Release Of Cations Research Articles

Illumination Enhanced Crystallization and Defect Passivation for High Performance CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells by Sacrificing Dye

AbstractAll‐inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been the research focus due to their high thermal stability and proper band gap for tandem solar cells. However, their power conversion efficiency (PCE) is still lower than that of organic‐inorganic hybrid PSCs. Herein, a sacrificing dye (Rhodamine B isothiocyanate, RBITC) is developed to regulate the growth of perovskite film by in situ release of ethylammonium cations, isothiocyanate anions and benzoic acid molecules upon annealing and illumination. The ethylammonium cations can efficiently passivate surface defects. The isothiocyanate anions incorporate with uncoordinated Pb to regulate the crystallization process. The benzoic acid molecules facilitate the nucleation of the perovskite crystals. Especially, the illumination can accelerate the release of these beneficial ions/molecules to improve the quality of perovskite films further. After optimization with RBITC, a high open circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.24 V and a champion PCE of 20.95% are obtained, which are among the highest Voc and PCE values of CsPbI3 PSCs. Accordingly, the operational stability of the PSC devices is significantly improved. The results provide an efficient chemical strategy to regulate the formation of perovskite films in whole crystallization process for high performance all‐inorganic PSCs.

Evaluation of the Influence of pH on the Release of Exchangeable Cations from a Mixed Clay Mineral Deposit for Replenishment of Soil Nutrients

Soil nutrients consist of minerals such as Ca, Mg, K and Na ions among others which are essential to plant growth. Soils can become deficient in these nutrients on account of pollution, flooding and over cultivation. The soil condition can be ameliorated by addition of clay minerals which are rich in aforementioned cations. The mineralogy of the clay mineral was investigated using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and the effect of pH variation on the release of exchangeable cations of the clay mineral deposit were investigated by varying the pH of the solution in which the clay mineral was immersed whereas the amount of the cations released were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer(AAS) and Flame Emission Spectrophotometer. Three clay minerals clinochlore, kaolinite and illite were detected. The quantity of cations released from the clay mineral varied with pH; and the pH at which the maximum quantity of the cations were released were pH4 for K+ ions(4.63±0.38cmol/kg), pH7 Ca2+ (12.09±0.96 cmol/kg) and Mg2+(3.48±0.08 cmol/kg) ions and pH8 for Na+(7.81±0.58 cmol/kg) ions respectively for site 1. This trend was observed in the three sites that were studied. This study has revealed that different pH conditions are required if this mixed clay mineral is to be employed in the remediation of nutrient deficiency in any soil in respect of a particular mineral.

Prescribed fire application in a Brazilian mountain environment: Changes in soil organic matter quality in the short and medium term

Prescribed fire (PF) is a management practice used ecosystems where the occurrence of wildfires is high due to the accumulation of biomass on the surface. In general, studies dealing with fire-affected soils evidence the degradation of less thermo-labile structures, with the preservation of more thermo-stable phases. As studies in mountain environments in Brazil are scarce and considering that the practice of PF has been on the rise in recent years, the present study aimed to quantifying and characterizing the impact of PF on soil organic matter in the Itatiaia National Park, Rio de Janeiro-Brazil. In a 240 days period, we assessed the impact of PF on soil pH, base cations release, available P, C and N contents and stocks, soil organic matter (SOM) quality. Among other techniques, we applied ATR-FTIR and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. Soil chemical and physical attributes were also quantified. At 10 days, PF application caused the release of labile organic carbon (LOC) forms, inducing an increase in content of humic fractions in the form of C-FA and C-HA. The humification process, nevertheless, occurred at a lower speed than the incorporation of LOC. Humin contents, in fact, did not systematically increase with time. At 10 days following PF, a decrease in carbohydrates and peptides occurred, with greater HA aromaticity. After 240 days since PF, the structural characteristics of HA were restored to levels like the original (pre-PF) condition. At 120 days after PF, the pH value, base saturation, Mg, Na and P increased in soil. However, the amount of C and N accumulated in the soil did not increase with PF application. We observed that up to 120 days of PF, the mineralization process seems to occur in priority over humification. A period longer than 240 days seems anyway needed to restore soil C and N stocks.

