Cationized Cotton Fabrics Research Articles

Reactive Pad-Steam Dyeing of Cotton Fabric Modified with Cationic P(St-BA-VBT) Nanospheres.

The Poly[Styrene-Butyl acrylate-(P-vinylbenzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride)] P(St-BA-VBT) nanospheres with N+(CH3)3 functional groups were successfully prepared and applied to modify cotton fabrics using a pad-dry process. The obtained cationic cotton fabrics were dyed with pad-steam dyeing with reactive dye. The results show that the appropriate concentration of nanospheres was 4 g/L. The sodium carbonate of 25 g/L and steaming time of 3 min were suitable for dyeing cationic cotton with 25 g/L of C.I. Reactive Blue 222. The color strength and dye fixation rates of dyed cationic cotton fabrics increased by 39.4% and 14.3% compared with untreated fabrics. Moreover, sodium carbonate and steaming time were reduced by 37.5% and 40%, respectively. The rubbing and washing fastness of dyed fabrics were equal or higher 3 and 4–5 grades, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the P(St-BA-VBT) nanospheres randomly distributed and did not form a continuous film on the cationic cotton fiber surfaces. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis further demonstrated the presence of cationic nanospheres on the fiber surfaces. The cationic modification did not affect the breaking strength of cotton fabrics.

Characterization and comparison of salt-free reactive dyed cationized cotton hosiery fabrics with that of conventional dyed cotton fabrics

Abstract One of the major problems in reactive dyeing of cotton goods is the usage of salt during the dyeing process. The treatment of coloured salt laden effluent is one of the scorching issues in the textile processing house as it significantly increases the cost of the dyed goods. The coloured salt laden effluent generated after dyeing is to be treated by an effluent treatment process before being discharged. Removal of salt from effluent significantly increases the cost of dyed goods. Cationization of cotton is an effective way to eliminate usage of salt in reactive dyeing process. The aim of this study is to carry out industrial scale cationization of cotton hosiery fabrics by exhaust method followed by salt-free reactive dyeing with ultra-deep jet Black dye of shade 9.95%. Fabric without cationization treatment was dyed by conventional dyeing route which involves usage of salt for the same shade percentage. The colour strength of cationized dyed fabric was found to be almost equal to the conventionally dyed fabrics. The total dye fixation (%) of cationized cotton dyed fabric was 58.2%, whereas for conventional dyed cotton fabric it was 51.7%. The effluent parameters of the both routes were compared and it was found that for salt-free reactive dyeing process, the total dissolved solid (TDS) value was four times lower than the conventional dyeing process. Based on the results obtained, the usage of salt can be eliminated for cationized cotton fabric during reactive dyeing process.

Industrial scale salt-free reactive dyeing of cationized cotton fabric with different reactive dye chemistry

Dyeing of knitted cotton goods in the industry has been mostly with reactive dyes. Handling of salt laden coloured effluent arising out of dyeing process is one of the prime concerns of the industry. Cationization of cotton is one of the effective alternative to overcome the above problem. But for cationization to be successful at industrial scale it has to be carried out by exhaust process and should be adoptable for the various dye chemistries currently practiced in the industry. Hence, in the present work, industrial level exhaust method of cationization process was carried out with concentration of 40g/L and 80g/L. The fabrics were dyed with dyes of three different dye chemistry and assessed for its dyeing performance without the addition of salt. Dye shades ranging from medium to extra dark shades were produced without the addition of salt. This study will provide industries the recipe that can be adopted for cationized cotton fabric for the widely used reactive dyes at industrial level.

Adsorption behaviour of carbon black/latex by cationised cotton fabrics

A carbon black/latex dispersion was prepared by mini‐emulsion polymerisation, and its absorption behaviour towards cationised cotton fabric was investigated. The results indicated that the prepared carbon black/latex dispersion had excellent freeze–thaw stability. Cotton fabric that was cationised with 3 g/l of 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride at a liquor ratio of 30:1 can be optimally dyed with 4% owf carbon black/latex under the conditions of pH 7.2, 60 °C, and 1 h. The adsorption behaviour of the carbon black/latex towards cationised cotton fabric followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with a lower dyeing rate and a better colour levelness than the ordinary carbon black dispersion with binder.

Cationization of cotton using cattle hoof and horn for salt-free reactive dyeing

Cattle hoof and horn keratin hydrolysate from cattle hoofs and horns were successfully extracted and used to cationize cotton fabric. The effect of cationization was tested by dyeing the cationized cotton fabric using reactive dyes (cationized sample). The results were compared to conventionally dyed cotton fabric sample without cationization. The UV/VIS absorption result showed 6% improvement in exhaustion; the Color Eye K/S result gave 4.5% improvement in fixation and 6.8% in dye utilization for reactive dye (H-Reactive Red). Acceptable color fastness to washing (4/5) and light fastness (7) were achieved on cationized sample.

