NEK6, and MAPK10 was altered, in addition to EpsinR, synaptobrevin and other vesicle-associated proteins predicted to be involved in endocytosis. These candidate proteins may link NRP1 functionally either to protein kinases or to vesicle-associated proteins.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of African Animal Trypanosomiasis in Cattle in Lambwe, Kenya.

Background African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects livestock productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to determine cattle AAT's prevalence and associated risk factors in Lambwe Valley, Kenya. Methods In a cross-sectional survey, livestock owners were recruited from four villages of Lambwe in Homa Bay, Kenya. Blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of cattle, and buffy coat smears were examined under a microscope. Parasites were further detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using a semistructured questionnaire, livestock owners were interviewed on their knowledge of AAT and control practices. Chi-square and multilevel models were used for the analysis. Results The overall prevalence was 15.63% (71/454). Trypanosoma vivax 10.31% and T. congolense Savannah 6.01% were the common species and subspecies. A total of 61 livestock keepers were involved in the study. Of these, 91.80% (56/61) knew AAT, and 90.16% (55/61) could describe the symptoms well and knew tsetse fly bite as transmission mode. Self-treatment (54.09%; 33/61) was common, with up to 50.00% of the farmers using drugs frequently. Isometamidium (72.13%; 44/61) and diminazene (54.09%; 33/61) were drugs frequently used. Although 16.39% (10/61) of the farmers claimed to use chemoprophylactic treatment, 6/10 did not use the right drugs. Animals (92.1%; 58/63) with clinical signs had positive infections. Villages closer to the national park recorded a higher prevalence. Infections were higher in cattle owned by those self-treating (27.23%; 58/213), those using drug treatment without vector control (27.62%; 50/181), those using single-drug therapy, and those practicing communal grazing (20.00%; 59/295). Clinical signs strongly associate with positive infections under multilevel modeling. Conclusion Cattle trypanosomiasis is prevalent in the Lambwe region of Kenya. This is influenced by inappropriate control practices, communal grazing, and the proximity of farms to the national park. In addition, clinical signs of the disease have a strong association with infections.

Cellular and Molecular Targets of Nucleotide-Tagged Trithiolato-Bridged Arene Ruthenium Complexes in the Protozoan Parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma brucei.

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that infects and proliferates within many different types of host cells and infects virtually all warm-blooded animals and humans. Trypanosoma brucei is an extracellular kinetoplastid that causes human African trypanosomiasis and Nagana disease in cattle, primarily in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Current treatments against both parasites have limitations, e.g., suboptimal efficacy and adverse side effects. Here, we investigate the potential cellular and molecular targets of a trithiolato-bridged arene ruthenium complex conjugated to 9-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenine (1), which inhibits both parasites with IC50s below 10−7 M. Proteins that bind to 1 were identified using differential affinity chromatography (DAC) followed by shotgun-mass spectrometry. A trithiolato-bridged ruthenium complex decorated with hypoxanthine (2) and 2-hydroxyethyl-adenine (3) were included as controls. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed distinct ultrastructural modifications in the mitochondrion induced by (1) but not by (2) and (3) in both species. DAC revealed 128 proteins in T. gondii and 46 proteins in T. brucei specifically binding to 1 but not 2 or 3. In T. gondii, the most abundant was a protein with unknown function annotated as YOU2. This protein is a homolog to the human mitochondrial inner membrane translocase subunit Tim10. In T. brucei, the most abundant proteins binding specifically to 1 were mitochondrial ATP-synthase subunits. Exposure of T. brucei bloodstream forms to 1 resulted in rapid breakdown of the ATP-synthase complex. Moreover, both datasets contained proteins involved in key steps of metabolism and nucleic acid binding proteins.

Bovine Trypanosomiasis Epidemiology and Tsetse Fly Density in Jimma Arjo District, East Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.

BackgroundBovine trypanosomosis remains a vital livestock disease and constraint which is intimidating livestock health and production, regardless of ongoing tsetse and trypanosomosis control struggles in Jimma Arjo district, East Wollega zone, Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out with the objective of determining prevalence of cattle trypanosomiasis and apparent tsetse fly density in six randomly selected peasant associations of Jimma Arjo District from April 2018 to January 2019.ResultsFrom overall 819 arbitrarily selected cattle (n= 36; 4.39%), infection rate was recorded. Selected animals were invariably infested with different trypanosome species among which Tryapanosoma congolense (80.55%) was the most common, followed by T. vivax (11.11%), T. brucei (5.55%) respectively. Co-infection of T. vivax and T. congolense accounted for 2.77% of total infection rate. This finding indicates a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) among good, medium, and poor body condition animals with respect to Tryapanosomosis infection rate. Poor body condition animals were highly infected with trypanosome parasite as compared to medium and good body condition score animals. This study shows statistically significant association was obtained between mean packed cell volume (PCV) and trypanosomiasis infection rate (P<0.05). The lower mean PCV value (21.14%) were highly affected as compared with high mean PCV value animals (25.26%). The result of entomological survey, by using mono pyramidal traps deployed near animal grazing field and rivers of selected peasant association (PA), showed presence of four Glossina species namely Glossina morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. tachinoides, and G. fuscipes with high fly density per trap in Meta PA. Higher catches of G. fuscipes were registered as compared to other vectors.ConclusionGenerally, this study indicated the disease is still a main problem for livestock health and production in the study area and it necessitates disease and tsetse fly control.

Dry Season Fulani Trashumance and Cattle Trypanosomiasis: The Nature of the Relationship

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Animal Trypanosomiasis in Cattle of Good Body Condition Score in the Adamawa Region of Cameroon: Hematological and Immunological Implications

Animal Trypanosomiasis in Cattle of Good Body Condition Score in the Adamawa Region of Cameroon: Hematological and Immunological Implications

Parasitological and clinical-pathological findings in twelve outbreaks of acute trypanosomiasis in dairy cattle in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

In Brazil, infection in cattle was first reported in the state of Pará, in 1944, and the presence of the parasite has already been recorded in several states. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical-pathological aspects of a natural infection by T. vivax in dairy cattle in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Twelve outbreaks of the infection were diagnosed in 11 municipalities from April 2016 to October 2018. All properties had acquired cattle from states where the disease had already been recorded and it was found that needles for oxytocin administration had been shared. These outbreaks were studied by visiting the properties to perform anamnesis, clinical exams and collection of material for laboratory diagnosis. Laboratory diagnosis was performed through parasitological, molecular and histopathological techniques. Animals with confirmed diagnosis for T. vivax showed anemia, lack of appetite, decreased milk production, weight loss, weakness, abortion, diarrhea and neurological signs. The main histological lesions found were meningoencephalitis and lymphohistiocytic myocarditis. In the central nervous system, the lesions were more severe in the brain compared to the spinal cord, being progressively more severe in the rostro-dorsal direction. Also, they were more accentuated in the white matter compared to the gray matter. Due to nonspecific clinical signs, laboratory tests were key for diagnosis. Trypanosomiasis in cattle herds in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is of great concern because of its potential to cause economic losses.

A survey of haematophagous flies and cattle trypanosomiasis in Ikara and Kubau Local Government Areas, Kaduna State, Nigeria

A survey of species composition and distribution of haematophagous flies as well as occurrence of Trypanosoma species of cattle was conducted between March and August, 2015, at Ikara and Kubau Local Government Areas, Kaduna State, using Biconical and Nzi traps. Twelve traps were placed for 48hrs along four districts in each of the local government areas and harvested every 24hrs. Blood samples from cattle were analyzed for the presence of Trpanosomes using thick, thin Blood smear and Hematocrit centrifugation method. A total of 232 haematophagous and non-haematophagous flies were caught during the study period. Ikara Local Government had a higher occurrence of flies 127(54.7%) than Kubau Local Government 105(45.3%). The occurrence of the haematophagous flies, Stomoxys calcitrans 107(85.3%) had the highest occurrence than Tabanus 9(7.1%) while Glossina had 0(0.0%). The rainy season had 212 flies trapped compared to the dry season with fewer flies. There was a significant association (p&lt;0.05) between flies occurrence and seasons. The cattle sampled were positive for T. vivax and T. brucei. There was no significant association (p&gt;0.05) between the occurrence of Trypanosoma infection in the study area. It is very important to mention that plans should be put in place for the total eradication of these flies and parasite as they could act as vector for the transmission of pathogens that can cause significant health crises in human and animals.Keywords: Haematophagous; flies; trypanosome; Nzi, biconical; Ikara; Kubau; Kaduna State.

Anti-parasitic dinuclear thiolato-bridged arene ruthenium complexes alter the mitochondrial ultrastructure and membrane potential in Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms

Trypanosoma brucei causes human African trypanosomiasis and Nagana disease in cattle, imposing substantial medical and economic burden in sub-Saharan Africa. The current treatments have limitations, including the requirement for elaborated protocols, development of drug resistance, and they are prone to adverse side effects. In vitro screening of a library of 14 dinuclear-thiolato bridged arene ruthenium complexes, originally developed for treatment of cancer cells, resulted in the identification of 7 compounds with IC50 values ranging from 3 to 26 nM. Complex [(η6-p-MeC6H4Pri)2Ru2(μ2-SC6H4-o-Pri)3]Cl (2) (IC50 = 4 nM) and complex [(η6-p-MeC6H4Pri)2Ru2(μ2-SCH2C6H4-p-But)2(μ2-SC6H4-p-OH)]BF4(9) (IC50 = 26 nM) were chosen for further assessments. Application of complex 2 and 9 at 20 nM and 200 nM, respectively, for 4.5 h induced alterations in the trypanosome mitochondrion as evidenced by immunofluorescence employing an antibody against mitochondrial Hsp70 and Mitotracker labeling. Transmission electron microscopy of parasites taken at 2 and 4h of treatment demonstrated massive alterations in the mitochondrial ultrastructure, while other organelles and structural elements of the parasites remained unaffected. Complex 2 treated trypanosomes exhibited a distorted mitochondrial membrane, and the mitochondrial matrix was transformed into an amorphous mass with different degrees of electron densities. Complex 9 did not notably impair the integrity of the membrane, but the interior of the mitochondrion appeared either completely translucent, or was filled with filamentous structures of unknown nature. Dose- and time-dependent effects of these two compounds on the mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester assay. Thus, the mitochondrion and associated metabolic processes are an important target of dinuclear thiolato-bridged arene ruthenium complexes in T. brucei.

Epizootic Infection by Trypanosoma vivax in Cattle from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Trypanosomiasis is caused by a pathogenic protozoan of the genus Trypanosoma, being Trypanosoma vivax the most important agent for cattle. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the expansion of T. vivax infection in different mesoregions of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and describe the clinicopathological findings of trypanosomiasis in cattle. The diagnosis was based on visualization of the parasite in blood smears and DNA detection of T. vivax in the blood of live cows and tissues of necropsied animals by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirty suspected herds were tested, of which 11 were positive for T. vivax. The most frequent clinical signs were anemia, apathy, drop in milk production, weight loss, reproductive disorders, and nervous signs. Concomitant diseases, such as malignant edema, pneumonia and increased cases of mastitis were associated with T. vivax infection. Three cows were necropsied and the most significant findings were low body condition score, pale mucous and spleen with white pulp hyperplasia. The results demonstrated the expansion of T. vivax infection in Minas Gerais, that PCR-associated blood smears are promising for diagnosis, and that other diseases often occur concomitantly to T. vivax infection in regions with trypanosomiasis in cattle.

Study on Bovine Trypanosomosis and Tse Tse Fly Challenge in Darimu District of Birbir Valley, South Western Ethiopia

This study was undertaken on bovine trypanosomia sis and its vectors at Birbir valley located in Darmu district, Illubababor zone. The parasitological examination was conducted using Buffy coat technique while vector survey was conducted using odour baited Monopyramidal trap. The objective of the study w as to determine the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle, to determine fly density and to identify associated risk factors. From 392 Blood samples were collected, 45(11.5%) were found to be positive by Buffy coat technique and trypanosome species identi fied by their motility were T.congolense 40 (88.9%) and T.vivax 5(11.1 %) and Trypanosoma congolense was the dominant species. A total of 52 Monopyramidal traps were deployed and 1836 (73%) tsetse flies and 676(26.9%) biting flies were caught. From flies c aptured, 971(52.9%), 540(29.4%) and 325(17.7%) Glossina morsitans sub morsitans of savannah flies, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes of reverine and Glossina pallidipes of savannah species were identified respectively. The overall apparent densities fly / trap / day (FTD) were 17.7 and 6.5 for tsetse and biting flies respectively. There was no statically significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) in the prevalence of trypanosome infection between sex group while statistically significant difference was observed between age group(x 2 =41.0, p=0.000 , p&lt;0.05). The mean PCV of the parasitemic and aparasitemic animals were 21.3% and 24.3% respectively .The difference between the mean PCV value of the parasitemic and apparasitemic animals were statistically significant(P&lt; 0.05). Designing and implementation of trypanosomosis control should be targeted to the major cyclically transmitting tsetse flies.

Prevalence of trypanosomiasis in relation to some haematological parameters in cattle, Ohafia LGA, Abia State, Nigeria

Trypanosomiasis is a debilitating disease of man and animals in Africa, Asia and South America, caused by a group of extracellular protozoan haemoflagellates of the genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tse-tse flies (Glossina spp) to man, cattle, pigs, goats, sheep among others. A study on trypanosomiasis in cattle was carried out at Ndi Okala shed Ohafia, in Ohafia LGA, Abia State. A total of one hundred and fifteen (115) cattle made up of 90 males and 25 females had their blood examined for the presence of trypanosomes using wet films, giemsa stained thin and thick films method. Out of this number, thirty (30) were infected giving a prevalence rate of 26.09%. The mean white blood cell count (WBC) was higher in the infected group and gave an indication of the presence of infection while the mean packed cell volume (PVC) was lower in the infected group, an indication of anaemia. Two species of trypanosome namely T. vivax (6.09%) and T. brucei (20.0%) were encountered. Periodic surveillance, treatment and control measures are advocated to avert the high medical and socioeconomic complications that may arise from the disease.Keywords: Trypanosomiasis; cattle; Ohafia; Abia State; Nigeria

O AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL IRÁ ALTERAR A DISTRIBUIÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA DE Lepiselaga crassipes (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE), VETOR DE TRIPANOSSOMÍASES EM EQUINOS, NA REGIÃO NEOTROPICAL?

Climate changes affect species distributions worldwide; however, their consequences associated to vector-borne diseases are poorly known. This lack of information is even more pressing regarding vectors of livestock pathogens, such as Lepiselaga crassipes (Diptera: Tabanidae), the mechanical vector of trypanosomiasis in horses and cattle in the Neotropical region. To examine the potential distribution of this tabanid in the neotropics and estimate its future distribution, an environmental suitability analysis was carried out, as well as an analysis of size and geographic boundaries of the current distribution with the generation of distribution maps (range). The results were compared with those generated for future projections based on possible climate changes in 2050 and 2070. Nineteen bioclimatic layers and one high altitude layer were used. Future projections were based on general circulation models CCCMA_CanESM2 for 2050 and 2070 using the most optimistic (RCP 2.6) and the most pessimist scenarios (RCP 8.5). High environmental suitability for all scenarios was concentrated in the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon regions, extending to areas in Venezuela, Peru, and Ecuador, with good performance of the models (AUC>0.7). Analysis of area distribution shows a range retraction for all scenarios. Despite this, the models indicated new areas of occurrence of L. crassipes concentrated mainly in Argentina, and according to the models for future scenarios, its occurrence remained in southern South America, areas with horse herds that would be exposed and susceptible to trypanosomiasis transmitted by tabanids. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE

Tsetse flies should remain in protected areas in KwaZulu-Natal

The proposal to eradicate tsetse flies from South Africa, including its protected areas, via the sequential aerosol technique combined with the sterile insect technique to reduce trypanosomiasis in cattle did not present an appropriate analysis of the impacts that implementation of the proposal would have on biodiversity. Not only would the implementation of the proposal be contrary to South African laws protecting and conserving biodiversity, but it would also have negative consequences for the conservation of biodiversity. Some of the negative consequences are reviewed, including extirpations and negative impacts on ecological and ecosystem processes and services. Alternative strategies to control trypanosomiasis in cattle effectively in a more environment-friendly manner are presently available and others will almost certainly become available in the not-too-distant future.Conservation implications: Environmental protection, promotion of conservation and sustainable use of the environment are all deeply seated in South Africa’s law. Rural livestock husbandry considerations and biodiversity conservation are not mutually exclusive and the importance of one cannot supersede the other. The eradication proposal is seen to be environmentally damaging and therefore it is concluded that the purpose of this proposed eradication exercise is unconstitutional, contrary to various multilateral agreements South Africa has entered into and contrary to good environmental governance.

Synthesis and anti-parasitic activity of C-benzylated (N-arylcarbamoyl)alkylphosphonate esters

Unexpected substituent-dependent regioselectivty challenges in the synthesis of C-benzylated (N-arylcarbamoyl)phosphonate esters have been resolved. The C-benzylated N-furfurylcarbamoyl derivative showed low micromolar PfLDH inhibition, while one of the C-benzylated N-arylcarbamoyl analogues was active against Nagana Trypanosoma brucei parasites which are responsible for African trypanosomiasis in cattle.

The Influence of Age, Sex and Breed on the Susceptibility to Trypanosomiasis in Cattle

The Influence of Age, Sex and Breed on the Susceptibility to Trypanosomiasis in Cattle