Feed Supplement For Cattle Research Articles

Diversity and probiotic characterisation of yeast isolates in the bovine gastrointestinal tract.

The use of yeasts as a feed supplement for cattle can promote animal development and performance. However, for the positive results to be consistent, strains with probiotic properties must be selected. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify yeasts present in the bovine feces and evaluate their probiotic potential together with strains previously isolated from the rumen (preliminary study). A total of 193 isolates were studied, including 139 isolates (19 species) from fecal samples from 11 different animals (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) and 54 strains previously isolated from rumen fluid (Bos taurus). The yeast population in the feces ranged from 3.51 to 4.99 log CFU/g, with Candida pararugosa being the most abundant (isolated from the feces of six samples analysed). Isolates were selected that had negative results in the safety tests (hemolytic activity, DNAse, and gelatinase) and had percentages greater than 35 and 70% for hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation, respectively. In addition, selected isolates had percentages greater than 77.7 and 74.7% for coaggregation with pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens, respectively. The isolates with percentage growth at 39°C greater than 64.6% and viability greater than 96.7% were selected for survival testing under bovine gastrointestinal conditions. After the tests, the seven best isolates were selected, belonging to the species Candida pararugosa (L60, CCMA 928 and CCMA 930) and Pichia kudriavzevii (L97, L100, CCMA904, CCMA 907). The selected isolates were exopolysaccharide producers. Based on the results of the evaluated properties, the seven selected isolates were classified as potential probiotics for cattle.

Perbedaan Tekanan Mesin Cetak Pneumatik terhadap Kualitas Fisik Permen Ternak

Cattle candy is made using a pneumatic machine, namely the pressure force generated by the air pressure coming from the compressor. This study aimed to examine the effects of different pressures in cattle feed supplement pneumatic machines on physical quality, including moisture content, density, durability, and specific gravity. The cattle candy was made from pollard (30%), brown rice bran (10%), molasses (35%), limestone (8%), salt (5%), premix (2%), urea (5%), white cement (2%) and turmeric flour (3%). The candy was made in a size of 1 kg with a diameter of 17 cm. The research design used a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of 4 treatments (pressure differences of 5, 6, 7 and 8 bars) with 5 replications. The results showed that the pressure difference of 5-8 bars did not affect the physical quality (moisture content, density, impact resistance, and specific gravity) of cattle candy. The candy had a range of moisture content, density, durability and the specific gravity of 0.88%-0.90%, 0.93-0.94 g cm-3, 99.94%-100.00%, and 1.21-1.29 g mL-1, respectively. The conclusion of this study was that the pressure of 5-8 bars had not changed the physical quality of cattle candy. The use of low pressure (5 bars) was enough to produce good-quality cattle candy.
 Key words: cattle candy, physical quality, pneumatic, pressure

Critical evaluation of novel applications of aquatic weed Azolla as a sustainable feedstock for deriving bioenergy and feed supplement

Azolla is often considered an invasive weed because of the rapid colonization on water surfaces. It is a free-floating aquatic fern, known for its N fixing potential, short doubling time, and bioremediation potential. It has several applications as green manure, N biofertilizer, cattle, chicken, and fish feed supplements because of its high protein content. It can grow on wastewater improving its quality. Azolla biomass thus produced can be utilized for energy production. It has been used for the production of biogas. Recently, its bio-oil potential has been studied. Azolla biomass has been used for biodiesel, biogas, and biohydrogen production. The exploitation of Azolla biomass as feedstock for bioenergy needs critical evaluation.

Reducing nutrient and sediment losses in surface runoff by selecting cattle supplement feeding areas based on soil type in New Zealand hill country

ABSTRACT Nutrient loss in surface runoff from hill country catchments is typically generated from small areas and over short time periods. This study compared nutrient and sediment losses in surface runoff when cattle were fed winter hay supplement on two hill country sub-catchments (∼0.3 ha) with contrasting soil types (imperfectly-drained and well-drained soils). Runoff samples were collected during seven events (June-August). During this period, two herds of 16 pregnant, mixed aged Angus cows were supplemented with 2 kg DM. cow day−1 of hay in a defined feeding area within each sub-catchment. The imperfectly-drained soil measured 4.8 times the volume of surface runoff compared to the well-drained soil. As a result, the imperfectly-drained soil lost 2.5 times the amount of sediment, 6.3 and 5.1 times the amount of total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved reactive phosphorus respectively and 4.5 times the amount of total nitrogen (TN). Surface runoff losses of nitrate-N from the well-drained soil were undetectable over the study period. Whilst overall nutrient losses were low over the short study period (0.22 kg TP ha−1 and 0.68 kg TN ha−1), the results highlight the potential benefit of strategically placing cattle feed supplements on soils less prone to surface runoff to improve freshwater outcomes.