Antibacterial Activity of Nanoparticle Biosynthesis by Bacteria

الخلفية: لا تزال العدوى البكتيرية هي السبب الأكثر شيوعًا للمرض والوفاة في العالم. وفقًا لتقرير منظمة الصحة العالمية، تشكل مقاومة البكتيريا للمضادات الحيوية تهديدًا خطيرًا للصحة العامة العالمية. في السنوات الأخيرة، زاد استخدام الجسيمات النانوية كبديل للمضادات الحيوية. النتائج: نظرًا لنشاط الجسيمات النانوية المضاد للبكتيريا المتأصل، فإن الجسيمات النانوية المعدنية وأكسيد المعادن هي أكثر المواد النانوية الواعدة للتطبيقات البيولوجية. على الرغم من أن للجسيمات النانوية خصائص مضادة للبكتيريا مثيرة للاهتمام، إلا أن استخدامها في التطبيقات الطبية مقيد حاليًا بسبب عدم وجود فهم واضح للآليات الكامنة وراء عملها. الخلاصة: كان التركيز الرئيسي لهذه المراجعة على التفاعلات بين البكتيريا والقدرات المضادة للبكتيريا للجسيمات النانوية. ملامسة الغشاء، إطلاق الكاتيون، أكسدة الجزيئات الحيوية، إنتاج أنواع الأكسجين التفاعلية، وأنواع الأكسجين التفاعلية هي بعض الطرق التي يمكن للبكتريا ان تقتل بها نفسها. يعد فحص كيفية تأثير الجسيمات النانوية على أنماط تنظيم الجينات والبروتينات (النسخية والبروتينية) امرا بالغ الاهمية.

A Family of Spore Lipoproteins Stabilizes the Germination Apparatus by Altering Inner Spore Membrane Fluidity in Bacillus subtilis Spores.

Dormant bacterial spores undergo the process of germination to return to a vegetative state. In most species, germination involves the sensing of nutrient germinants, the release of various cations and a calcium-dipicolinic acid (DPA) complex, spore cortex degradation, and full rehydration of the spore core. These steps are mediated by membrane-associated proteins, and all these proteins have exposure on the outer surface of the membrane, a hydrated environment where they are potentially subject to damage during dormancy. A family of lipoproteins, including YlaJ, which is expressed from the sleB operon in some species, are present in all sequenced Bacillus and Clostridium genomes that contain sleB. B. subtilis possesses four proteins in this family, and prior studies have demonstrated two of these are required for efficient spore germination and these proteins contain a multimerization domain. Genetic studies of strains lacking all combinations of these four genes now reveal all four play roles in ensuring efficient germination, and affect multiple steps in this process. Electron microscopy does not reveal significant changes in spore morphology in strains lacking lipoproteins. Generalized polarization measurements of a membrane dye probe indicate the lipoproteins decrease spore membrane fluidity. These data suggest a model in which the lipoproteins form a macromolecular structure on the outer surface of the inner spore membrane, where they act to stabilize the membrane and potentially interact with other germination proteins, and thus stabilize the function of multiple components of the germination machinery. IMPORTANCE Bacterial spores exhibit extreme longevity and resistance to many killing agents, and are thus problematic agents of several diseases and of food spoilage. However, to cause disease or spoilage, germination of the spore and return to the vegetative state is necessary. The proteins responsible for initiation and progression of germination are thus potential targets for spore-killing processes. A family of membrane-bound lipoproteins that are conserved across most spore-forming species was studied in the model organism Bacillus subtilis. The results indicate that these proteins reduce the membrane fluidity and increase the stability of other membrane associated proteins that are required for germination. Further understanding of such protein interactions on the spore membrane surface will enhance our understanding of the germination process and its potential as a decontamination method target.

Construction of Mo doped CoMoCH–Cu2SeS/NF composite electrocatalyst with high catalytic activity and corrosion resistance in seawater electrolysis: A case study on cleaner energy

The electrolysis of seawater into clean hydrogen energy requires the development of effective electrocatalysts. Yet, most current research focuses on the activity of electrocatalysts while disregarding their corrosion resistance. We developed a unique porous stake-like composite catalyst on a nickel foam substrate (designated by CoMoCH–Cu2SeS/NF) using a new monometallic cation release method, demonstrating an outstanding catalytic activity and a high resistance to seawater corrosion. CoMoCH–Cu2SeS/NF porous stake-like structure provides a large reaction zone and lots of catalytic active centers. Moreover, the synergistic effect of Cu2SeS and CoMoCH facilitates the electron transfer. Doping high-valence Mo element into CoCH generates a strong electronic structural interactions between metals. Hence, the CoMoCH–Cu2SeS/NF composite catalyst demonstrates an outstanding OER/HER performance in different alkaline solutions, with a low overpotential and good continuous electrolysis durability. The electrode pair assembled by such a composite catalyst delivers a current density of 100 mA cm−2 at 1.72 V in alkaline simulated seawater. In natural seawater, CoMoCH/NF has a lower electrochemical corrosion rate of 0.85 mm/a than Cu2SeS/NF (9.97 mm/a) and CoCH/NF (5.72 mm/a). The carbonate anions in the CoCH intercalation structure and the doping of Mo element with strong corrosion resistance enhanced the chlorine corrosion resistance of CoMoCH–Cu2SeS/NF in natural seawater and protected the Cu2SeS active components. This research may guide the design and development of high-activity and corrosion-resistant composite electrocatalysts with novel architectures for hydrogen production by seawater electrolysis.

Release of metal elements from clays during elution with EDTA: Insights into the side effects of washing contaminated sites

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is frequently used to wash heavy metal contaminated fields, especially low-permeability zones which are rich in clays and have strong adsorption. However, the release kinetics of cations from clayey sediments during EDTA elution and the potential mechanisms controlling the cation release remain open questions. This study implemented heavy metal invasion and EDTA flushing experiments in a sandbox with clay-containing low-permeability layers, and batch kinetic experiments of cation release from clays in the presence of EDTA. Relatively small amounts of interlayer cations (i.e., Ca, Na, and K) and almost no structural cations (i.e., Al, Mg, Fe) were released due to ion exchange during the invasion of heavy metals. EDTA elution greatly enhanced the release of cations from clays; more interlayer cations were brought out via the complexation, and structural cations were released from clays because metal‑oxygen bonds in octahedral sheets were broken by EDTA. The first-order release rate constants of structural cations were around 0.008 min−1 and almost one order of magnitude smaller than those of interlayer cations (around 0.05 min−1), that is, mineral dissolution was slower. Additionally, when EDTA was injected into groundwater systems together with heavy metals from pollutant source zones, EDTA was mostly chelated with heavy metals and few cations were released from sediments. By adjusting the timing of EDTA injection, the complexation between EDTA and heavy metals became preferred, and little free EDTA remained and affected clays. This provides new insights into the side effects of washing heavy metal contaminated sites with chelating agents.

A novel strategy to construct activatable silver chalcogenide quantum dots nanoprobe for NIR-Ⅱ fluorescence imaging of hypochlorous acid in vivo

It is necessary to develop sensitive and selective probes for real-time in vivo monitoring of hypochlorous acid (HClO) which plays a significant role in physiological and pathological processes. The second near-infrared (NIR-Ⅱ) luminescent silver chalcogenide quantum dots (QDs) have shown great potential in developing activatable nanoprobe for HClO in terms of their outstanding imaging performance in the living organism. However, the limited strategy for the construction of activatable nanoprobes severely restricts their widespread applications. Herein, we proposed a novel strategy for developing an activatable silver chalcogenide QDs nanoprobe for NIR-Ⅱ fluorescence imaging of HClO in vivo. The nanoprobe was fabricated by mixing an Au-precursor solution with Ag2Te@Ag2S QDs to allow cation exchange and release Ag ions and then reducing the released Ag ions on the QDs surface to form an Ag shell for quenching of the emission of QDs. The Ag shell of QDs was oxidized and etched in the presence of HClO, resulting in the disappearance of their quenching effect on QDs and the activation of the QDs emission. The developed nanoprobe enabled highly sensitive and selective determination of HClO and imaging of HClO in arthritis and peritonitis. This study provides a novel strategy for the construction of activatable nanoprobe based on QDs and a promising tool for NIR-Ⅱ imaging of HClO in vivo.

Development of pH-Sensitive UiO-66/Polyaniline Nanohybrids with Self-Healing Anticorrosive Performance in Epoxy Coatings

The present research focused on the corrosion protection behaviors of epoxy coatings filled with polyaniline (PANI) and its nanohybrid with a Zr-based metal–organic framework (MOF), i.e., UiO-66. Hybrid nanoparticles were synthesized at various weight percentages of UiO-66 in the nanohybrid, including 5, 25, and 50 wt % named H5, H25, and H50, respectively. The morphological features of the nanoparticles characterized with various techniques showed that the nanohybrids with higher UiO-66 content, i.e., H25 and H50, provided a core–shell microstructure with a porous core covered by the PANI outer shell. Analysis of the saline solution (3.5 wt % NaCl) containing the nanoparticles indicated the pH-sensitive release of organic compounds and Zr cations from UiO-66, which could act as active inhibitors against corrosion. The corrosion behavior of the mild steel plate immersed in a saline solution containing the extracts of the nanoparticles, investigated by the Tafel polarization method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), showed that the hybrid nanoparticles played strong active inhibition compared with neat PANI. Among the nanohybrids, H25 exhibited maximum inhibition performance with 56.7% inhibition after 24 h of immersion. Active (self-healing) corrosion behavior of scratched epoxy coatings containing 0.15 wt % nanoparticles was revealed that the epoxy coating with H25 and H50 exhibited 170 and 155% improvement (total resistance (Rt)) at optimal immersion times of 5 and 3 h, respectively. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) observation of the scratched area after corrosion, confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, revealed the formation of inhibitor films in those areas, which increased the protectiveness of the coatings.

Cation release from different carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels

Biodegradable hydrogels have great potential in agriculture. In this study, hydrogel prototypes of biodegradable slow-release fertilizers were formulated by a Schiff base reaction between dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose and gelatin. The release behavior of iron cations from these carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogels with different degrees of substitution was studied. The analyses of the relation between correlation length of the cross-linked hydrogels and the degree of substitution, i.e., the amount of negatively charged positions in the hydrogels, allowed to determine the influence of structure and electrostatic interaction on cation release kinetics, which was successfully described by Peleg’s Model. The hydrogel with the lowest degree of substitution reveals the slowest release of cations due to the smallest correlation length. These results demonstrate that the correlation length is dominant for the release of divalent cations. Moreover, this also shows the potential of the DACMC-Gelatin hydrogels as matrix for slow-release fertilizers.

N-doped carbon hollow sphere reservoirs containing Zn2+-mercaptobenzoxazole with pH-responsive function to fabricate a high-performance corrosion protective epoxy coating for aluminum alloy

In this article, a core/shell structure based on zinc salt of 2-mercaptobenzoxazole (Zn.MBO) and N-doped carbon hollow sphere (NCHS) was synthesized and characterized. The active corrosion protection performance of the encapsulated Zn.MBO in NCHS (Zn.MBO@NCHS) was assessed on bare and epoxy-coated AA2024. The MBO and zinc cation release from the capsules was analyzed at different pHs. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results proved that, in the presence of Zn.MBO@NCHS, the corrosion resistance of the scratched coated samples after 72 h immersion was significantly higher than the rest of samples indicating its active inhibitive function.

Enhanced Bacterial Growth by Polyelemental Glycerolate Particles.

While polyelemental alloys are shown to be promising for healthcare applications, their effectiveness in promoting bacterial growth remains unexplored. In the present work, we evaluated the interaction of polyelemental glycerolate particles (PGPs) with Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. PGPs were synthesized using the solvothermal route, and nanoscale random distribution of metal cations in the glycerol matrix of PGPs was confirmed. We observed 7-fold growth of E. coli bacteria upon 4 h of interaction with quinary glycerolate (NiZnMnMgSr-Gly) particles in comparison to control E. coli bacteria. Nanoscale microscopic studies on bacteria interactions with PGPs showed the release of metal cations in the bacterium cytoplasm from PGPs. The electron microscopy imaging and chemical mapping indicated bacterial biofilm formation on PGPs without causing significant cell membrane damage. The data showed that the presence of glycerol in PGPs is effective in controlling the release of metal cations, thus preventing bacterial toxicity. The presence of multiple metal cations is expected to provide synergistic effects of nutrients needed for bacterial growth. The present work provides key microscopic insights of mechanisms by which PGPs enhance biofilm growth. This study opens the door for future applications of PGPs in areas where bacterial growth is essential including healthcare, clean energy, and the food industry.

Hierarchical Biobased Macroporous/Mesoporous Carbon: Fabrication, Characterization and Electrochemical/Ion Exchange Properties

With the goal of improving the mechanical properties of porous hierarchical carbon, cellulosic fiber fabric was incorporated into the resorcinol/formaldehyde (RF) precursor resins. The composites were carbonized in an inert atmosphere, and the carbonization process was monitored by TGA/MS. The mechanical properties, evaluated by nanoindentation, show an increase in the elastic modulus due to the reinforcing effect of the carbonized fiber fabric. It was found that the adsorption of the RF resin precursor onto the fabric stabilizes its porosity (micro and mesopores) during drying while incorporating macropores. The textural properties are evaluated by N2 adsorption isotherm, which shows a surface area (BET) of 558 m2g-1. The electrochemical properties of the porous carbon are evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronocoulometry (CC), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Specific capacitances (in 1 M H2SO4) of up to 182 Fg-1 (CV) and 160 Fg-1 (EIS) are measured. The potential-driven ion exchange was evaluated using Probe Bean Deflection techniques. It is observed that ions (protons) are expulsed upon oxidation in acid media by the oxidation of hydroquinone moieties present on the carbon surface. In neutral media, when the potential is varied from values negative to positive of the potential of zero charge, cation release, followed by anion insertion, is found.

Differences in In Vitro Bacterial Adherence between Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo Alloys.

Prosthetic joint infection is an uncommon entity, but it supposes high costs, both from the economic side to the health systems and from the emotional side of the patient. The evaluation of the bacterial adherence to different materials frequently involved in joint prostheses allows us to better understand the mechanisms underlying this and provide information for the future development of prevention strategies. This study evaluated the bacterial adherence of four different species (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) on Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo. The topography, surface contact angles, and linear average roughness were measured in the samples from both alloys. The interaction with the surface of both alloys was significantly different, with the CoCrMo showing an aggregating effect on all the species, with additional anti-adherent activity in the case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The viability also changes, with a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the CoCrMo alloy. In the case of S. epidermidis, the viability in the supernatant from the samples was different, too, with a decrease in the colony-forming units in the Ti6Al4V, which could be related to cation release from the surface. Beyond adhesion is a multifactorial and complex process, and considering that topography and wettability were similar, the chemical composition could play a main role in the different properties observed.

Material–Structure–Function Integrated Additive Manufacturing of Degradable Metallic Bone Implants for Load‐Bearing Applications

AbstractThe integration of bio‐adaptable performance, elaborate structure, and biological functionality for degradable bone implants is crucial in harnessing the body's regenerative potential to remold load‐bearing bone defects. Herein, material–structure–function integrated additive manufacturing (MSFI‐AM) is deployed to innovate novel zinc‐based bone implants, namely Zn–Mg–Cu alloy. In situ alloying of AM and boundary engineering strategy yield prominent mechanical properties, and the degradation products enable a mechanical self‐strengthened effect, thus coordinating mechanical degeneration and promoting mechanical adaptability. In addition, MSFI‐oriented Zn alloy implants successfully manifest in situ multifunctions of augmenting osteogenesis, immunoregulation, angiogenesis, and anti‐infective activity in vitro and expediting bone ingrowth and regeneration in vivo through the sustained release of divalent metal cations and triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structure construction. Overall, MSFI‐AMed Zn alloy implants signify promising clinical translation prospects for load‐bearing applications, and an integrated approach is proposed to endow degradable bone implants with boosted bio‐adaptable performance and in situ bio‐multifunctions.

Non-toxic solution processed Cu2ZnSn(SSe)4 thin films for photovoltaic Applications: A review

Due to its earth-abundant and environmentally safe constituents, as well as suitable optical properties like a high absorption coefficient > 104 cm−1 and a direct bandgap of 1.5 eV Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) has emerged as a celebrated successor to CuInGaS2 (CIGS) as the absorber layer in thin film solar cells. The binary chalcogenides are first synthesized, and then they are dispersed in hydrazine, yielding the solution process, which has so far the highest conversion efficiency of 12.6% for any CZTSSe fabrication process. In light of hydrazine’s explosive, heptotoxic and carcinogenic properties, further study has been done on the simple synthesis of CZTS films from non-toxic solutions. Numerous non-hydrazine solutions, which are significantly safer to use, have been researched. The formation of single kesterite phase with better control over secondary phases has been the key to its success in photovoltaic applications. In all solution-based approaches for semiconductor thin films, the film growth proceeds from the release of cations and anions from the precursor salts, and their subsequent reactions.

Impact of Inorganic Solutes’ Release in Groundwater during Oil Shale In Situ Exploitation

Oil shale can produce oil and shale gas by heating the oil shale at 300–500 °C. The high temperature and the release of organic matter can change the physical and mechanical properties of rocks and make the originally tight impervious layer become a permeable layer under in situ exploitation conditions. To realize the potential impact of the in situ exploitation of oil shale on groundwater environments, a series of water–rock interaction experiments under different temperatures was conducted. The results show that, with the increase of the reaction temperature, the anions and cations in the aqueous solution of oil shale, oil shale–ash, and the surrounding rock show different trends, and the release of anions and cations in the oil shale–ash solution is most affected by the ambient temperature. The hydrochemical type of oil shale–ash solution is HCO3-SO4-Na-K at 80 °C and 100 °C, which changes the water quality. The main reasons are that (1) the high temperature (≥80 °C) can promote the dissolution of FeS in oil shale and (2) the porosity of oil shale increases after pyrolysis, making it easier to react with water. This paper is an important supplement to the research on the impact of the in situ exploitation of oil shale on the groundwater environment. Therefore, the impacts of in situ mining on groundwater inorganic minerals should be taken into consideration when evaluating in situ exploitation projects of oil shale.

The Catalytic Performance of CO Oxidation over MnOx-ZrO2 Catalysts: The Role of Synthetic Routes

MnOx-ZrO2 catalysts prepared by co-precipitation and vacuum impregnation were calcined at 400–800 °C and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, textural studies, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray absorption near edge structure, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The catalytic activity was tested in the CO oxidation reaction. The activity of the co-precipitated samples exceeds that of the catalysts prepared by vacuum impregnation. The characterization studies showed that the nature of the active component for the catalysts obtained by co-precipitation differs from that of the catalysts obtained by impregnation. In the impregnation series, the most active catalyst was obtained at a temperature of 400 °C; its increased activity is due to the formation of MnO2 oxide nanoparticles containing Mn4+ and low-temperature reducibility. An increase in the synthesis temperature leads to the formation of less active Mn2O3, catalyst sintering, and, accordingly, deterioration of the catalytic properties. In the case of co-precipitation, the most active CO oxidation catalysts are formed by calcination at 650–700 °C in air. In this temperature interval, on the one hand, a MnyZr1−yO2−x solid solution is formed, and on the other hand, a partial separation of mixed oxide begins with the formation of highly dispersed and active MnOx. A further increase in temperature to 800 °C leads to complete decomposition of the solid solution, the release of manganese cations into Mn3O4, and a drop in catalytic activity.

The mechanisms of chromogranin B-regulated Cl- homeostasis.

Chloride is the most abundant inorganic anions in almost all cells and in human circulation systems. Its homeostasis is therefore important for systems physiology and normal cellular activities. This topic has been extensively studied with chloride loaders and extruders expressed in both cell surfaces and intracellular membranes. With the newly discovered, large-conductance, highly selective Cl- channel formed by membrane-bound chromogranin B (CHGB), which differs from all other known anion channels of conventional transmembrane topology, and is distributed in plasma membranes, endomembrane systems, endosomal, and endolysosomal compartments in cells expressing it, we will discuss the potential physiological importance of the CHGB channels to Cl- homeostasis, cellular excitability and volume control, and cation uptake or release at the cellular and subcellular levels. These considerations and CHGB's association with human diseases make the CHGB channel a possible druggable target for future molecular therapeutics.

Nitrosonium Cation Release from Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes in the Decomposition Induced by Superoxide Anions or Ethylenediaminetetraacetate

Nitrosonium Cation Release from Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes in the Decomposition Induced by Superoxide Anions or Ethylenediaminetetraacetate