Cattle Sheds Research Articles

An investigation of the effects of environmental and ecologic factors on cutaneous leishmaniasis in the old world: a systematic review study.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected and widespread parasitic disease that can lead to serious health problems. The current review study aimed to synthesize the relationship between ecologic and environmental factors (e.g., weather conditions, climatology, temperature and topology) and the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the Old World. A systematic review was conducted based on English, and Persian articles published from 2015 to 2020 in PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Keywords used to search articles were leishmaniasis, environmental factors, weather condition, soil, temperature, land cover, ecologic* and topogr*. All articles were selected and assessed for eligibility according to the titles or abstracts. The quality screening process of articles was carried out by two independent authors. The selected articles were checked according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 827 relevant records in 2015-2020 were searched and after evaluating the articles, 23 articles met the eligibility criteria; finally, 14 full-text articles were included in the systematic review. Two different categories of ecologic/environmental factors (weather conditions, temperature, rainfall/precipitation and humidity) and land characteristics (land cover, slope, elevation and altitude, earthquake and cattle sheds) were the most important factors associated with CL incidence. Temperature and rainfall play an important role in the seasonal cycle of CL as many CL cases occurred in arid and semiarid areas in the Old World. Moreover, given the findings of this study regarding the effect of weather conditions on CL, it can be concluded that designing an early warning system is necessary to predict the incidence of CL based on different weather conditions.

Fifteen Shades of Grey: Combined Analysis of Genome-Wide SNP Data in Steppe and Mediterranean Grey Cattle Sheds New Light on the Molecular Basis of Coat Color.

Coat color is among the most distinctive phenotypes in cattle. Worldwide, several breeds share peculiar coat color features such as the presence of a fawn pigmentation of the calf at birth, turning over time to grey, and sexual dichromatism. The aim of this study was to search for polymorphisms under differential selection by contrasting grey cattle breeds displaying the above phenotype with non-grey cattle breeds, and to identify the underlying genes. Using medium-density SNP array genotype data, a multi-cohort FST-outlier approach was adopted for a total of 60 pair-wise comparisons of the 15 grey with 4 non-grey cattle breeds (Angus, Limousin, Charolais, and Holstein), with the latter selected as representative of solid and piebald phenotypes, respectively. Overall, more than 50 candidate genes were detected; almost all were either directly or indirectly involved in pigmentation, and some of them were already known for their role in phenotypes related with hair graying in mammals. Notably, 17 relevant genes, including SDR16C5, MOS, SDCBP, and NSMAF, were located in a signal on BTA14 convergently observed in all the four considered scenarios. Overall, the key stages of pigmentation (melanocyte development, melanogenesis, and pigment trafficking/transfer) were all represented among the pleiotropic functions of the candidate genes, suggesting the complex nature of the grey phenotype in cattle.

Studies on Malaria Vector Population Density in Three Selected Areas in Sokoto Metropolitan, Sokoto State - Nigeria

This study is conducted to determine the population density of mosquitoes in three selected area (Kofar Taramniya, Mabera and Bello Way) in Sokoto metropolis. To identified and count the population of mosquito, different breeding sites were investigated for the preferences of mosquitoes. Mosquito larvae were collected using dipper, ladle spoon from drainages, stagnant water, gutters, open wells, local pots, water tanks and cattle sheds. A total population of 4,764 mosquito larvae were collected and identified From the three (3) selected areas larvae and pupae were encounters in abundance. In Mabera area, a total of 1799 (37.7%) larvae are collected in which 1199 (45.8%) belonging to Anopheles genera and 600 (27.9%) belong to culex genera. In kofar Taramniya a total of 1649 (34.6%) larvae are collected in which 1000 (38.2%) belong to Anopheles genera and 649 (30.2%) belong to culex genera, in Bello Way, A total of 1317 (27.5%) larvae were collected, 417 (15.9%) belong to Anopheles genera and 900 (41.9%) belong to culex genera. Statistical analysis conducted indicated a significant difference (p<0.05) between the three collections. Mosquitoes encountered belong to two genera of Anopheles and Culex. The predominant genus was Anopheles with a total of 2,615 larvae while Culex has a total of 2149 larvae in all the three study areas. Considering the medical importance of mosquitoes, the information provided from this study will serve as a basis for understanding the implication of mosquitoes nuisance and provide effective control strategies against the vector and to reduce mosquitoes born disease.