Effect of addition cattle feed supplement on in vitro fermentation, synthesis of microbial biomass, and methane production of rice straw fermentation basal diets

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of supplementation of cattle feed supplement (CFS) and concentrate in ruminant diets based on rice straw fermented (R) on in vitro rumen fermentation, microbial biomass synthesis, and enteric methane production. Five experimental diets were evaluated, consist of R = rice straw fermented 100%, RS = R + CFS 10%, RSC1, 2 and 3 = RS + Concentrate levels 10, 20 and 30 (%DM). Supplementation of CFS increased the gas production (P < 0.05) and highest in treatments RSC1 and 2 (44.09 and 44.87 ml/g substrate, respectively) and was decreased proportions of methane by inhibition rate until 49.80%. Ruminal protozoa population increased by CFS dan concentrate supplementation (P<0,05) and was dominated (>80%) of Entodinium genus. The treatments RS dan RSC1 promoted greater (P < 0.01) microbial biomass synthesis (386.32 and 312.39 mg/g substrate, respectively). In conclusion, the supplementation of CFS and concentrate in ruminant diets based on rice straw fermented can promote a greater synthesis of microbial biomass and mitigation of methane production.

Rumen un-degraded dietary protein and TCA soluble protein with gambier leave residue supplementation as a source of tannins in cattle feed supplement

This study aims to obtain high rumen undegraded dietary protein and TCA soluble protein in a rations combination of forage, concentrates, and supplements. Gambier leaf residue (GLR) supplementation in cattle feed supplement contains 29.53% crude protein and 75.01% TDN energy. There were 4 treatment rations, forage (F), F + concentrate (FC), F + supplement (FS), and FCS, where the tannin concentration of 0.117% was found in the FS and FCS rations. Rumen microbial degradation and microbial protein synthesis were evaluated in vitro method using cattle rumen fluid. The results showed that GLR supplementation as a source of condensed tannins significantly reduced the rate of protein degradation in the rumen from 1.17 to 0.99% per hour. This effect has implications for the increase in rumen undegraded dietary protein (RUDP) and Peptide-N as rumen fermentation products. Rations containing supplements (FS and FCS significantly produced higher microbial biomass and microbial protein. TCA soluble N was superior in the FCS combination ration which produced the highest amount of protein for intestine sourced from RUDP and microbial protein.

Perspectives on the utilization of Azolla-Anabaena system as feed supplement

The nitrogen fixing aquatic pteridophyte Azolla is one of the fastest growing nitrogen-fixing plants and it is used as a potential source for high rate biomass production. Azolla has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen at cheaper and faster rates due to the presence of a symbiotic cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae. Therefore, the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen is important from an agricultural perspective. However, Azolla is gaining popularity as feed supplement for cattle, poultry and fish. Further, the ease of cultivation and favourable nutrient composition make Azolla an important feed supplement. This review focuses on the perspectives of Azolla as feed supplement.

Glycerine as a feed supplement for beef and dairy cattle: A meta-analysis on performance, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and product characteristics.

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effects of glycerine supplementation at various concentrations on performance, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and product characteristics of beef and dairy cattle in vivo by using a quantitative meta-analysis approach. Meta-analysis was performed by integrating a total of 52 studies from 39 articles and 182 treatments into a database. Data were constructed into an intact database and did not distinguish between beef and dairy cattle, except for the parameters of production performance and product characteristics. Data summarized were analysed by using a statistical meta-analysis that employed a fixed effect of glycerine supplementation level and a random effect of various studies for both beef and dairy cattle. Significance of an effect was stated at the probability level of p<.05, and p<.1 was considered as a tendency of significant. Results revealed that there was a linear decrease on dry matter intake (p<.01) and daily gain (p<.05) of beef cattle with the increasing levels of glycerine supplementation. Glycerine supplementation did not decrease milk production of lactating dairy cows. Molar proportion of acetate in the rumen was decreased (p<.001), whereas propionate and butyrate proportions were increased (both at p<.001) by glycerine supplementation. Generally, glycerine did not change nutrient digestibility except that it reduced fibre digestibility (p<.001). Glycerine supplementation linearly lowered triglyceride and NEFA concentrations (both at p<.05) in the blood serum, but not other blood metabolites. Glycerine tended to linearly increase (p<.1) carcass percentage in beef cattle. Increasing dietary glycerine levels decreased milk fat (p<.01) but elevated milk protein (p<.001). Glycerine tended to increase milk lactose (p<.1) by following a quadratic pattern. The proportion of MUFA was increased quadratically by glycerine supplementation (p<.05), whereas glycerine tended to decrease SFA by following a quadratic pattern (p<.1).

