Cationized Cotton Fabrics Research Articles

Bactericidal action of cost-effective colorimetric acid-base sensor of dyed cotton-based fabrics as a promising wound dressing mat

Acid-base sensitive fabrics is considered as one of interesting features for smart textile applications; therefore, this work presents a simple treatment of cotton fabric with 3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) followed by dyeing with curcumin dye. On the contrary, the dyed cationized cotton fabric exhibited a rough surface owing to the curcumin dye adsorption onto the surface of cationized cotton fabric. The interesting acid-base sensitivity of the dyed (dyed cationized cotton) fabric was observed and the color of dyed cationized cotton was changed from brownish yellow color to bright yellow color in acidic pH up to 6 while by increase the pH than 8 the color changed from brownish yellow to reddish brown color. The color change can easily be observed by naked eye. It was found that, dyed cationized cotton fabric exhibit the highest bactericidal activity compared with the undyed cationized cotton fabric, and untreated cotton fabric, which possessed the lowest antibacterial effect. The results show that a more serious case for dyeing cotton fabric leads to bacterial cell membrane permeability than untreated cotton fabric or a control group. Furthermore, the research showed that untreated, cationized and dyed/cationized cotton fabrics are unaffected by negative reactions. The dyeing process increased the functional performance of cotton fabric, as they have better anti-adhering capability. This technique can be tailored for biomedical especially with wound dressing, which designed to prevent the biofilm formation. Results obtained in this work recommend that dyed cationized cotton fabric with curcumin is an excellent pH sensitive for wound dressing material that can prevent the bacterial infection and control of biofilm adhesion.

Antimicrobial Coatings for Medical Textiles via Reactive Organo-Selenium Compounds.

Bleached and cationized cotton fabrics were chemically modified with reactive organoselenium compounds through the nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction, which allowed for organo-selenium attachment onto the surface of cotton fabrics via covalent bonds and, in the case of the cationized cotton fabric, additional ionic interactions. The resulting textiles exhibited potent bactericidal activity against S. aureus (99.99% reduction), although only moderate activity was observed against E. coli. Fabrics treated with reactive organo-selenium compounds also exhibited fungicidal activities against C. albicans, and much higher antifungal activity was observed when organo-selenium compounds were applied to the cationized cotton in comparison to the bleached cotton. The treatment was found to be durable against rigorous washing conditions (non-ionic detergent/100 °C). This paper is the first report on a novel approach integrating the reaction of cotton fabrics with an organo-selenium antimicrobial agent. This approach is attractive because it provides a method for imparting antimicrobial properties to cotton fabrics which does not disrupt the traditional production processes of a textile mill.

Polymer dots loaded fabric as quenching florescence sensor for selective detection of gold

Polymer dots (PDs) as a type of carbon-based nanomaterials are characterized with excellent photoluminescence. Gold is known to be very reactive and potentially noxious for human being. Herein, an investigative methodology is demonstrated for exploiting acrylate wastes for clustering of florescent PDs to be sequentially applied as optical sensors for detection of gold ions (Au3+) in aquatic media. The synthesized PDs were successively immobilized within cationized cotton fabrics that acted as a supporting scaffold to prepare PDs@Fabric for sensitive and selective florescent detection of Au3+ to be commercialized with accurate and satisfactory results. Florescent PDs (5.6 ± 2.1 nm) with zetapotential ranged in −6.5, were successively immobilized within cellulose matrix of cationized cotton for preparation PDs@Fabric to act as quenching florescence scaffold for detection of Au3+ in aquatic media. The florescence response of PDs@Fabric was linear with respect to Au3+ concentration over range of 5 mM to 60 mM with a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9895 at low concentrations (5–30 mM), owing to the static quenching mechanism. Meaning that, the fluorescence of PDs was quenched by Au3+ due to chemical coordination between Au3+ and the decorative groups on the surface of PDs, indicating their excellent selectivity to Au3+.