Entomological investigations on sporadic Japanese encephalitis sero-positivity in Tamil Nadu, India

In India, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) continues to be a public health issue in some parts of our country. JE surveillance includes early reporting of clinical cases, sentinel sero-surveys and vector surveillance in the endemic areas. In the present study, JE longitudinal vector surveillance and epidemiological investigations were carried out for the first time during two consecutive years in the endemic district of Tamil Nadu. 22,538 mosquitoes were collected, species identified and screened for JE virus by RT-PCR. Predominant was Culex tritaeniorhynchus (60%) and followed by it Anopheles subpictus (23%), Culex quinquefasciatus (8%) and Culex gelidus (3%). It suggests that Culex tritaeniorhynchus may act as major vector and An. subpictus may act as secondary vector. Monsoon and post-monsoon seasons favour breeding of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus leading to vector abundance. Preferential resting sites for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were pig and cattle shed. Although clinical cases have been reported seasonally in the three blocks, the presence of virus among field caught mosquitoes could not be established by RT-PCR. It may be due to the low titre value of JE virus in mosquitoes. This is the first report of JE investigations in the endemic district of Tamil Nadu and it helps to formulate the effective control strategies for JE virus transmission.

A Comparative Economic Analysis of Milk Production of Dairy Cooperatives Society and Non-Dairy Cooperatives Society Household of Rajasthan

The present study is an attempt to analysis comparative economics of milk production of members and non-members diary cooperative societies in Rajasthan. The results revealed that the total numbers of milch animals were ascertained to be 504 out of which 376, 66, and 62 were buffaloes, local cattle and crossbreed in dairy cooperatives society, while the number of the total milch animal was 488 out of which 301, 108, and were 79 buffaloes, local cattle and crossbreed in the case non-dairy cooperatives society. On an average investment of `120735 was made on pucca cattle shed which varied from `67777 and `155833 on cattle shed by the small and large cattle owners. The investment increased with an increase in the size of cattle holding. The overall average length of the lactation period varied from 226.60 to 241.93 days among all the animals which were slightly higher in crossbreed against local cattle and buffaloes. The average peak yield of all animals during the last lactation varied from 9.21 to 9.34 liters per day per animal against 9.37 to 9.45 litres per day per animal. Among crossbreed cows, the higher yield as compared to local cattle and buffaloes in present lactation. There was a marginal difference during the last and present lactation of breedable animals. In the case of dairy cooperatives society, the overall total cost of milk production per animal per day for various size groups was `173.52, 179.90 and 181.93 for the local cow, crossbred and buffalo. The feed and fodder cost accounted for around 65-70 percent of the gross cost. On average, the gross returns from the large household of buffalo were highest `236.26 decreased from medium to small households. The overall total cost was estimated at `197.07 and total returns `212.85 per animal/day of non-dairy cooperatives society household. On average, the net return of about `22 was realized by the dairy cooperatives society households as compared to `16 realized by the non-dairy cooperatives society households.

