Cationic Emulsion Research Articles

Synthesis and Properties of Linear Polyether-Blocked Amino Silicone-Modified Cationic Waterborne Polyurethane

In this study, a waterborne polyurethane (WPU) is synthesized by using polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG) to form the soft segment, 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as the chain extender, n-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) as a hydrophilic chain extender, and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to form the hard segment. Furthermore, the modified cationic WPU emulsion and its films are created through a reaction between the WPU and a linear polyether-blocked amino silicone (LEPS), which is an organosilicon compound that imparts flexibility. The properties of the structure and formed WPU films are then characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, a thermogravimetric analysis, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, as well as by measuring the water contact angle, testing the water absorption, etc. It is found that, with an increase in the LEPS content in the WPU, the particle size of the modified WPU emulsion is increased, the WPU films are more flexible, and the resistance of the modified WPU films to heat and water are increased, while the crystallinity is reduced. The polysiloxane chain segment, which is added to the LEPS-modified WPU emulsion, is significantly enriched on the surface of the modified WPU films, while there are no adverse effects of the LEPS-modified WPU emulsion on the adhesive force between the WPU and substrate. When the LEPS content of the WPU is 14.0 wt%, the modified WPU emulsion and film provide the best performance.

Cationic polyacrylamide emulsion with ultra-high concentration as a flocculant for paper mill wastewater treatment

Cationic polyacrylamide emulsions prepared with ultra-high concentration (CPAME-uhc) have the advantages of fast dissolution, convenient operation, and low transportation cost. In order to further improve the molecular weight, solubility, and temperature/salt resistance of CPAME-uhc, in this study the preparation process of CPAME-uhc was optimized, and the effects of solubilizing agents and functional monomers on solubility and temperature/ salt resistance of CPAME-uhc were evaluated. Finally, the flocculation performance of CPAME-uhc on papermaking wastewater was examined. The results showed that the molecular weight of CPAME-uhc can be increased to 14 to 15 million by process optimization, and the solubility of CPAME-uhc can be greatly increased by adding urea and Na2SO4. The temperature/salt resistance of CPAME-uhc can be improved by adding 2 wt% N,N-dimethylacrylamide, 2 wt% N-vinylpyrrolidone, and 5 wt% sodium 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropionate, based on the total monomer weight. When CPAME-uhc was added to papermaking wastewater the removal percentages of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solid (SS) were 95% and 93%, respectively. This study provides a useful reference for the preparation, optimization and application of CPAME-uhc.

Effect of Emulsifier on the Structure and Properties of Waterborne Silicone Antifouling Coating

Three-component waterborne silicone antifouling coatings, which could cured at room temperature, were prepared, respectively, with cationic (stearyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) or anionic (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate) silicone emulsion as a film-forming substance, γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane as a curing agent and dibutyltin dilaurate as a catalyst. The effect of emulsifier on the structure and properties of silicone coating was studied. The results showed that the coating with cationic silicone emulsion had high crosslinking density, and its surface is smooth. The surface of the coating prepared by the anionic silicone emulsion is rough. Emulsifier type had no obvious effect on the surface free energy of the waterborne silicone coating. The coatings have the characteristics of low surface energy and excellent bacterial desorption properties. Stearyl trimethyl ammonium bromide in the cured coating can reduce the adhesion of marine bacteria on the coating surface. Both the emulsifiers can inhibit the activity of Navicula Tenera. The waterborne silicone coating prepared by cationic silicone emulsion has better comprehensive mechanical properties and antifouling performance.

Stability and rheology of asphalt-emulsion under varying acidic and alkaline levels

Asphalt-emulsion is a cleaner material in pavement constructions, which can substantially reduce energy consumption and emissions. Stability and rheology are critical issues in the applications of asphalt-emulsion. Asphalt-emulsion CSS-1h, used in this study, is a cationic slow-setting emulsion. Stability and rheology are, to some extent, determined by the interactions of asphalt and water in asphalt-emulsion. The objective of this study was to investigate the interactions of asphalt and water in asphalt-emulsion under different acidic and alkaline levels, which are reflected in the stability and rheological behaviors of CSS-1h. In order to achieve this goal, the original CSS-1h was mixed with the contents of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions and then measured to determine its moisture retention during oven heating for characterizing the emulsification stability under different acidic and alkaline levels. The Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) experiments evaluated the apparent viscosity of asphalt-emulsions and the rutting indicator of their residues. In addition, the microscopic properties of the asphalt-emulsions were characterized using the Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR analyzed the influence of acidic and alkaline levels on the microscopic properties of CSS-1h using molecular chemistry. The results concluded that the acidic and alkaline levels have significant effects on the functional groups in asphalt-emulsions and their residues, as well as on the interactions of asphalt and water, which in turn affects the stability and rheology of the cationic asphalt-emulsions.