Regulating the Alkyl Chain Length of Quaternary Ammonium Salt to Enhance the Inkjet Printing Performance on Cationic Cotton Fabric with Reactive Dye Ink.

Cationic modification of cotton fabric was an effective way to improve the inkjet printing performance with reactive dye ink. However, there were few research studies that focused on the effect of the cationic agent structure, especially the alkyl chain length of the quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) cationic modifier, on the K/S value, dye fixation, and diffusion of inkjet-printed cotton fabric. In our work, different alkyl chain lengths of QAS were synthesized, and the inkjet printing performance of cationic cotton fabrics treated with different QASs was investigated. Compared with untreated cotton fabric, the K/S value and dye fixation of cationic cotton fabric treated with different QASs improved by 10.7 to 69.3% and 16.9 to 27.7%, respectively. With the increase in alkyl chain length of QAS, the interaction force between anionic reactive dyes and cationic QAS gradually increased mainly due to the fact that more N-positive ions on the quaternary ammonium group were exposed under the action of steric hindrance of alkyl chain length through the XPS spectrum. The electrostatic attraction between cationic cotton and reactive dye contributed to the diffusion of reactive dye into the fiber interior and enhanced the reaction probability of nucleophilic substitution reaction between monochlorotriazine reactive dye and the hydroxyl group of cotton fabric. The antibacterial result of the inkjet-printed cotton fabric indicated that when the alkyl chain length of QAS was higher than 8, the cationic cotton fabric obtained good antibacterial property.

Chemical Modification of Cotton Fabrics with Polyhexamethylene Guanidine for Salt-Free Dyeing with Reactive Dyes

ABSTRACT To realize clean dyeing of cotton fabrics, a new modification process was proposed. First, oxidized cotton fabrics were obtained by using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl radical and sodium hypochlorite in the form of selective oxidation. Cationic cotton fabrics were prepared by the Schiff base reaction between polyhexamethylene guanidine and oxidized cotton fabrics. The chemical structure and surface morphology of the modified cotton fabrics were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. Salt-free dyeing of modified cotton fabrics with four commercial reactive dyes was carried out, which was compared with the raw cotton fabrics dyed in the conventional dyeing. The result revealed that the color fastness of cotton cloth before and after modification was similar. The exhaustion rate and the total utilization of modified cotton fabrics increased by 20–30% and 30%, respectively. At the same time, the fixation rate reached more than 90%. In addition, mechanical properties of modified fabrics could be fully met with the application standard for dyed fabrics.

Cationisation of Cotton with Natural Source Based Gelatin for Salt-Free Reactive Dyeing of Cationised Cotton

ABSTRACT Cotton fabric was chemically modified with gelatin, extracted from fleshing waste of collagen by thermal hydrolysis process to increase the dyeing capability of reactive dye. Gelatin imparts new functional groups with fabric and develops Ammonia ion in slightly acid conditions to obtain cationized cotton fabric permit salt and alkali-free reactive dyeing with acceptable shade depth. The imparting of gelatin on the cotton fabric was confirmed by FTIR, UV/VIS absorption, and K/S values. The result shows that they have advantage of high dye utilization and better fastness. Color fastness of treated dyed fabric was equal to the untreated dyed fabric and obtained 4/5 washing fastness, 5 rubbing fastnesses, and 4/5 perspiration fastness. The UV/VIS absorption results show 6.4% improvement in exhaustion and K/S results have 7% improvement in fixation and 9.4% in dye utilization to that of untreated dyeing with salt. Cationized fabric not only increased the exhaustion of the dye but also improved the crease resistance angle at 120° due to the formation of cross-linkage between amide group and the carboxylic acid. To obtain the expected results, cationization was done at alkaline media and the optimum parameter was determined, whereas dyeing conducted at slightly acidic media with optimum parameters.