Salinity tolerance mechanism in the aquatic nitrogen fixing pteridophyte Azolla: a review

Salinity is one of the major constraints for agricultural productivity and the problem of salinity is likely to increase further. The aquatic fern Azolla is employed as an important bio-inoculant for the cultivation of rice paddy. In addition to this it is also used as feed supplement for cattle and poultry. However, increasing soil salinity is a serious threat for its wider exploitation. Stressors such as salinity leads to drastic changes in the metabolic activities especially the photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation. The potential of plants to tolerate salinity is determined by efficient mechanisms operating at cellular and sub-cellular levels. Several adaptation strategies are required to cope with salinity stress. Complicated interactions between the host plant Azolla and its symbiont should be considered if this organism is employed as bio-inoculant. Therefore, in the present review we discuss on the effect of salinity on Azolla and its cyanobiont with an emphasis on the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of salinity tolerance.

INOVASI TEKNOLOGI PAKAN HIJAUAN LOKAL SEBAGAI PAKAN SUPLEMEN DALAM MENINGKATKAN PRODUKSI SUSU KERBAU DI PEMATANG PANJANG KABUPATEN SIJUNJUNG

Kelompok Tani Durian Sakek merupakan salah satu kelompok tani yang memelihara ternak kerbau yang di perah susunya untuk dijadikan dadih, terletak di nagari Pematang Panjang, Kabupaten Sijunjung, Sumatera Barat. Ternak kerbau dipelihara secara sederhana dilepas di padang penggembalaan dengan kondisi kualitas pakan rendah sehingga produksi susu yang dihasilkan juga rendah. Hal ini bisa dilakukan dengan pemberian pakan suplemen dengan memanfaatkan sumber daya pakan lokal seperti daun singkong dengan kandungan protein yang tinggi dan banyak tersedia di daerah setempat. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pengetahuan dalam inovasi teknologi pemanfaatan pakan hijauan lokal khususnya daun singkong sebagai pakan suplemen ternak kerbau untuk meningkatkan produksi susu kerbau sehingga akan meningkatkan pendapatan peternak, sedangkan target khusus diharapkan adalah menumbuhkan swadaya masyarakat dalam usaha pemanfaatan pakan hijauan lokal sebagai pakan ternak. Metode yang diterapkan adalah penyuluhan, pelatihan/percontohan dan diskusi serta bimbingan dan pembinaan. Hasil yang diperoleh dari kegiatan ini produksi susu meningkat 1.05 vs 1.09 liter/hari dan kualitas susu juga meningkat: lemak 5.75 vs 7.46%, Protein 4.05 vs 5.25%, SNF 10.66 vs 11.45%, Total solid 16.39 vs 19.95 dan kadar air 83.60 vs 80.05%. Dari kegiatan ini dapat diambil kesimpulan pemberian daun singkong sebagai pakan suplemen dalam bentuk pellet dapat meningkatkan produksi dan kualitas susu kerbau penghasil dadih, sehingga meningkatkan pendapatan peternak.

Improving Rumen Fermentability and Fiber Fraction Digestion of Fermented Rice Straw with A Cattle Feed Supplement and A Concentrate

Improving Rumen Fermentability and Fiber Fraction Digestion of Fermented Rice Straw with A Cattle Feed Supplement and A Concentrate

Effect of KOROPASS, an extruded jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis)-derived supplement, on productivity and economic performance of beef cattle.