Improvement in Admicellar Polymerization of Polypyrrole on Cotton Fabric Using Precationization to Achieve High Electrical Conductivity

ABSTRACTThis study aims to modify admicellar polymerization (AP) of polypyrrole (PPy) by increasing the adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on cotton fabric. The PPy films were formed on the pristine and precationized cotton samples using the AP method. The samples were characterized by UV–Vis and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the standard two‐probe method. The adsorbed amounts of SDS showed an increase up to 37% in the cationized samples. Both infrared spectroscopy and SEM images confirmed the formation of PPy layers on uncationized and cationized cotton samples. The agglomeration of PPy particles was also appeared on the uncationized fibers. However, a uniform distribution of PPy films was observed for the cationized cotton fabrics. Furthermore, the conductivity of these samples enhanced up to 49% (with a 0.0212 S/cm electrical conductivity). It was concluded that cotton precationization could result in a fabric with a very low resistance or improved conductivity.

Salt-free reactive dyeing of betaine-modified cationic cotton fabrics with enhanced dye fixation

Novel cationic cotton fabrics were prepared by an efficient and simple one-step pad–dry–bake pretreatment process with betaine as cationic reagent. Ester bonds formed between cotton fibers and betaine hydrochloride were proved by Fourier transformed infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectra. Moreover, the properties of the cationic fabrics, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), tensile strength and whiteness and yellowness index, were investigated in comparison with that of the untreated ones. The cationic fabrics were applied in salt-free dyeing of C.I. Reactive Red 195, C.I. Reactive Yellow 145 and C.I. Reactive Blue 19. Different dye fixation processes were applied and compared for untreated and cationic cotton. Dye fixation and color fastness properties of the dyes were tested, and the results presented that dye fixation on the cationic fabrics in the absence of salt was improved with satisfactory light fastness property and applicable wash and rub fastnesses.

Simultaneous dyeing and functional finishing of cotton fabric using reactive dyes doped with TiO2 nano-sol

A new approach for simultaneous salt-free dyeing and functional finishing, i.e. UV protection and antibacterial properties of cotton fabric were studied. In this study, cotton fabric was cationized with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride. Two types of reactive dyes (CI Reactive red 120 and CI Reactive yellow 145) were doped with different amounts (0.035, 0.053, and 0.07 mol) of TiO2 nano-sol by sol–gel method and applied on cationized cotton fabric using pad–dry–steam method without the addition of salt. The chemical and morphological structures of the dyed fabrics were characterized by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. Different properties were investigated such as color strength, fixation, fastness properties (washing, rubbing, and light), UV blocking, antibacterial activity, and tensile strength. Samples dyed with titanium dyeing solutions exhibited better antibacterial efficacy and durable UV protection, with minimal impact on color depth and tensile strength compared with the samples dyed with commercial reactive dyes.

Dyeing and functional finishing of cotton fabric using Henna extract and TiO2 Nano-sol

A new approach for dyeing and functional finishing for cotton fabric using Henna extract and TiO2 nano-sol was investigated. In this study, 3-chloro-2-hydroxy propyl trimethylammonium chloride was used to substitute metallic mordants (heavy-metal salts) in pre-treating cotton fabric. This eventually will prevent heavy metal pollution as well as obtain dyeing without addition of salt. TiO2 nano-sol was prepared by sol-gel method using different amounts of tetraisopropyl orthotitanate (TTIP) and applied on cationized cotton fabrics using the same finishing formulation and treatment sequence. Treated fabrics were then dyed with Henna extract at different dyeing temperatures (60 ℃, 80 ℃, and 90 ℃). TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chemical and morphological structures of the dyed fabrics were characterized by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Color strength, fastness properties (washing, rubbing, and light), UV-blocking, antibacterial activity, and tensile strength were investigated. Samples treated with TiO2 and dyed with Henna extract exhibited outstanding enhancement in both the UV protection and antibacterial efficacy with minimal impact on color depth and tensile strength. Enhancement or decrement in the UV protection, antibacterial activity and dyeing properties are governed by the amount of TTIP and the dyeing temperature.

Dyeing properties of cationized and non-cationized cotton fabrics dyed with Vitis vinifera L. leaves extract

This study lays bare two main objectives. The first is to determine the amount of anthocyanins in the leaves of Vitis vinifera L. by the spectrophotometric method and the second is to dye cationized and non-cationized cotton fabrics with the V. vinifera L. leaves aqueous extract. We have thoroughly investigated the effects of dye bath pH and temperature on the dyeing proprieties of the aforementioned fabrics. The color strength (K/S value) of dyed cationized cotton fabrics (K/S = 12) has been better than the non-cationized ones (K/S = 4). Experimental results show that the fastness properties of dyed cationized cotton fabrics range from average to good. We find that the cationization of cotton fabrics has largely improved the dyeability and fastness properties of cotton fabrics dyed with V. vinifera L. leaves aqueous extract.

Anti-ultraviolet treatment by functionalizing cationized cotton with TiO2 nano-sol and reactive dye

A new approach for ultraviolet (UV) protection of cotton fabrics based on TiO2 nano-sol and reactive dye was studied. Cotton fabrics were cationized with different amounts of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride. TiO2 nano-sol was prepared by the sol-gel method using tetraisopropyl orthotitanate and applied on cationized cotton fabrics with different quantities using the same finishing formulation and treatment sequence. Treated fabrics were then dyed with various concentrations of BH-3RS-Reactive yellow 176. Samples were further tested for UV protection factor, color strength, color fastness to washing, durability and tensile strength. The chemical and morphological structures of the coated fabrics were characterized by attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. Cationized cotton fabrics treated with TiO2 nano-sol and dyed with reactive dye showed better UV protection with slight reduction in color depth ( K/ S) and tensile strength.

Valorization of the leaves of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) as natural dyes fixed on modified cotton: A dyeing process optimization based on a response surface methodology

Dyes obtained from different natural sources have emerged as an important alternative to synthetic dyes due to their negative ecotoxicological effects on the environment. In this study, natural colourant from the leaves of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) was valorized in the dyeing of cationized cotton fabrics. The influence of the main dyeing conditions (dye bath pH, dyeing temperature, and dyeing duration) on the performances of this dyeing process was studied. The dyeing performances of this process were appreciated by measuring the colour yield (K/S) and the fastness properties of the dyed samples. A surface design with the help of Minitab 15 software was used for optimization of the dyeing process and evaluation of interaction effects of different operating parameters. The optimum conditions for dyeing process were found to be pH of 8.22, dyeing temperature of 99.83°C and dyeing duration of 59.38min. In addition, it was found that the dye bath of cationized cotton with Croscolor DRT absorbed polyphenols compounds and reduced the Biological Oxygen Demand COD and BOD5 of the dyeing bath.

High efficiency ultra-deep dyeing of cotton via mercerization and cationization

A potentially environmentally responsible dyeing procedure for ultra-deep shades on cotton was developed using a cationization method in combination with mercerization. The effects of both treatments on dyeing performance and colorfastness properties of cotton fabrics dyed with reactive dyes were analyzed individually and in combination. Both mercerization and cationization have been proved to be effective in increasing the depth of shade on cotton. The colorfastness properties, except colorfastness to wet crocking, of mercerized–cationized cotton fabrics dyed without salt were much better than untreated cotton dyed using a conventional dyeing procedure. Unlike untreated cotton fabrics, the concentration of Na2CO3 in the dyeing process of mercerized–cationized cotton fabrics was lowered from 20 to 5 g/L without compromising dye fixation and colorfastness properties. With low concentrations of dyes and Na2CO3 and no electrolyte in the dye bath effluent, the dyeing procedure of mercerized–cationized cotton fabrics for ultra-deep shades is potentially a more environmentally benign method than conventional dyeing with reactive dyes.

Preparation of multifunctional cationized cotton fabric based on TiO2 nanomaterials

A novel approach for imparting multi-functional properties, i.e., UV-protecting, self-cleaning, water repellent as well as anti-bacterial properties onto cotton fabric is described. This research mainly deals with ecofriendly multifunctional cationized cotton fabrics using nanomaterialss based on TiO2 nanoparticles. In this study cotton fabric was cationized with two durable cationizing agent, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (Quat 188) and diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC) using pad-batch method. The application of TiO2 nanomaterials on cotton 100% fabrics was achieved by using 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxilic acids [BTCA] as polycarboxilic cid cross linker with Sodium hypophosphite (SHP) as catalyst through conventional pad-dry-cure method. UV-protection, antibacterial and self-cleaning performances are investigated. Water repellent property of treated cationized cotton fabric post treated with stearic acid was also investigated.

Ultrasound-assisted adsorption of anionic nanoscale pigment on cationised cotton fabrics

Application of pigments in textile coloring has many advantages such as less water and energy consumption, less effluent load and higher efficiency, so the pigments are perfect alternatives to dyes for eco-friendly coloring. In this work, a stable anionic nanoscale pigment suspension was prepared using a polymeric dispersant to color the cationised cotton with the exhaust method. Meanwhile, ultrasound was carried out during the adsorption to evaluate the ultrasonic influences on the uptake of pigment, adsorption efficiency and final product quality. The uptake of pigment is found to be higher with ultrasonic method than that with conventional technique because of the good dispersing capacity of ultrasound to pigment particles. Besides, it is found that nanoscale pigment has higher adsorption rate when using ultrasonic method because the ultrasound promotes the diffusion of pigment through the fiber–liquid boundary layer. Lastly, the color difference (ΔE) reveals the nanoscale pigment can be deposited on cotton surface more uniformly under ultrasonic condition, improving the product quality obviously.

Novel water‐soluble metallophthalocyanines supported on cotton fabric

In this study, two novel phthalonitrile derivatives were firstly prepared starting from 4‐nitrophthalonitrile: substitution of the nitro group with 3‐mercaptopropionic acid and 4‐mercaptobenzoic acid gave two precursors, namely, 4‐(carboxyethylsulphanyl) phthalonitrile and 4‐(carboxyphenylsulphanyl)phthalonitrile. Zinc(ii), copper(ii) and cobalt(ii) metallophthalocyanines bearing four carboxylic acid groups on the periphery were prepared by cyclotetramerisation of the new precursors in the presence of the corresponding divalent metal salts. The new compounds were characterised by elemental analyses, infrared, ultraviolet–visible, mass and proton nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. All these newly synthesised water‐soluble metallophthalocyanine derivatives were supported on cationic cotton fabrics in the presence of ammonia solution and sodium hydroxide and the dyeing effectiveness, levelness and fastness of these novel dyed fabrics were investigated. These novel dyed fabrics are considered to be useful in the textile industry and also in optical and catalytic applications, especially for air‐purifying materials in air conditioners.

Ecological dyeing with some plant pulps on woolen yarn and cationized cotton fabric

Since early times, Isparta (Turkey) has been one of the most important cultural city which gained fame by rose production and traditional carpets. There are many factories that process rose crop and the other plants in order to obtain oil. In this study some plant wastes such as rosemary, rose, lavender, mate tea extracts which create serious environmental pollution as natural dyes were used to obtain ecological dyeing on cationized cotton fabric and woolen yarn without metal salts. The effect of extraction and dyeing time, salt and bio-mordant (citric acid and sodium carbonate) concentration on the dyeing of woolen yarn was studied for the optimization of one-batch dyeing conditions. When copper sulfate was used as a mordant in dyeing, amount of copper both in the waste water and on the fabric was found to be over the restriction limits. Although the cost estimates of natural dyeing is greater than synthetic dyeing by 17.39%, natural one is advantageous in terms of human health and environmental aspects.

The adsorptive and hydrolytic performance of cellulase on cationised cotton

In this research, the cotton fabrics were cationised by a cationic agent to change their surface electric properties. The cationised cotton fabrics were then bio-polished by cellulase to explore the influence of cationisation on the adsorptive and hydrolytic performance of cellulase. The experimental results from cellulase adsorption reveal the cationisation of cotton can obviously improve the binding efficiency of cellulase protein mainly by the improved electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged cellulase and cationised cotton. The adsorption parameters calculated can further prove this improvement trend. Through measuring the concentration of reducing sugars released and weight loss of cotton during the bio-polishing, it is found the hydrolytic activity toward cotton is partially damaged by the cationisation. The reason can be attributed to the movement restriction and dysfunction of cellulase protein by the cationisation.

Investigating the adsorption performance of nanoscale pigment on cationized cotton substrate

In this research, a nanoscale suspension of phthalocyanine blue pigment was prepared with the assistance of a polymeric dispersant using a micro-jet milling method. The analysis of particle size distribution indicates that the pigment has a.80nm particle size in suspension. The zeta potential measurement shows that the polymeric dispersant can offer zeta potentials over -30mv on the pigment surface, which can ensure the pigment suspension in good stability. The adsorption properties of this nanoscale pigment on cationized cotton fabrics were investigated, and factors affecting the pigment adsorption such as bath pH, salt concentration and time were studied. The kinetics of pigment adsorption was studied by using the pseudo first-order kinetic model, and the adsorption rate constant k1, half adsorption time t1/2 and adsorption activation energy Ea were calculated, respectively.

Electrostatic self‐assembly dyeing of cotton fabrics

A new approach to the dyeing of cotton fabrics using an electrostatic self‐assembly method was evaluated. Cotton fabrics were pretreated with 2,3‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonuium chloride and cationic charges were produced on the fabric surfaces. For the dyeing of cotton fabric, reactive and acid dyes were used. Oppositely charged anionic reactive/acid dyes and cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) were alternately deposited on the surface of cationised cotton fabrics. Ten multilayer films of dye/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) were deposited on the cotton fabric surfaces using a padder. The build‐up of the multilayer films and the level of colour strength (K/S) achieved are discussed. Samples of cotton fabrics were also dyed with the same dyes, but using the exhaust method, and both types of dyed samples were compared. The washing, rubbing and light fastness properties were evaluated for the dyed fabrics.