Potential Diagnostic Value of the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Transcriptome From Cattle With Bovine Tuberculosis.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic disease of cattle caused by Mycobacterium bovis. During early-stage infection, M. bovis-infected cattle shed mycobacteria through nasal secretions, which can be detected via nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments. Little research has focused on immune responses in nested PCR-positive (bTB PCR-P) or nested PCR-negative (bTB PCR-N) M. bovis-infected cattle. Here, we investigated the transcriptomes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), with or without stimulation by purified protein derivative of bovine tuberculin (PPD-B), among bTB PCR-P, bTB PCR-N, and healthy cattle using RNA-Seq. We also explored the potential value of PBMC transcripts as novel biomarkers for diagnosing bTB. Numerous differentially expressed genes were identified following pair-wise comparison of different groups, with or without PPD-B stimulation (adjusted p < 0.05). Compared with healthy cattle, bTB PCR-P, and bTB PCR-N cattle shared 5 significantly dysregulated biological pathways, including Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, Hematopoietic cell lineage, Osteoclast differentiation and HTLV-I infection. Notably, dysregulated biological pathways of bTB PCR-P and bTB PCR-N cattle were associated with cell death and phagocytosis, respectively. Lymphotoxin alpha and interleukin-8 could potentially differentiate M. bovis-infected and healthy cattle upon stimulation with PPD-B, with area-under-the-curve (AUC) values of 0.9991 and 0.9343, respectively. B cell lymphoma 2 and chitinase 3-like 1 might enable differentiation between bTB PCR-P and bTB PCR-N upon stimulation with PPD-B, with AUC values of 0.9100 and 0.8893, respectively. Thus, the PBMC transcriptome revealed the immune responses in M. bovis-infected cattle (bTB PCR-P and bTB PCR-N) and may provide a novel sight in bTB diagnosis.

Preferential attraction of different colours of light emitting diodes for Culicoides species in West Bengal, India.

The preferential attraction of adult Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to specific wavelengths was studied in West Bengal, India. A total of 280 collections were made with suction light traps fitted with various colours of light emitting diodes (LEDs) placed at cattle sheds during June, August and November in 2017. In addition, the numbers that have been collected in the evening and morning were compared. Locally manufactured suction light traps fitted with ultra violet (UV), blue, green, yellow, pink, red and white LEDs were compared. UV light attracted the highest number of midges followed by blue and then green LED. Culicoides peregrinus Kieffer and Culicoides oxystoma Kieffer were the most abundant followed by Culicoides fulvus Sen and Das Gupta, Culicoides innoxius Sen and Das Gupta, Culicoides anophelis Edwards and Culicoides huffi Causey. The species composition remained similar across the wavelengths. Although significant variations in midge population have been observed across the months, no significant difference in dusk and dawn abundance was noticed. The females showed a mixed population with less parous individuals.

Kala-azar elimination in a highly-endemic district of Bihar, India: Asuccess story.

BackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar has been a major public health problem in Bihar, India, for several decades. A few VL infected districts including Vaishali have reported >600 cases annually. Hence, in 2015, the Government of India entrusted ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, to implement an integrated control strategy for achieving the VL elimination target (<1 case per 10,000 people at the block level) in the Vaishali District of Bihar.MethodologyThis study was conducted between January 2015 and December 2016. An integrated control strategy including the spatio-temporal mapping of VL-case distribution, active case detection, chemical-based vector control using indoor residual spraying (IRS), community awareness campaigns, the training of IRS members, the training of medical doctors for effective treatment, daily monitoring and the supervision of IRS activities, logistic management, post-IRS quality assurance, epidemiological surveillance, and entomological monitoring was performed. An insecticide quantification test was performed for evaluating the IRS quality on sprayed walls. A modern compression pump was used to maintain spray quality on different wall surfaces. The impact of IRS was assessed through sand fly collection in human dwellings and cattle sheds in pre- and post-IRS. The insecticide susceptibility of local P. argentipes was performed before each IRS round (in February and June) during 2015–2016. Statistical analysis such as the mean, percentage, and 95% CI were used to summarize the results.FindingsAll 16 blocks of the Vaishali District achieved the VL elimination target in 2016. The integrated VL control strategy helped reduce the number of VL cases from 664 in 2014 to 163 in 2016 and the number of endemic villages from 282 in 2014 to 142 in 2016. The case reduction rate was increased from 22.6% in 2014 to 58.8% in 2016. On average, 74 VL infected villages became Kala-azar free each year from 2015 to 2016.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that the elimination of VL is possible from all endemic blocks of Bihar if the integrated Vaishali VL control strategy is applied under strong monitoring and supervision.

Supershed Escherichia coli O157:H7 Has Potential for Increased Persistence on the Rectoanal Junction Squamous Epithelial Cells and Antibiotic Resistance.

Supershedding cattle shed Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) at ≥ 104 colony-forming units/g feces. We recently demonstrated that a supershed O157 (SS-O157) strain, SS-17, hyperadheres to the rectoanal junction (RAJ) squamous epithelial (RSE) cells which may contribute to SS-O157 persistence at this site in greater numbers, thereby increasing the fecal O157 load characterizing the supershedding phenomenon. In order to verify if this would be the signature adherence profile of any SS-O157, we tested additional SS-O157 isolates (n = 101; each from a different animal) in the RSE cell adherence assay. Similar to SS-17, all 101 SS-O157 exhibited aggregative adherence on RSE cells, with 56% attaching strongly (>10 bacteria/cell; hyperadherent) and 44% attaching moderately (1–10 bacteria/cells). Strain typing using Polymorphic Amplified Typing Sequences (PATS) analysis assigned the 101 SS-O157 into 5 major clades but not to any predominant genotype. Interestingly, 69% of SS-O157 isolates were identical to human O157 outbreak strains based on pulsed field gel electrophoresis profiles (CDC PulseNet Database), grouped into two clades by PATS distinguishing them from remaining SS-O157, and were hyperadherent on RSE cells. A subset of SS-O157 isolates (n = 53) representing different PATS and RSE cell adherence profiles were analyzed for antibiotic resistance (AR). Several SS-O157 (30/53) showed resistance to sulfisoxazole, and one isolate was resistant to both sulfisoxazole and tetracycline. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests confirmed some of the resistance observed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion test. Each SS-O157 isolate carried at least 10 genes associated with AR. However, genes directly associated with AR were rarely amplified: aac (3)-IV in 2 isolates, sul2 in 3 isolates, and tetB in one isolate. The integrase gene, int, linked with integron-based AR acquisition/transmission, was identified in 92% of SS-O157 isolates. Our results indicate that SS-O157 isolates could potentially persist longer at the bovine RAJ but exhibit limited resistance towards clinical antibiotics.

Density and Susceptibility Status of Malaria Vectors of Chilkuti Area, Bastar, Chhattisgarh

Introduction: The study was carried out in Chilkuti, a village 22 km from Jagdalpur in Bastar Division of Chhattisgarh State, India. The malaria incidence of this area was declined with distribution of insecticide treated LLINs to the villagers. The present study aims to find out the vector density and insecticide susceptibility status of vector mosquitoes of the area. Methods: Adult mosquito collections were done from both cattle shed and human dwelling by hand catch method and per man hour density calculated to compare the density of mosquitoes. The susceptibility/ resistance status against the conventional insecticides as per NVBDCP guidelines was evaluated by WHO susceptibility kit. Correlation of climatic factors and vector density was evaluated by SPSS version 20. Knock-down time (KDT50 and KDT 99) along with slope and 95% confidence interval (CI) was determined using Ldp Line computer programme. Result: The vector density was evaluated regularly and found to be the density of Anopheles culicifacies Giles, the major vector of malaria in the area getting reduced and in the meantime the density of Anopheles subpictus Grassi, is increasing. Though the An. culicifacies density found reducing and the cases of malaria were reported from the area indicating the possibility of another vector may be playing the role in parasitic transmission in the area. As per the previous study from NCDC Jagdalpur, the presence of sporozoites was confirmed in An. subpictus and anthropophilic index indicated the chance of its vectorial capacity in Jagdalpur area, Bastar division So the present study focused on both these mosquitoes. The susceptibility tests shown that there is variation in the susceptibility/resistant status of both the mosquitoes against the different classes of insecticides. Conclusion: The results of the study exhibit the need of further exploratory research studies confirming the vectorial capacity of An. subpictus and alternate measures to control malaria transmission. How to cite this article:Anju Viswan K, Devanagan TP, Korram RL, Jogdand SS, Jain SK, Singh SK. Density and Susceptibility Status of Malaria Vectors of Chilkuti Area, Bastar, Chhattisgarh. J Commun Dis 2019; 51(4): 10-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.201931