Aim:This study evaluated the effect of feeding a graded amount of extruded jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) on nutritional status, production performances, and economic performance of beef cattle.Materials and Methods:The supplement called “KOROPASS” was prepared from the extruded jack bean (according to the extrusion heating process). Sixteen male Friesian-Holstein crossbred cattle were divided into four groups and fed on KOROPASS as per the regimen: R0 (total mixed ration [TMR] without KOROPASS), R1 (TMR supplemented with 3% KOROPASS), R2 (TMR supplemented with 6% KOROPASS), and R3 (TMR supplemented with 9% KOROPASS). The in vivo experiment lasted 44 days. TMR contained 12% crude protein and 60% total digestible nutrient. The consumption and digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and total protein (TP), feed efficiency, average daily gain, and income over feed cost (IOFC) were evaluated.Results:KOROPASS supplementation significantly increased (p<0.05) beef cattle consumption of DM (from 7.83 [R0] to 8.33 [R1], 8.91 [R2], and 9.69 kg/day [R3]), OM (from 6.72 to 7.17, 7.69, and 8.38 kg/day, respectively), and TP (from 892 to 1020, 1182, and 1406 g/day, respectively). The elevated levels of KOROPASS significantly increased (p<0.05) digestibility in terms of the levels of DM (from 42.9 [R0] to 50.6 [R1], 58.0 [R2], and 63.6% [R3]), OM (from 54.3 to 59.6, 66.3, and 70.6%, respectively), and TP (from 65.0 to 67.1, 75.0, and 80.7%, respectively). Dietary supplementation of KOROPASS significantly increased (p<0.05) metabolizable protein, average daily weight gain, and feed efficiency of beef cattle. Finally, dietary KOROPASS supplementation, especially at 9%, resulted in the highest (p<0.05) IOFC value of beef cattle.Conclusion:Dietary supplementation of KOROPASS improved feed utility, as reflected by the increase in consumption and digestibility of DM, OM, and TP. Further, KOROPASS supplementation improved feed efficiency, growth, and economic performance of beef cattle. The findings indicate the potential value of KOROPASS as a feed supplement for beef cattle.

Potential of Cull Banana Fruit at Two Maturity Stages as a Feed Supplement for Cattle: Effects on In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation, Kinetics of Gas Production and Digestibility

An in-vitro study was conducted to characterize the nutrient profile of banana fruit and peel at two stages of maturation, as well as its effects on ruminal fermentation parameters, kinetics of gas production, and digestibility when used as livestock feed. Substrates included whole green fruit and peel (GF), green peel (GP), ripe peel (RP), whole ripe fruit and peel (RF), and kikuyo grass (KG), with KG characterized due to utilization in regions of banana production. Digestibility (P < 0.01) was greatest in RF compared with KG, and maximal gas production (P < 0.01) was greatest in GF and RF compared with KG and RP. Lag time of fermentation (P < 0.01) for banana substrates did not differ, however, more time was required for KG. Methane production (P < 0.01) and concentration of ammonia nitrogen (P = 0.02) was greatest in GF and RF; however, production of hydrogen sulfide (P = 0.04) was greatest in KG and GF, with GF similar to remaining substrates. A decrease in pH (P < 0.01) was observed in banana substrates compared with KG, with RF and GF having decreased acetate (P < 0.01) but increased butyrate (P = 0.02) molar proportions. Maturity of banana substrates did not affect ruminal fermentation; however, banana fruit fermentation was similar to concentrate diets. Supplementation of rejected banana waste as feedstuff for livestock provides a viable source of energy to the rumen, thus decreasing competition between human and livestock for land use and consumption.

Anti-proliferative effect of pomegranate peel extracts on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)

Pomegranate peel extracts prepared in our laboratories from a waste of juice fruit processing were tested on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells to evaluate the effects on viability, oxidative stress and proliferation. The (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay pointed out that the extracts were not cytotoxic at the tested concentrations (0.1, 1.0, and 10 µg/mL). A moderate protective effect against Reactive Oxygen Species production induced by hydrogen peroxide or lipopolysaccharide and a significant anti-proliferative activity against proliferation induced by concanavalin A were observed on cell lines treated with the extracts at 10 μg/mL. Based on these results, pomegranate peel extracts seem promising as feed supplement for dairy cattle, in particular around calving, when the animals are subjected to an increase of the metabolic activity, responsible for oxidative stress and diseases. However, in vivo studies are needed to investigate the stability of the extracts across the bovine gastrointestinal tract barrier.