Rheological Properties Comparing Hot and Cold Bituminous Mastics Containing Jet Grouting Waste

The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement is a practice that is adding significant environmental value to road technologies, not only due to the reduction of materials sent to landfill but also because of the mechanical properties of the reclaimed asphalt (RA) that can be reused. This research focuses on the rheological properties of hot and cold bituminous mastics made up as follows: (1) hot mastics mixed with limestone filler (LF) and bitumen, (2) hot mastics, made from bitumen mixed with jet grouting waste (JW), a mixture of water, cement, and soil derived from land consolidation work in underground tunnels, and (3) hot mastics mixed with LF and JW as filler and bitumen. Three different ratios (0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) of filler per unit of neat bitumen (B50/70) were studied. The same number was used for mixing cold mastics, by using an appropriate laboratory protocol designed since the adoption of a cationic bituminous emulsion. A total of 18 mastics were prepared and investigated. The comparison was carried out using the frequency sweep (FS) test, analysing shear modulus G∗, applying the multistress creep and recovery (MSCR) test (40°C and 60°C) as well as the delta ring and ball (ΔR&B) test, focusing on two main issues: (1) the stiffening effect caused by the filler type used for mixing each mastic, and (2) a comparison, in terms of stiffening effects and nonrecoverable creep compliance (Jnr) of hot and cold mastic performance to highlight JW reuse in mastics. The results showed that the best G∗ performance at test temperatures higher than 30°C is given by cold mastic after 28 days of curing time when JW is added to LF and bitumen. The lowest Jnr value was 40°C and 60°C for the same mastic.

Investigation on Properties of Cement Bitumen Emulsion Mortars (CBEM) in Consideration of Emulsifier Types

In order to investigate the influences of emulsifier types on properties of cement bitumen emulsion mortars (CBEM), anionic and cationic emulsifiers were used to prepare CBEM in this work. Influences of anionic and cationic bitumen emulsions on workability, mechanical properties, and viscoelastic property of CBEM were studied. The workability of CBEM was evaluated by fluidity and extensibility tests. The mechanical properties were assessed by compressive strength and flexural strength tests. XRD was used to analyze the phase before and after bitumen emulsion was added. The viscoelastic property was studied by a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The results show that CBEM prepared by cationic bitumen emulsion (CBE) has better workability. The mechanical properties of CBEM are negatively affected by bitumen emulsion. The impact on the compressive strength of CBEM prepared by CBE is higher. Bitumen emulsion can significantly improve the viscoelastic property of CBEM. With the increase of bitumen emulsion dosage, the loss factor of CBEM increases. The viscoelastic property at low frequency is better than that at high frequency. In contrast to CBEM prepared by CBE, CBEM prepared with anionic bitumen emulsion (ABE) possesses better viscoelastic property.

Pre-stability and functional tests of a leave-on hair emulsion developed with Aloe vera extract

Leave-on creams are cationic emulsions with lower active content than conditioners. They are a complement to the comb and contain agents that moisturize hair and return to it the effect of conditioners, facilitating hairstyle. The part of the plant which is used is the mucilage obtained from the leaves, as it has emollient and moisturizing properties. The purpose of this paper was to develop a leave-on emulsion containing Aloe vera extract, obtained by two different extraction methods, and one extract acquired commercially in order to evaluate its pre-stability and functionality in hair strands. The formulation of the leave-on emulsion was developed with Aloe vera extracts. These extracts were prepared with plant material (PM) plus 70% alcohol (Sample A) and PM, cereal alcohol and glycerin (Sample B). The pre-stability test was performed according to ANVISA Guide. We analysed tests on human hair strands to assess combability (after shampooing them with neutral shampoo, the standardized amount of the sample was spread on strands, which were combed to observe the slip point after 10 combing strokes) and appearance after drying (the strands were left hanging at 23°C and 33% humidity for 24 hours) and softness to the touch and volume (photographed data). In the pre-stability test, the samples were stable in color, odor, appearance and centrifugation test under all conditions, except in samples that were exposed to direct sunlight, when they were modified in color and odor. The pH remained stable in all samples and under all conditions. The spreadability went through which were not relevant to the formulation tested. For the tests on strands of hair, one of the samples was the base formulation without adding the plant extract, for comparison purposes. The average results of the strands test of all samples were 9.87 cm ± 0.6875 of sliding length, which were much greater when compared to the untreated sample that slid only 5 cm. After drying, the strands looked softer. There was softness to the touch, volume reduction and alignment of the hair strands, when compared to the untreated strands. We concluded that the base emulsion formulation, by its own, showed improvement in the hair strands for combing and appearance after drying. The formulations containing the extract showed no improvement in the tests on strands, when compared with the base formulation. The formulations developed have favorable results in the physicochemical pre-stability tests.

Development, physicochemical and functional analysis of anti-frizz leave-on emulsion with coconut oil

Introduction: The cosmetics industry increasingly offers a greater variety of products to consumers, as people have a constant need to change their appearance. For the past years, women have followed a tendency to have their hair back to its natural color, since it was altered by chemical straightening for a long time. The purpose of this paper was to produce and assess the physicochemical stability of a leave-on emulsion formulation containing coconut oil for anti-frizz action. Methods: It was developed a cationic emulsion formulation, with coconut oil as the active agent in 0.5% and 1.0% concentrations. It was performed functional tests in damaged hair strands. A preliminary stability test was conducted, and the samples were packaged in polyethylene containers, and subjected to different conditions (temperatures of 5°C, 25 °C and 45°C and direct exposure to sunlight). They were analyzed on day 0 and on day 15. The physicochemical analyses were: organoleptic characteristics (color, odor and appearance), pH, spreadability, apparent density and centrifugation. The functional tests (combability test and test on strands of hair) were conducted in strands of damaged hair. For the combability test, which measures the easiness of combing, the strands were previously washed with neutral shampoo. The samples, after being applied, were manipulated for 1 minute in the strands. After the application, a fine-tooth comb was slid through the hair length for at least 5 times. Then we measured the slid length. For the test on strands, they were placed in room temperature (23ºC) and relative humidity (33%) for 24 hours. After such period, we considered half the length of strands for width. After spreading, we examined the anti-frizz action. The results were photographed. The statistical test t was applied: sample data, with the BioEstat 5.3 program. Results: We found that the color and odor were slightly altered only in samples exposed to sunlight. As for appearance and centrifugation, the samples remained homogeneous under all conditions. The pH of the samples ranged 4.0 – 4.6. In the spreadability test, we found variations of 7.93 –14.72. In the combability test, there was no significant difference in slid between the formulation with coconut oil 0.5% and the formulation with coconut oil 1.0%. Nevertheless, there was difference when they were compared to the sample without the active agent. Conclusion: In the test on strands of hair, the sample with 1.0% of the active agent (coconut oil) had the best volume result.

INFLUENCE OF CEMENT AND ASPHALT EMULSION RATIOS ON CEMENT-ASPHALT EMULSION MORTAR

It is known that cement has been used as a stabilizing agent for the road pavement stabilization. However, it could cause an adverse effect of premature cracking on the road. Moreover, asphalt emulsion has been a famous agent for pavement stabilizing as well, even though it has revealed low deformation resistance. Therefore, this research aims to investigate resulting from the mixture of cement and asphalt emulsion, which is called cement-asphalt emulsion as a new stabilizing agent. This mixture provides more flexibility and waterproofing by using asphalt emulsion features, and high strength from cement. Cement-asphalt emulsion mortar; the mixture of Portland cement type I, cationic asphalt emulsion (CSS-1), and standard sand, were used as the study material. Cement-asphalt emulsion mortar was a various type of cement and asphalt emulsion ratios for the compressive strength test and flexural strength test. The test results presented that the compressive strength and the flexural strength decrease with an increase of asphalt emulsion. Ratio 4:1 (cement: asphalt emulsion) exhibited the highest compressive strength and the flexural strength at 7 days and 28 days testing with controlled relative humidity curing. This ratio then should be recommended to apply in pavement stabilization.

Topical ciclosporine: New clinical insight

AbstractRare severe ocular diseases, as vernal keratoconjunctivitis and atopic keratoconjunctivitis, represent a group of ocular diseases that can lead to severe ocular impairment in children. The ocular manifestations mostly appear before 10 years‐old and usually resolve at adolescence. However, treatment is the critical point to avoid steroid dependence and complications. Topical ciclosporin has been used in preparation since the 80’ however only few studies with variation of formulation were published. Vektis study is a randomized prospective multicenter study using cationic emulsion ciclosporine A 0.1% in VKC. The results of ciclosporine studies in VKC will be exposed in order to evaluate safety and efficacy of topical cyclosporine A.

Twelve-Month Results of Cyclosporine A Cationic Emulsion in a Randomized Study in Patients With Pediatric Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis

To assess the safety and efficacy of cyclosporine A cationic emulsion (CsA CE) 0.1% eye drops in pediatric patients with severe active vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). Multicenter, double-masked, randomized controlled trial 8-month safety analysis. Of 169 patients (age range, 4-17 years) initially randomized in the 4-month VErnal KeratoconjunctiviTIs Study (VEKTIS), 142 entered the 8-month follow-up period during which CsA CE patients remained on their original regimen (CsA CE 4 times daily [QID, high-dose] or CsA CE twice daily [BID, low-dose]+ vehicle BID) and vehicle patients were allocated to one of these 2 active regimens. Main outcome measures were safety, including treatment-emergent adverse events, and efficacy, including corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) score. Improvements in CFS score, rescue medication use, key VKC symptoms (photophobia, tearing, itching, and mucous discharge), and quality of life (QoL) assessed by QUICK questionnaire observed with CsA CE compared with vehicle during the 4-month evaluation period remained stable during the 8-month follow-up period, with the high-dose regimen continuing to provide greater benefits in most efficacy measures. CsA CE was well tolerated. Treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse events during the 12-month study were reported in 15 (20.8%) and 11 (15.7%) of the CsA CE high-dose and low-dose patients, respectively, most commonly instillation site pain (13.9% and 7.1%, respectively). Laboratory data, vital signs, slit lamp examination, best-corrected distance visual acuity, and intraocular pressure raised no safety concerns. Improvements in keratitis, symptoms, and QoL achieved after CsA CE treatment for 4months remained stable over the 8-month follow-up period. CsA continued to maintain a favorable safety profile.

Topical cyclosporine A therapy for dry eye syndrome.

Topical cyclosporine A therapy for dry eye syndrome.

Effect of steel slag aggregate and bitumen emulsion types on the performance of microsurfacing mixture

Microsurfacing has recently been accepted widely as an effective method for preventive maintenance of pavements. Microsurfacing is a mixture of cationic polymer-modified bitumen emulsion, 100% manufactured well-graded fine aggregate, mineral filler, water, and chemical additives. In this research, in order to evaluate the performance of steel slag in microsurfacing mixture, two types of bitumen emulsions (cationic quick setting and cationic slow setting) were used together with three types of mixtures in which 100% siliceous aggregate was used as a control mixture and then steel slag was replaced by 61% and 100% aggregate of control mixture. The performance of the samples was evaluated by experiments included wet cohesion test, wet track abrasion test, and loaded wheel test, according to international slurry surfacing association (ISSA) A143 guideline and ASTM D6372 standard. The results of tests showed that steel slag aggregate has proper compatibility with both of bitumen emulsion types judged by its desirable physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. The alkali characteristic of the steel slag leads to a stronger adhesion of these materials to acidic bitumen and cause prevented the stripping in the vicinity of water in comparison to the control mixture. Also, steel slag-containing mixtures displayed a more appropriate behavior in terms of rutting and stripping distresses.

Moisture Damage of Warm Mix Asphalt Concrete

Implementation of Warm Mix Asphalt concrete (WMA) is getting global acceptance due to the restrictions for protecting the environment and the requirements to reduce fuel consumption. In this investigation, two WMA mixtures have been prepared in the laboratory using medium curing cutback (MC-30) and Cationic emulsion asphalt. Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) was also prepared for comparison. The cylinder specimens (63.5mm) in height and (101.6mm) in diameter were constructed from the mixtures and subjected to indirect tensile strength test to determine the Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR). The cylinder specimens of (101.6mm) in height and (101.6mm) in diameter were also constructed from those mixtures and subjected to static compressive strength test to determine the Index of Retained Strength (IRS). It was concluded that the WMA are more prone to moisture damage than HMA, the TSR are (92 and 86) % for (emulsion and cutback) WMA respectively, both are lower than of HMA by (2.13 and 8.51) % respectively. As the asphalt content increases, the TSR also increases and reached to peak value of Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) then decreases. The WMA has less IRS than HMA, the IRS are 70% and 78% for the WMA-emulsified asphalt and HMA respectively.

Synthesis and application of aqueous stomach aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer

A series of stomach cationic aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer emulsions containing large number of tertiary amino groups in molecular side chain were prepared throughl emulsion polymerization, which take dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate as main raw materials. The The properties of the emulsions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). And effects of monomer mass ratio and emulsifier system on the properties of emulsions polymerization were also discussed. The results showed that the emulsion performance was stable when the amount of emulsifier was 4.5wt% taking cationic and non-ionic composite emulsifier as emulsifying system. At the same time, it has excellent moisture resistance and stable performance when used in pharmaceutical coating materials.

A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Cyclosporine A Cationic Emulsion in Pediatric Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: The VEKTIS Study

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, allergic, and potentially severe ocular disease affecting children and adolescents that can lead to impaired quality of life (QoL) and loss of vision. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of an investigational therapy for severe VKC, cyclosporine A (CsA) cationic emulsion (CE), an oil-in-water emulsion with increased bioavailability versus conventional CsA formulations. The VErnal KeratoconjunctiviTIs Study (VEKTIS) is a phase 3, multicenter, double-masked, vehicle-controlled trial. Pediatric patients (4 to younger than 18 years) with active severe VKC (grade of 3 or 4 on the Bonini severity scale) and severe keratitis (corneal fluorescein staining [CFS] score of 4 or 5 on the modified Oxford scale). One hundred sixty-nine patients were randomized to CsA CE 0.1% (1 mg/ml) eye drops 4 times daily (high dose), CsA CE twice daily (low dose) plus vehicle twice daily, or vehicle 4 times daily for 4 months. The primary end point was a mean composite score that reflected CFS, rescue medication use (dexamethasone 0.1% 4 times daily), and corneal ulceration over the 4 months. Differences in least-squares means versus vehicle for the primary end point were statistically significant for both the high-dose (0.76; P= 0.007) and the low-dose (0.67; P= 0.010) groups, with treatment effect mainly driven by CFS score. Significant differences were found between both active treatment groups and vehicle for use of rescue medication. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis symptoms and patient QoL (assessed by visual analog scale and the Quality of Life in Children with Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis questionnaire) improved in all 3 groups, with significant improvements for high-dose CsA CE versus vehicle. The efficacy of high-dose CsA CE in improving keratitis, symptoms, and QoL for those with severe VKC was demonstrated in these study patients. In addition, in this study cohort, CsA CE was well tolerated.

A novel modification of carbon nanotubes for improving the electrical and mechanical properties of polyethylene composites

A simple and effective method, modifying MWCNTs with cationic waterborne epoxy emulsion, was developed to improve the dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and enhance the interfacial interaction between matrix and the filler. The dispersion of mMWCNTs in polymer was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope and Transmission Electron Microscope. Rheological analysis revealed that better mMWCNTs network in PE matrix was developed at a lower content of MWCNTs as compared with that of unmodified MWCNTs, which resulting in a lower percolation threshold and improved electrical conductivity of mMWCNTs/PE. Moreover, the PE nanocomposite with uniformly dispersed mMWCNTs has better mechanical properties than those of MWCNTs/PE.

Laboratory Mix Design of Cold Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures Incorporating Reclaimed Asphalt and Virgin Aggregates

Bitumen emulsion asphalts, especially those incorporating marginal and secondary aggregates, are energy efficient, environment friendly, and sustainable alternatives to hot-mix asphalts. This study set out to compare engineering properties of a bitumen emulsion asphalt composed entirely of virgin aggregates with another composed of 55% reclaimed asphalt and 45% virgin aggregates. The aggregates were bound with a slow setting cationic bitumen emulsion composed of 65% base bitumen and 35% water. Marshall specimens molded at varying pre-mix water and bitumen emulsion contents were cured in molds for 24 h before being de-molded and cured for a further 72 h at 40 °C. Dry densities, porosities, and indirect tensile strengths for the cured specimens were determined in dry and soaked states. Virgin aggregate mix, at an optimum binder content of 6.1%, had a tensile strength ratio of 1.3 with corresponding air voids and moisture absorption values of 10.1% and 0.92%, respectively. Similarly, reclaimed asphalt mix at an optimum binder content of 6.2% had a tensile strength ratio of 1.03, with corresponding air voids and moisture absorption values of 7.9% and 0.38%, respectively. Compared to virgin mix, reclaimed asphalt mix had lower air voids and lower moisture absorption values with the overall benefit of enhanced resistance to moisture damage.

Fresh and mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete containing Cationic Asphalt Emulsion admixture

This research aims at evaluating the fresh and mechanical properties of RCC mixtures containing Cationic Asphalt Emulsion (CAE) as an admixture (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of the cement mass). Mixtures’ proportions were obtained for each RCC mixture by calculating the maximum value on moisture-dry density curve according to modified proctor method. Then, Optimum Moisture Contents (OMC) and Maximum Dry Densities (MDD) were compared among the mixtures. Fresh properties of the RCC mixtures were also evaluated by Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) while compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength tests were employed for investigating the mechanical properties of the mixtures. Non-destructive ultrasonic test was performed in each cubic specimen to develop the compressive strength estimation model. Significance of the results’ difference in each test considering the CAE content and curing age as sources of variance was assessed through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level. Results indicated a significant improvement in fresh properties, and a significant drop in the mechanical properties when CAE is used as an admixture. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images were used to evaluate the micro-structure of the mixtures. Results of this research indicate that 4% of CAE can reduce the amount of compaction energy required to reach the satisfactory field density. This improvement in fresh properties can decrease execution costs and lead to time saving. Furthermore, results of the mechanical tests indicate a reduction in mixture strengths due to the decreased cohesion between cement paste and the asphalt covered aggregates.

Safety and Tolerability of Overdosed Artificial Tears by Abraded Rabbit Corneas.

Purpose: Preservative-free cationic emulsion-based artificial tear (AT) is an innovative eye drop based on the Novasorb® technology with cetalkonium chloride (CKC) as the cationic agent. The cationic emulsion Cationorm is designed for the management of mild-to-moderate dry eye disease (DED) patients that present cornea epithelium alterations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of overdosed ATs by altered corneal epithelium in vivo and assess the usefulness of the ex vivo eye irritation test (EVEIT) as a predictive alternate toxicity test method.Methods: The experimental procedure, treatment duration, and instillation frequency closely mimic in vivo the ex vivo protocol described by Pinheiro et al. and discussed in the Discussion and Conclusion section of this article. Two to 3-month-old female New Zealand white rabbits, n = 6 per group, were treated with ATs (21 instillations/day over 3 days) following corneal abrasion. Corneal fluorescein staining, in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), and slit lamp examinations were performed to assess corneal epithelium recovery and the ocular tolerability of the overdosed ATs.Results: All abraded eyes experienced almost complete epithelium recovery within 3 days following treatments with Cationorm, Optive, Vismed, and Saline. Benzalkonium chloride (BAK, 0.02%) treatment resulted in 82.4% reepithelialization. IVCM data illustrated corneal epithelium normal recovery. Acute local tolerability of the overdosed ATs was confirmed using Draize and McDonald–Shadduck's test scales.Conclusions: The different ATs were demonstrated to be well tolerated by abraded corneas in vivo, and the extreme overdosing regimen did not hamper the wound healing process of the rabbit eye in comparison to saline. These data did not confirm the ones obtained with the nonvalidated ex vivo eye irritation test.