Seasonal variation of sand fly populations in Kala-azar endemic areas of the Malda district, West Bengal, India

Vector control is one of the main aspects to reach the target of eliminating visceral leishmaniasis from Indian sub-continent as set by the World Health Organisation. Data on different aspects of vector like ecology, behaviour, population dynamics and their association with environmental factors are very important for formulating an effective vector control strategy. The present work was designed to study the species abundance and impact of environmental factors on population dynamics of vector P. argentipes in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area of Malda district, West Bengal. Adult sand flies were collected using light traps and mouth aspirators from twelve kala-azar affected villages of Habibpur block of Malda district, on a monthly basis from January to December, 2018. Morphological and molecular methods were used for species identification. Population dynamics were assessed by man hour density and per night per trap collection. Data were analysed using SPSS software to determine the impact of environmental factors on vector population P. argentipes was found to the predominant species and prevalent throughout the year. A significantly higher number of sand flies were collected from cattle sheds than human dwellings and peri-domestic vegetation. A portion of the P. argentipes population was exophilic and exophagic as evidenced by their collection from peri-domestic vegetation. The highest population density was recorded during April to September. Population dynamics were mostly influenced by average temperature along humidity and rain fall. Resting behaviour of sand flies was not restricted to the lower portion of the wall but equally distributed throughout the wall and ceiling. Programme officials should consider management of outdoor populations of the sand flies and timings of indoor residual spray for chemical control purpose.

Study on Existing Husbandry Management Practices of Cattle Rearing in Selected Areas of Bangladesh

The study was executed to explore the present husbandry management practices of cattle rearing in selected areas of Bangladesh. A total 719 of samples were selected using simple random sampling technique from 14 selected upazilas of 9 districts. Data were collected through well-developed, pre-tested objective-based questionnaire and on-farm face to face direct interview. Data were analyzed using MS Excel and SPSS 20 software with descriptive statistics. From the study it was found that farmers were used half grazing (39.97%), full grazing (33.63%) and stall feeding (26.40%) cattle rearing systems. Most of the cattle sheds were found shabby type (47.89%). The average time of grazing and taking care of cattle were found 6.08 and 5.25 hours/day respectively. However, in intensive system straw and concentrate feed (8.04% and 14.94%) and in semi-intensive system grass and concentrate (5.67% and 7.47%) were provided. Most of the farmers (52.02%) used chopped roughage followed by balance ration (9.64%) of feeding technology. Moreover, most of the farmers irrespective of areas used wheat bran (65.07%) and rice police (49.92%) to feed their cattle. The scenarios of fodder cultivation of different study areas were found poor. Furthermore, the farmers had taken animal quarantine (24.19%), used cleaning farm premises (90.26%) and controlled rodents and external parasite (52.26%). Irrespective of areas regular cleaning, de-worming, vaccination, disinfect and did not take any kind of measure were 88.52%, 67.61%, 63.37%, 17.44% and 11.72% respectively. It may be concluded that there was a lack of knowledge found about scientific management practices in rearing cattle and scope for improvement of management practices of cattle for better milk and meat production in the context of Bangladesh.

Visual Object Detector for Cow Sound Event Detection

Sound event detection (SED) is a reasonable choice in a number of application domains including cattle sheds, dense forests, or any dark environments where visual objects are usually concealed or invisible. This study presents an autonomous monitoring system based on sound characteristics developed for welfare management in large cattle farms. Two types of artificial audio datasets are prepared: the cow sound event dataset and the UrbanSound8K dataset, which are then used with various sound object detectors for real world implementation. Using a data-driven approach, a conventional convolutional neural network structure with certain improvements is first applied, and from there proceed to a two-stage visual object detection method for audio by treating acoustic signals as an RGB images. The object detection method achieves a higher quantitative evaluation score and more precise qualitative results than previous related studies. We conclude that visual object detection methods are more effective than currently-available CNN architectures for rare sound object detection. Indeed, an artificial data preparation strategy can provide a better method for addressing the problem of data scarcity and the annotation difficulties involved in rare sound event detection.

Bluetongue Disease Control in Northern Ireland During 2017 and 2018.

Since the emergence of bluetongue virus in central and northern Europe in 2006, Northern Ireland's (NI) surveillance programme has evolved to include the use of risk assessments and simulation models to monitor the risk of bluetongue incursion. Livestock production is of high economic importance to NI as it exports approximately 75% of its agricultural produce. Its surveillance programme is designed to enable effective mitigation measures to be identified to minimize disease risk, and to provide additional assurances to protect NI's export markets in the European Union (EU) and third countries. Active surveillance employs an atmospheric dispersion model to assess the likelihood of wind-borne midge transfer from Great Britain (GB) to NI and to identify high risk areas. In these areas, the number of cattle tested for bluetongue is proportionally increased. Targeted surveillance is directed to ruminants imported from restricted countries and regions at risk of bluetongue. Targeted surveillance on high risk imports assists in early detection of disease as, despite all controls and preventive measures, legally imported animals may still carry the virus. In November 2018, a bluetongue-positive heifer was imported into NI. A case specific risk assessment was commissioned to estimate the likelihood of spread of bluetongue as a result of this incursion. November is the tail end of the midges' active period and therefore there was considerable uncertainty pertaining to the survival of midges inside a cattle shed and the potential for incubation of the virus in the vectors. An evidenced-based approach was adopted where temperature and midge abundance was monitored in order to minimize uncertainty and give an accurate estimate of the likelihood of virus spread to other animals following the arrival of the positive heifer. The heifer was destroyed and the evidence indicated that the risk of successful completion of the extrinsic cycle within the local midge population was negligible. This paper describes NI's surveillance programme between January 2017 and December 2018 and the case of a positive imported animal into the country. The importance of effective surveillance in early detection of threats and the usefulness of risk assessments is highlighted through the case study.

Climate Risks and Adaptive Behaviour of Paddy Farmers of Ganjam District in Odisha

Ganjam district is one of the coastal districts in Odisha has experienced a number of climate risks like cyclone, flood, drought, etc. in last couple of years. On October 12, 2013, the district was hit by Cyclone ‘Phailin’. Subsequently there was a cyclone called ‘Hudhud’ affected Odisha coastal districts in the year 2014. Last year during 2018, over 60 lakh people were affected by flood due to heavy rainfall triggered by Cyclone ‘Titli’. Of the 22 blocks in Ganjam district, 13 were badly hit due to cyclone and floods. Added to cyclones, the state has experienced contrasting extreme weather conditions which include heat waves, droughts and floods. Like other parts of Odisha, Ganjam district is also very much agricultural dependent. Due to erratic climate behaviour, farmers’ income is not found to be stable. Analysis of secondary time series data reveals that agricultural production cycle and actual rainfall cycle seems to be very much pro-cyclical in nature indicating that a farmer is continuously subject to production risks in a cyclical manner. Owing to such risks, farmers have adopted number of strategies like alternative employment, migration, cost cutting in agriculture, income diversification and change in cropping pattern to augment their income and livelihood. The study finds that due to cost cutting measures farmers have adopted mechanisation. There is reportedly disinvestment in bovine animal particularly bullocks, buffaloes and so also the cattle shed and harvesting yard. As a result of that farmers are not managing the crop residues properly and there is large scale paddy straw burning by almost 70 percent of the overall paddy farmers which from the environmentalists’ point of is against the environmental conservation parameters. The paper suggests that there should be more sensitisation programmes for value chain development of paddy straw and against paddy-straw burning as it is against environmental conservation approaches.