Calcium Soap from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate for Ruminant Feed: The Influence of Initial Mixing Temperature

The breastfeeding dairy cows often go through metabolic disturbances and low milk production due to the use of stored body fat and minerals to assist milk production. Those problems can be solved by feeding feed supplement to the dairy lactating cows. Calcium soap is a well-known lactating dairy cattle feed supplement, which gives energy in the form of protected fat so it can increase milk productivity of dairy cattle. This research studied the use of PFAD (Palm Fatty Acid Distillate) as the free fatty acids source and calcium oxide as a calcium source to produce calcium soap using modified fusion method with water as the reaction catalyst. This study evaluated the initial mixing temperature of PFAD as the parameter affecting the conversion of PFAD, which was determined by the product acid value. The result showed that, at the same mole ratio of calcium source to PFAD, the lower initial mixing temperature gave higher reaction conversion of PFAD. The recommended initial temperature for mixing was found to be 60 °C, which gave the acid value of the product in the range of 2.96 - 3.14 mg KOH/g sample for mole ratio of CaO/PFAD 1 - 1.15.

A dynamic analysis of the impacts of export taxes: The case of Argentinean soy and beef markets

AbstractArgentina plays an important role in the global soy market as one of the world's leading exporters of soy products. In an effort to shift its agricultural sector's focus to value‐added exports and to raise revenue, Argentina's government has maintained a regime of differential export taxes on soy products. In addition to soy products, Argentina is a major producer, consumer and exporter of beef. However, over the last decade it has relinquished much of its world market share as its beef exports have fallen because the government has periodically imposed a ban on exports of beef along with maintaining an export tax. As the soy and livestock sectors are inextricably linked, owing to both industries’ intensive land use and the utilisation of soymeal as a feed supplement for cattle, trade policies in one sector have pronounced cross‐sectoral impacts. This study develops a theoretical model of these different sectors and trade policies, incorporating the dynamic decisions of cattle stock management. The model is calibrated to real‐world data on the Argentinean economy, and the impacts of trade liberalisation are quantified. Key results show modelling the various intersectoral linkages and the dynamic implications of cattle stock is essential for obtaining accurate estimates.

Effects of Nutrients Supplementation on Enhanced Biogas Production from Maize Silage and Cattle Slurry Mixture

This study investigated the effects of nutrients supplementation during codigestion of maize silage and cattle slurry. Batch anaerobic biodegradability tests lasted 20 days under mesophilic conditions, and an organic loading rate of 5.0 g VS (volatile solids)/L were done. Biogas yield increased with the dose of the cattle feed supplement up to 894 L/kg VS, which was 65% higher than in the control reactor. Similarly, the cumulative biogas production rate (CBPR) increased with successive increase in the dose of feed supplement. Supplementation enabled efficient volatile fatty acids (VFA) elimination and pH increasing; however, the best VFA/TA ratio was achieved with feed supplementation of 25 mg/g of feedstock, providing the highest rate of biogas production (k = 0.22/d). The highest increase in biogas production of 8.0 mL/mg was achieved with the lowest nutrient supplement dosage. Based on these results, it can be recommended that a supply of feed supplement at a ratio of 0.5% of the fresh mass provide considerably increasing biogas production.

Protection of Protein in Cattle Feed Supplement from Rumen Microbial Degradation with Addition of Gambier Leaf Residue

Protection of Protein in Cattle Feed Supplement from Rumen Microbial Degradation with Addition of Gambier Leaf Residue

Optimization of Rumen Microbial Protein Synthesis by Addition of Gambier Leaf Residue to Cattle Feed Supplement

Optimization of Rumen Microbial Protein Synthesis by Addition of Gambier Leaf Residue to Cattle Feed Supplement

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate peel extracts on bovine mammary epithelial cells BME-UV1

Pomegranate peel extracts (PPE) were tested for the first time on BME-UV1, a valid cellular model to study the bovine mammary epithelial metabolism, to evaluate the effects on the oxidative stress and inflammatory status. Based on the statistical analysis of MTT data, PPE at 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μg/mL resulted not cytotoxic after 24 h, 48 h and 7 days of treatment. At the same concentrations, PPE induced a reduction of ROS production elicited by the addition of hydrogen peroxide or lipopolysaccharide evidencing an antioxidant effect confirmed also by a decrease of malondialdehyde. At 10 μg/mL, PPE reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines expressions showing an anti-inflammatory effect on BME-UV1 treated with lipopolysaccharide. Although in vivo experiments are necessary, the results of this study are promising for future applications of PPE as feed supplement for dairy cattle, in particular around calving, when the animals are more subject to oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases.