Feed Supplement For Cattle Research Articles

Yeast cells as a feed supplement for cattle 3. New yeast preparations for cows in the first period of lactation

1. Influence of Pre- and Postpartum Supplementation of Fibrolytic Enzymes and Yeast Culture, or Both, on Performance and Metabolic Status of Dairy Cows Magdalena Łopuszańska-Rusek, Krzysztof Bilik Annals of Animal Science CrossRef

Yeast cells as a feed supplement for cattle. 2. Effect of liquid yeast cultures on digestive processes in the rumen of bulls

Yeast cells as a feed supplement for cattle. 2. Effect of liquid yeast cultures on digestive processes in the rumen of bulls

Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae, used alone or in combination, as a feed supplement for beef and dairy cattle

The effects of addition of direct-fed microbials prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and Aspergillus oryzae (AO) to ruminant diets was examined in two experiments. Experiment 1 was designed to study the effects of microbial supplements on ruminal and total tract digestibility, ruminal fermentation, bacterial counts and bacterial colonization of fibrous feed, in eight ruminally cannulated steers. The steers were used in a factorial arrangement within a replicated, concurrently run 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were: (1) 60% rolled barley + 40% timothy hay (C); (2) C + 10 g head−1 d−1 of SC; (3) C + 3 g head−1 d−1 of AO fermentation extract; (4) C + 10 g head−1 d−1 of a mixture of SC and AO. In exp. 2, milk yield and composition were monitored following the addition of microbial supplements to the diets described above and fed to dairy cows. The addition of AO, alone or in combination with SC, stimulated (P < 0.10) ruminal fermentation with higher concentrations of acetate (P < 0.01), propionate (P = 0.07), and total VFA (P < 0.01) when sampled prior to feeding. Accordingly, ruminal pH was lower (P < 0.01) in animals receiving AO, alone or combined with SC. Aspergillus oryzae, when supplemented alone, tended (P > 0.10) to increase ruminal NH3-N concentration. These changes in ruminal fermentation did not affect DMI or ruminal and total tract digestibility. The addition of direct-fed microbials did not affect bacterial counts or bacterial colonization of roughage in the rumen. Milk yield, milk composition and feed intake were not affected by the addition of SC to the diet of dairy cows. However, supplementation of the diet with AO alone or in combination with SC increased (P < 0.05) the ratio of milk yield/DMI. Key words: Direct-fed microbials, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, ruminal fermentation, milk production, beef, dairy cattle

Yeast cells as a feed supplement for cattle 1. Liquid viable yeast cultures for calves

1. The effect of yeast culture addition on utility of calves Petr Doležal, Jan Doležal, Ladislav Zeman Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis CrossRef

Containing the Michigan PBB Crisis, 1973–1992: Testing the Environmental Policy Process

At the start of the 1970's, Michigan officials believed the state was among the nation's leaders in the control of industrial pollution. Since the Stream Control Act of 1929, two generations of state policy makers had refined law and administration to regulate and prevent environmental degradation. When assuming office in 1969, Governor William Milliken, even more than his predecessors, emphasized environmental protection. At about the same time, new federal legislation, such as the Water Pollution Control Act amendments of 1972, reinforced state pollution control efforts. Yet, one year later came one of the most dramatic environmental problems in American history: the PBB (polybrominated biphenyls) crisis. In the midst of that crisis, the state seemed unprepared. After it, state and federal governments initiated major changes in the policies which had seemed to be models but a few years earlier. The PBB disaster began when Michigan Chemical Company of St. Louis, Michigan, accidentally shipped a fire retardant (composed of polybrominated biphenyls PBBs) to a Michigan Farm Bureau feed supply yard in place of a cattle feed supplement. The subsequent

GLIRICIDIA MACULATA—A REVIEW

SUMMARY Gliricidia maculata (syn G. sepium) is a fast growing, leguminous, medium sized, thornless tree which can substitute for Leucaena leucocephala as a source of fodder, fuelwood and green manure, in hedges and living fences, and as a shade tree in tea, coffee, and cocoa plantations. It grows in lowland areas of the tropics having mean annual temperatures of 22–30°C. and rainfall of 800–1700mm, and is much easier to establish than leucaena. The foliage has a crude protein content of 20–30 per cent, and recent research reviewed in this paper confirms the value of gliricidia as a feed supplement for sheep and cattle. Feeding gliricidia to ewes in Sri Lanka as 25 per cent of total feed led to increased voluntary feed intake, weight changes before lambing, percentage lambing, and survival of ewes and lambs, compared with a diet consisting only of grass. Lamb growth rates were almost doubled. No further benefits were obtained by increasing gliricidia to more than 25 per cent of total feed. No detrimental s...

Chlortetracycline and Oxytetracycline Effects on Plant Growth and Development in Liquid Cultures

AbstractCattle manure often contains relatively large amounts of antibiotics used as cattle feed supplements. Spreading that manure over cropland might cause plant growth problems. Two greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of two antibiotics, chlortetracycline (7‐chloro‐4‐dimethylamino‐1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a‐octahydro‐3,6,10,12,12a‐pentahydroxy‐6‐methyl‐1,11‐dioxo‐2‐naphthacenecarboxamide) and oxytetracycline (4‐[dimethylamino]‐1,4,4α,5,5α,6,11,12a‐octahydro‐3,5,6,10,12,12a‐hexahydroxy‐6‐methyl‐1,11‐dioxo‐2‐naphthacenecarboxamide) on pinto bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris var. University of Idaho 114) grown in aerated nutrient media. Root growth and development were markedly decreased by both antibiotics as their concentrations were increased from 0 to 160 ppm in solution. Top dry weights were reduced 71–87% by the antibiotic concentrations, and root dry weights were decreased 66–94%. Plant mortality increased as the antibiotic concentrations were increased and all plants died at the 160‐ppm treatment level. Chlortetracycline degraded faster in nutrient solution than oxytetracycline did, but the effects on pinto bean plants were more detrimental even at lower concentrations. The results showed that relatively low antibiotic concentrations can markedly affect pinto bean plant growth and development in nutrient solution.

Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Melengestrol Acetate in Cattle Feed Supplements: Collaborative Study

The assay for melengestrol acetate (MGA) in cattle feed supplements was the subject of a collaborative study using 6 laboratories. Two feed formulations were each fortified with 0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.500, 1.00, and 1.50 mg MGA/lb of supplement, and each laboratory assayed 4 samples of each level of each formulation by electron capture gas chromatography after liquid-liquid extraction of each sample followed by solvent partition and column chromatography cleanup procedures. Overall recovery was 83.2% with a pooled within-laboratory sample-to-sample standard deviation of 9.5%. This includes the variability due to formulation, batches, days, levels of MGA, samples, and their interactions. Including the collaborators as a source of variance results in an overall standard deviation of 15.0%. The major sources of variability were associated with collaborator, formulation, and level of MGA. Lower than expected recoveries were attributed to difficulty in recovering MGA from samples containing concentrations of MGA below the range of the method and the inadvertent substitution by some laboratories of ethanol-free chloroform for the ethanol-containing reagent grade chloroform specified in the methodology. On the basis of the collaborative results, the method has been adopted as official first action for MGA in cattle feed supplements at concentrations from 0.125 to 1.00 mg MGA/lb.

Industrial brine production using power station waste heat to assist solar evaporation of sea water

The rate of evaporation from a slightly heated pond of sea water, over and above the rate from an unheated control pond, has been found to be about 5.6 m of depth per year, for each kW/m2 of heat density applied. In winter about 40%, and in summer about 55%, of the added heat goes to increasing evaporation. In conjunction with local data on rainfall and natural evaporation, this value can be used to predict the net evaporation from a heated pond at a chosen site. If a power station in the Auckland area had sea water cooling ponds of the usual size, the combination of natural evaporation, rainfall, and evaporation due to heating would result in a net evaporation of 1.02 m per year and production of a concentrated brine containing at least 200 000 tonnes per year of salt, for a 1400 MWe power station. The degree of concentration allowed in the cooling pond is limited by the formation of scale in the condensers. By adding trisodium phosphate (obtainable cheaply in New Zealand from a low quality phosphate ore) and ammonium chloride to the brine, the scale-forming calcium and magnesium can be precipitated as a mixture of metal phosphates and metal ammonium phosphates. The precipitate has potential value as a high-analysis fertiliser or a cattle feed supplement. At the same time a non-scaling brine is produced, which can safely be concentrated five-fold in a power station cooling pond. The brine is then suitable as feed for a caustic/chlorine electrolysis plant. A portion of the caustic soda product must be recycled to the preparation of the trisodium phosphate.

Industrial brine production using power station waste heat to assist solar evaporation of sea water

AbstractThe rate of evaporation from a slightly heated pond of sea water, over and above the rate from an unheated control pond, has been found to be about 5.6 m of depth per year, for each kW/m2 of heat density applied. In winter about 40%, and in summer about 55%, of the added heat goes to increasing evaporation. In conjunction with local data on rainfall and natural evaporation, this value can be used to predict the net evaporation from a heated pond at a chosen site. If a power station in the Auckland area had sea water cooling ponds of the usual size, the combination of natural evaporation, rainfall, and evaporation due to heating would result in a net evaporation of 1.02 m per year and production of a concentrated brine containing at least 200 000 tonnes per year of salt, for a 1400 MWe power station. The degree of concentration allowed in the cooling pond is limited by the formation of scale in the condensers. By adding trisodium phosphate (obtainable cheaply in New Zealand from a low quality phosphate ore) and ammonium chloride to the brine, the scale‐forming calcium and magnesium can be precipitated as a mixture of metal phosphates and metal ammonium phosphates. The precipitate has potential value as a high‐analysis fertiliser or a cattle feed supplement. At the same time a non‐scaling brine is produced, which can safely be concentrated five‐fold in a power station cooling pond. The brine is then suitable as feed for a caustic/chlorine electrolysis plant. A portion of the caustic soda product must be recycled to the preparation of the trisodium phosphate.

Insect Growth Regulators and Insect Control: A Critical Appraisal

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) of the juvenile hormone type alter physiological processes essential to insect development and appear to act specifically on insects. Three natural juvenile hormones have been found in insects but not in other organisms. Future use of antagonists or inhibitors of hormone synthesis may be technically possible as an advantageous extension of pest control by IGRs. A documented survey of the properties, metabolism, toxicology, and uses of the most commercially advanced chemical, methoprene, shows it to be environmentally acceptable and toxicologically innocuous. Derivation of its current use patterns is discussed and limitations on these are noted. Residue levels and their measurement in the ppb region have allowed exemption from the requirement of tolerances in the EPA registered use of methoprene for mosquito control. Tolerances for foods accompany its fully approved use for control of manure breeding flies through a cattle feed supplement. The human health effects of using this chemical appear to be purely beneficial, but further advances through new IGR chemicals appear unlikely without major changes in regulatory and legislative policy.

Insect growth regulators and insect control: a critical appraisal.

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) of the juvenile hormone type alter physiological processes essential to insect development and appear to act specifically on insects. Three natural juvenile hormones have been found in insects but not in other organisms. Future use of antagonists or inhibitors of hormone synthesis may be technically possible as an advantageous extension of pest control by IGRs. A documented survey of the properties, metabolism, toxicology, and uses of the most commercially advanced chemical, methoprene, shows it to be environmentally acceptable and toxicologically innocuous. Derivation of its current use patterns is discussed and limitations on these are noted. Residue levels and their measurement in the ppb region have allowed exemption from the requirement of tolerances in the EPA registered use of methoprene for mosquito control. Tolerances for foods accompany its fully approved use for control of manure breeding flies through a cattle feed supplement. The human health effects of using this chemical appear to be purely beneficial, but further advances through new IGR chemicals appear unlikely without major changes in regulatory and legislative policy.

Microbiological Turbidimetric Analysis of Low Chlortetracycline Concentrations in Feeds

Recovery studies in which chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC-HCI) standard was added to cattle and swine feed supplements at 4.09-9.99 g/ton showed lower antibiotic recovery turbidimetrically (80.6-98.7%) than by the AOAC modified standard as in 38.179(d) (91.2-98.7%) and the plain buffer as in 38.179(b) (93.8-133.0%) methods. Three feeds fortified with a commercial premix at the levels of 5.0 and 10.0 g CTC-HCI/ton showed an overall CTC-HCI recovery of 87.6-110.6% by manual turbidimetric assay. Results were 89.1-108.7% by the AOAC inactivated feed diluent standard and 95.4-125.4% by the plain buffer methods. For some sample extracts (as in cattle feed) the use of heat to stop bacterial growth in the turbidimetric method caused formation of a precipitate. Cooling of cultures to room temperature and rapid reading of sample turbidity followed by standard curve concentrations minimized this interference. The manual turbidimetric assay of low levels of CTC-HCI in feeds appears to offer advantages over other methods.

Electron Capture Gas Chromatographic Determination of Melengestrol Acetate in Animal Feed Supplements

Abstract Gas-liquid chromatographic methods are described for the determination of melengestrol acetate (MGA) in cattle feed supplements containing 0.000011–0.000220% MGA (0.05–1.0 mg/lb). A sample is extracted with hexane in a continuous liquid-liquid extractor and, if necessary, the extract is purified by treatment with activated carbon, solvent partition from hexane into aqueous methanol and then into methylene chloride, followed by column chromatography with alumina and silica columns. MGA in liquid feed and a few dry feed supplements may be determined directly in the initial extract by GLC. MGA in most dry feed supplements may be determined using only the solvent parition cleanup step; a few samples containing a low level of MGA and a large amount of co-extracted material may require all of the cleanup steps. MGA is measured by GLC, using a 1% OV-17 column, a 63Ni electron affinity detector, and cholesteryl chloroacetate as an internal standard. Recovery of MGA averages better than 90% with a coefficient of variation on the order of 7% for the feed supplements studied.

Safflower: Utilization and significance in nutrition and allergy

The safflower plant is an annual of the composite family. Its seed produces a valuable edible oil with the highest available polyunsaturated-saturated ratio and linoleic acid content. Aside from its increasing importance in human nutrition, the oil is used in alkyd resins, paints, and enamels. Safflower meal is used as a protein feed supplement for cattle, sheep, and poultry. Honey is produced from the safflower blossom. Safflower oil is nonallergenic. Testing with the water-soluble protein fraction of the seed should be performed first by the scratch or puncture method.

The Growth-Promoting Action of Virginiamycin and its Influence on the Crop Flora in Chickens

INTRODUCTIONANTIBIOTICS are added to feeds in order to prevent or control diseases, to stimulate growth and to improve the feed efficiency. The tetracyclines, penicillin, and bacitracin are regularly used in this way as a feed supplement for chickens, pigs, cattle, and sheep. The only common characteristic of all these constituents is their antimicrobial action against gram-positive bacteria. Luckey (1952) and Forbes and Park (1959) found, in addition, that antibiotics do not stimulate growth in germ-free animals, whereas Matterson and Singsen (1951) maintain that bacitracin is a potent growth stimulant, although it is not absorbed from the intestine. These facts tend to suggest that antibiotics exert a growth-promoting influence via their effect on the gram-positive intestinal flora.Several hypotheses have been forwarded to explain the mechanism of the growth-promoting action of antibiotics. The first possibility is that the antibiotics inhibit noxious bacteria. Sieburth et al. (1951) and Lev et al …

Rise of streams can be predicted : (U. S. Dept. of Agric. Clip Sheet No. 772)

The safflower plant is an annual of the composite family. Its seed produces a valuable edible oil with the highest available polyunsaturated-saturated ratio and linoleic acid content. Aside from its increasing importance in human nutrition, the oil is used in alkyd resins, paints, and enamels. Safflower meal is used as a protein feed supplement for cattle, sheep, and poultry. Honey is produced from the safflower blossom.Safflower oil is nonallergenic. Testing with the water-soluble protein fraction of the seed should be performed first by the scratch or puncture method.