Mengembangkan Ayam Buras Dan Sapi Potong Untuk Meningkatkan Pendapatan Petani Kabupaten Maros

The activities conducted in Maros regency Tanralili district Purnakarya village in chickens and beef cattle groups Cedde Jaya. The main source of livestock feed cows during the dry season are dry forage, rice straw, corn straw and hay crops of nuts which happened to be planted at the time of drought. Besides, leaf Gamal is also a main feed in dry season. Number of cattle per family ownership only 2-3 head extensively maintained. Range chicken as well as extensive maintenance, ownership on average 2-5 chicken each household group. To increase the productivity of cattle, the team provides counseling, coaching, training and mentoring as well as providing some main of facilities such as cattle shed, biogas digester, planting banana. Results are expected in the presence of activities is the avaibility of green forage mainly during the dry season, so that the cattle population will increase, the biogas as a fuel alternative to kerosin and LPG gas, liquid and solid fertilizer from biogas by-product process, the increasing population of chicken qualified (meat and eggs as well as the day old chick). Besides the problem of production is also done on the farm management. The activities is expected that will increase the incomes of farmers further improve the welfare of Maros regency. For the sustainability of the program it is necessary supervision and guidance are routinely performed by the related department along with the college.

Management Practices for Rearing of Gangatiri Cattle in Native Tract

The present study was purposively conducted in native tract of Gangatiri cattle in Uttar Pradesh. The information were collected from 108 respondents, who were rearing Gangatiri cattle for their livelihood. It was observed that most (53.70%) of the respondents practicing 6-10 hrs grazing of their Gangatiri herd. All the farmers were providing natural service to cows in estrus, maximum number of them (54.63%) between 12 to 16 hrs after detection of estrus and 53.70 per cent of them with bulls available in village surroundings. Maximum number of respondents (35.20%) initially used indigenous knowledge for disease treatment and after that consulted with veterinary doctor/ stockman. Major diseases prevelant in the area include FMD, HS, BQ and mastitis. Gangatiri cows were found to be more resistance to the diseases and heat tolerant as compared to crossbred cattle. Majority (81.48%) of respondents kept their cattle on kachcha floor in good sanitary conditions. About 70.37% respondents made cattle shed as a part of their houses. Majority (59.25 %) of the cattle owners were using knuckling method of milking, which may be a cause of mastitis in animals. It can be concluded that there is need of awareness programmes on scientific cattle rearing practices and interventions like supply of semen of bulls of high genetic merit under AI programme or bulls of good genetic merit for natural breeding, adequate grazing land and inputs for health management practices are needed to make the Gangatiri cattle rearing more beneficial.

Interleukin 8 and Pentaxin (C-Reactive Protein) as Potential New Biomarkers of Bovine Tuberculosis

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is caused by Mycobacterium bovis During the early stage of infection, greater than 15% of M. bovis-infected cattle shed mycobacteria through nasal secretions, which can be detected by nested PCR. To compare the differences in the protein profiles of M. bovis-infected cattle that were nested PCR positive (bTBPCR-P) and M. bovis-infected cattle that were nested PCR negative (bTBPCR-N) and to screen for biomarkers that will facilitate the early and accurate detection of bTB, we investigated the protein expression profiles of serum and bovine purified protein derivative (PPD-B)-stimulated plasma among bTBPCR-P (n = 20), bTBPCR-N (n = 20), and uninfected cattle (NC; n = 20) by iTRAQ labeling coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (iTRAQ-2D LC-MS/MS). After comprehensive analysis, we selected 15 putative differentially expressed serum proteins and 15 plasma proteins for validation by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) with the same cohort used in the iTRAQ analysis. Four serum and five PPD-B-stimulated proteins were confirmed in follow-up enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. PPD-B-stimulated interleukin 8 (IL-8) displayed the potential to differentiate M. bovis-infected cattle from NC, with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.9662, while PPD-B-stimulated C-reactive protein (CRP) displayed the potential to differentiate bTBPCR-P from bTBPCR-N, with an AUC value of 1.00. Finally, double-blind testing with 244 cattle indicated that the PPD-B-stimulated IL-8 test exhibited good agreement with traditional tests (κ > 0.877) with a >90% relative sensitivity and a >98% relative specificity; the PPD-B-stimulated CRP test displayed good agreement with nested PCR (κ = 0.9117), with an observed 94% relative sensitivity and 97% relative specificity. Therefore, the PPD-B-stimulated IL-8 and CRP tests could be used to detect bTB and to differentiate bTBPCR-P from bTBPCR-N.

Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from a Dairy Cattle Shed in Japan

To clarify the nature and characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from dairy cattle within a cattle shed located in Chiba, Japan, air samples were collected and analyzed for the four seasons in 2017–2018. Thirty-four VOCs were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, air temperature and relative humidity inside and outside of the shed were monitored during each sampling campaign to estimate the ventilation rate of the shed. The average concentrations of total VOCs (μg m−3) in the shed in each season were 50.5 (spring), 128.4 (summer), 168.8 (autumn), and 199.5 (winter). Ketones were always the most dominant components followed by alcohols and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The sum of ketones, alcohols, and VFAs accounted for more than 80% of the total VOCs in all seasons. Acetone, 3-pentanone, 1-butanol, and acetic acid were the major components regardless of the season, accounting for more than 60% of the total VOCs. The average emission rates of total VOCs from the shed (μg h−1 kg−1) were calculated to be 623 (spring), 1520 (summer), 585 (autumn) and 469 (winter). The emission rates of almost all the VOCs except alcohols increased exponentially with increase of air temperature in the shed. The ranges of the emission rates for each class of chemical (μg h−1 kg−1) were 39–170 (VFAs), 247–913 (ketones), 65–134 (alcohols), 40–122 (phenols), 10–122 (aldehydes), 4.17–22.3 (sulfur compounds), and 0.0067–0.74 (indoles). Furthermore, the annual emissions of VOCs for a single dairy cattle and for the cattle shed were estimated to be 5.5 kg and 44 kg, respectively.

TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN MOL (MIKROORGANISME LOKAL) WHEY KEFIR DAN LIMBAH PETERNAKAN SAPI POTONG DI NAGARI SUNGAI KAMUYANG, KABUPATEN LIMA PULUH KOTA

Pengabdian ini dilakukan untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang terjadi pada peternakan rakyat dan kelompok tani di Nagari Sungai Kamuyang. Melalui diskusi yang dilakukan dengan masyarakat dan ketua kelompok - kelompok tani yang difasilitasi oleh wali Nagari Sungai Kamuyang, tim pengabdi merumuskan beberapa masalah. Limbah peternakan yang belum mengalami pengolahan dengan maksimal seperti feses sapi, urine dan sisa pakan. Limbah ternak bersifat bulky dan voluminous sehingga mamakai tempat cukup luas untuk penyimpanan serta menimbulkan aroma yang mengganggu. Sulitnya memperoleh hijauan terutama di musim kemarau dan rendahnya produksi rumput budidaya yang ditanam peternak di sekitar kandang sapi, serta kurangnya skill peternak dalam melakukan pengolahan limbah peternakan merupakan permasalahan yang juga terjadi. Melalui pengabdian ini diberikan solusi yaitu pembuatan MOL (Mikroorganisme Lokal) whey kefir dengan memanfaatkan sisa pakan, feses serta urine ternak melalui pelatihan dan penerapan aplikasi pada rumput budididaya. Whey kefir diperoleh dari hasil fermentasi susu menjadi kefir pada program pengabdian sebelumnya. Tahapan terakhirnya membahas strategi pemasaran pupuk kedepannya sebagai penghasilan tambahan bagi peternak. Tujuan dari pengabdian ini adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan serta keterampilan peternak dalam pembuatan MOL (Mikroorganisme Lokal) sebagai dekomposer pupuk kompos berbahan limbah peternakan, meningkatkan produksi hijauan melalui pemupukan berbahan dasar MOL serta peningkatan penghasilan peternak melalui penjualan MOL atau pupuk kompos dengan dekomposer menggunakan MOL. Pengabdian ini telah memberikan peningkatan terhadap produktivitas peternakan rakyat di Nagari Sungai Kamuyang.