GRAFTING OF BORON-NITROGEN-DOPED CARBON QUANTUM DOTS ON COTTON FABRIC FOR IMPARTING ANTI-ULTRAVIOLET PROPERTIES

"In order to improve the anti-ultraviolet property and laundering durability of cotton fabrics, the cotton fabrics were cationized with epoxy propyl trimethylammonium chloride, and then boron-nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (BN-CQDs) were grafted onto the cationized cotton fabrics by the chemical reaction between the quaternary ammonium cation on the cotton fabrics and the carboxyl functional group on the surface of BN-CQDs. The structure, the ultraviolet protection performance and washing durability of the cotton fabrics grafted with BN-CQDs were characterized and tested. The results showed that the resultant cotton fabrics modified with BN-CQDs exhibited a very high ultraviolet protection factor (UPF). Even after 20 consecutive washings, the UPF value was still as high as 75.3, suggesting the promising potential of the modified fabrics as UV protective materials and their excellent laundering durability."

Chemical-Free Dyeing of Cotton With Functional Natural Dye: A Pollution-Free and Cleaner Production Approach

This study is a novel approach toward the development of a chemical-free and sustainable textile dyeing process with minimum environmental risks. Cotton fabrics were cationized with (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride in four concentrations and subsequently dyed with the black tea extract. Eco-friendly colorant extraction from raw black tea leaves was carried out in aqueous media avoiding the use of hazardous organic solvents. The major coloring components in the black tea extract are polyphenols like theaflavins and thearubigin. Cationized cotton fabrics were dyed in four different shade depths without employing auxiliary chemicals in the dyeing process. For comparison, un-cationized cotton was dyed with the same extract in the same shades. It was observed that un-cationized cotton samples exhibited very low color strength (K/S) values and excellent colorfastness rating. However, the cationized samples showed remarkable enhancement in their color strength with an increase in the concentration of the cationizing agent. Furthermore, colorfastness to washing, rubbing, and perspiration was excellent, but lightfastness was poor. Deep shades (K/S = 8.996) were obtained for cotton sample cationized (20 g/l) and dyed (6%) shades. Thus, the extraction of natural colorants without toxic solvents, economically viable surface modification of cotton, and chemical-free dyeing render the dyeing process cleaner, sustainable, and practicable at an industrial scale. The textile units could easily adopt this approach to regulate a pollution-free dyeing process without modifying their existing infrastructure.

Natural Dyeing of Modified Cotton Fabric with Cochineal Dye.

Natural dyes are not harmful to the environment owing to their biodegradability. For dye application to textiles, salts are necessary as mordant or electrolytes and make an environmental impact. In this paper, the influence of cationization during mercerization to the dyeing of cotton fabric with natural dye from Dactylopius coccus was researched. For this purpose, bleached cotton fabric as well as fabric cationized with Rewin OS was pre-mordanted using iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O) and dyed with natural cochineal dye with and without electrolyte addition. For the characterization of surface changes after cationization, an electrokinetic analysis on SurPASS was performed and compared to pre-mordanting. For determination of dye exhaustion, the analysis of dye solution was performed on a UV/VIS spectrophotometer Cary 50 Solascreen. Spectrophotometric analysis was performed using a Datacolor 850 spectrophotometer, measuring remission ”until tolerance” and the whiteness degree, color parameters, color depth (K/S), and colorfastness of dyed fabric were calculated. Levelness was determined by visual assessment. Cationized cotton fabrics showed better absorption and colorfastness. Pre-mordanting and cationization showed synergism. The electrolytes improved the process of dye absorption. However, when natural dyeing was performed on cotton fabric cationized during mercerization, similar chromacity, uniform color, and colorfastness were achieved with and without electrolyte, resulting in pure purple hue of cochineal. For achieving a violet hue, pre-mordanting with Fe-salt was needed. Therefore, salt can be reduced or even unnecessary, which makes this process of natural dyeing more environmentally friendly.

Reactive Dyeing of Cationized Cotton Fabric: The Effect of Cationization Level

Reactive Dyeing of Cationized Cotton Fabric: The Effect of Cationization Level

Durable UV-blocking Property of Cotton Fabrics with Nanocomposite Coating Based on Graphene Oxide/ZnO Quantum Dot via Water-based Self-assembly

Yellow emission zinc oxide (ZnO) quantum dots were prepared by hydrolysis of zinc acetate dehydrate and potassium hydroxide in methanol solution. The structure and luminescence of the ZnO nanoparticles were investigated through X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The UV-blocking coating was deposited on the surfaces of cotton fabrics by water-based self-assembly between cationized cotton fabrics and ZnO quantum dots as well as graphene oxide. The UV-blocking property of as-coated cotton fabrics was evaluated by UV protection factor (UPF). Even after 20 consecutive launderings, the UPF value of the resultant cotton fabric still reached 57.6, suggesting promising potential as UV protective materials and excellent laundering durability.

Simultaneous low‐salt dyeing and anti‐bacterial finishing of cotton fabric with reactive dye and N‐halamine

AbstractA reactive dye, Novacron Deep Orange S‐4R, and an anti‐bacterial precursor, 4‐(4‐(2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidinol)‐6‐chloro‐1,3,5‐triazinylamino)‐benzenesulphonate, both of which are monohalogenated‐s‐triazine–based compounds, were chosen for the simultaneous dyeing and anti‐bacterial finishing of cotton fabric. To effectively reduce the emissions of pollutants and the dosage of sodium sulphate added during dyeing and finishing, a cationisation reagent, 2,3‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride, was used to modify cotton fabric before dyeing and finishing. The cationised cotton fabrics obtained 0.18% active chlorine loadings and good dye depth after the simultaneous dyeing and finishing process with low addition of sodium sulphate. The chlorinated fabrics inactivated all inoculated Staphylococcus aureus (Gram‐positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram‐negative) within 10 minutes of contact. The treated cotton fabric maintained high breaking strength as well as good washing stability.

Multifunction Finishing of Cellulose Based Fabrics via 3-Chloro-2-Hydroxypropyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (Quat-188) and Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) to Improve its Dyeability and Antibacterial

The main goal of this study is to modify cotton as cellulose-based fabrics through cationization to improve its dyeing with acid dyes and its antibacterial. Quat-188 was applied to cotton to prepare cationized cotton, overcoming the negative charges between cotton and acid dyes during the dyeing process without using any electrolyte via the pad-dry-cure method. Then the cationized cotton fabrics were treated with the prepared silver nanoparticles to improve their antibacterial properties. The untreated and treated cotton fabrics were dyed with two acid dyes Acid Brilliant Blue PB 100% (acid blue 25; AB25) and Acid Metanil Yellow MT 100% (acid yellow 36) at concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6% of by exhaust method. Colour strength, color, and washing fastness of untreated and treated cotton fabrics were studied. Antibacterial properties of fabrics were also evaluated against S. aureus and E. coli by using the disk diffusion method. Dyeing properties showed that the treated cotton fabrics significantly improved color strength and fastness properties (light, washing, perspiration, and rubbing). Also, the antibacterial properties of treated cotton fabrics showed antibacterial activity towards tested bacteria. This study reveals that modified cotton fabrics via cationization with Quat-188 and AgNPs have multifunctional properties from their ability for acid dyes and their higher antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that is can be used in many applications.

Application of Natural Amino Acid Extracted from Soybean on Egyptian cotton

The aim of this paper was to research how coating of Egyptian cotton fabric with renewable source of natural amino acids extracted from soybean seed waste would influence the textile to be coated and how it affects the penetration of reactive dyestuff. Cationization have been studied on scoured and mercerized cotton fabrics for achieving electropositive charge and better adsorption properties and the optimum conditions were determined. The changes in surface morphology of fabrics after cationization were identified by FTIR spectroscopy analysis. The results revealed obtained that the color measurements, tensile strength, elongation and fastness properties of cationized cotton fabrics has improved compared with the untreated fabrics. An important advantage of cationic treatment is in the economical and environmental impact by using the waste of soybean and minimize the environmental problems occurred in reactive dyeing by making salt-free reactive dyeing.

Highly hydrophobic and UV protective properties of cotton fabric using layer by layer self-assembly technique

Electrostatic self-assembly layer by layer technique was used to immobilize ZnO/SiO2 nanocompsite on cationized cotton fabric. This occurs via the sequential dipping of cotton fabric in dilute solutions of poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and ZnO/SiO2 colloidal suspension nanocomposite of different concentration ratios 1:0, 0:1, 1:1, 2:1, 1:2, and 2:2. The formation of multilayer thin film on cotton fabric creates different functional properties. UV protection properties were monitored at the ratio of (Zn/Si) as well as the number of layers. In the case of 1(Bilayer)BL and 5(Bilayer)BL, increasing the ratio of (ZnO/SiO2) within the nano composite (ZnO/SiO2) ratio, the UPF increases and the results indicate that the best ultraviolet protection factor is obtained when the Zn/Si ratio is 2. Additionally, dyeing the treated fabric often enhanced protection against ultra violet rays. FTIR spectra were utilized to distinguish the existence of effective groups on the surface of the treated cotton. Scanning electron microscopy studies confirmed successful deposition of the PDDA/(ZnO/SiO2) nanocomposite. Moreover, cotton fibers connected together because of the increased coating density and their surface become rougher. Post treatment by stearic acid rendered the fabric water repellent property. Other physical properties such as tensile strength as well as breathability of the cotton fabric were investigated.

Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching of Cationized Cotton Fabric

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the most commonly used bleaching agent for cotton fabric. However, the conventional H2O2 bleaching formula is not applicable for cationized cotton due to the low whiteness index after bleaching, fabric weakening, and a significant loss of cationic sites. In this work, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) was added in the H2O2 bleaching formula to stabilize the bleaching system for cationized cotton. Additionally, a screening experiment with temperature and time, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), H2O2, and MgSO4 concentrations as the factors, and whiteness index, bursting strength, and color strength from dyeing as the responses, was formulated. A statistical model was created using JMP software, which demonstrated how the bleaching conditions influenced the fabric properties. This procedure can be useful for bleaching cationized cotton in production settings.

Facile salt‐free process for cotton fabric dyeing: Pad‐irradiate‐pad‐steam process using 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride

AbstractSevere effluent pollution has set new requirements for eliminating the use of salts during the reactive dyeing of cotton. In this study, 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride was used as an etherifying agent via a pad‐irradiate‐pad‐steam process with a reactive dye to cationize cotton. The fabric underwent a microwave‐assisted pad‐irradiate process, and the cationic fabric was dyed salt‐free using a reactive dye in a pad‐steam process. The influence of etherifying conditions on the nitrogen content, grafting efficiency of the cotton samples, and dyeing properties of cationic cotton fabrics were investigated. Cationic cotton samples have the same dyeability with a reactive dye without salt as with dyes used in a conventional pad‐dry‐pad‐steam process because of the increase in the electrostatic attraction between the dye and the cationic cotton. Such an approach that eliminates salts is beneficial to environmental protection. Properties of the dyed cotton (such as color evenness, washing, and rubbing fastness) obtained using the reactive dye made the cotton fabric wearable enough to satisfy standard requirements.

Reactive dye/poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate-co-trimethyl(vinylbenzyl) ammonium chloride) nanospheres with high coloration performance for cleaner dyeing of cotton fabrics

The low utilization of dyestuff in textile coloration leads to serious environmental pollution and wasting of resources. Dye/polymer nanospheres have high absorbing, reflecting and scattering light properties due to the large specific surface area, the regular shape, and the uniform size. In the present study, we report the reactive dye/poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-trimethyl ammonium chloride) composite nanosphere as a highly efficient colorant for cationic cotton fabrics. The dye contents of the four colored nanospheres can reach to 217–404 mg/g. The hydration diameters of the composite nanospheres are 83–101 nm for four different reactive dyes. They have the negative zeta potentials, approximately − 25.3 to − 37.6 mV. The reactive dye/copolymer nanospheres exhibit much more powerful coloration ability for cotton fabrics and higher dye utilization than the ordinary reactive dyes. The color depths of cotton fabrics dyed with colored nanospheres are 2.8, 4.9, 10.6 and 4.2 times of the values of the corresponding dye colored samples. The dye/copolymer nanospheres have much larger color gamut than the ordinary dyes. The color durability and levelness of the dye/copolymer nanospheres on cotton fibers are good enough for practical applications. What’s more important is that the residual dye/copolymer nanospheres in the dye bath can be reused in the next dyeing process. This novel nanosphere dyeing method does not only save the colorants but also avoid the discharging of colored sewage. The reactive dye/poly(St-BA-VBT) nanospheres were successfully fabricated by adding the cationic poly(St-BA-VBT) nanospheres dispersions into reactive dye solutions. This article offered a novel dyeing method for cotton fabrics using dye/poly(St-BA-VBT) nanospheres. These colored nanospheres can endow the cotton fabrics with good color performance and avoid the discharging of colored waste water, which provide a green way for textile coloration.

Wound dressing properties of cationized cotton fabric treated with carrageenan/cyclodextrin hydrogel loaded with honey bee propolis extract

The current study was set to prepare a delivery system based on a mixture of biodegradable polymeric hydrogel (i.e., carrageenan (κ-CAR) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)) for encapsulating honey bee propolis extract (HBP). The crosslinking agent; glyoxal was incorporated to increase the insolubility of the HBP-loaded hydrogel to fit the cotton fabric treatments. The synthesized hydrogels were fully characterized to examine their surface and internal morphology and to visualize the chemical interaction between κ-CAR and β-CD via SEM and FTIR techniques. The SEM pictures ensured the existent of many pores within the formed hydrogel. The swelling properties of κ–CAR/β-CD/HBP were also studied in terms of glyoxal and HBP concentrations which displayed water holding with higher mechanical properties. Furthermore, in vitro release assessment of HBP from κ–CAR/β-CD hydrogel was also studied at pH 7.6. Therefore, κ–CAR/β-CD/HBP hydrogel was successfully used as fining compound for the cationized cotton fabrics. The data obtained emphasized that the surface of cationized cotton fabrics was deposited and penetrated with a film of κ–CAR/β-CD/HBP. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of the treated cationized fabric was evaluated against many species of bacteria and fungus producing highly inhibition zone at lower concentrations of HBP. Accordingly, the cationized cotton fabric treated with κ–CAR/β-CD/HBP has a high potential in the wound healing fabrics.

Kvašenje i namakanje bolničkog zaštitnog tekstila

Moisture management, as one of the key performance criteria in terms of fabric comfort, specifically on cotton fabrics intended for use in a hospital environment, was investigated in this paper. For this purpose, commercial cotton fabrics for surgical gowns and hospital linen were used, as well as standard cotton fabrics treated with various cationic antimicrobial protection agents. The antimicrobial properties were achieved by cationization with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride, or reactive polyammonium compounds Rewin OS; and by treatment with quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), N-cetylpyridinium chloride (N-CPC) and cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB), which act as surfactants and antiseptics. Standard cotton fabric has excellent hydrophilicity, fast absorption and spreading, large spreading area and good one-way transport. It is characterized as Moisture management fabric. Hospital white linen fabric has a water repellent finish; however, it is breathable and can be characterized as a Water penetration fabric. Hospital green fabric for gowns and instrument covers, due to dyestuff blocking the active groups have smaller absorption, and is characterized as Fast absorbing and quick drying fabric. Cotton fabrics have negative zeta potential. Cationization change surface charge, as well as antimicrobial activity. In MMT both cationized cotton fabrics are characterized as Fast absorbing and quick drying fabric, as they have fast wetting, absorption and spreading, a large spreading area, but poor one-way transport. For the QAC treated fabrics this effect is more enhanced. However, these fabrics have excellent antimicrobial activity even after desorption. Based on the results of wetting and wicking, zeta potential and antimicrobial activity, CPB treatment is proposed for the processing of cotton fabrics.