Catholic War Research Articles

Chouannerie and popular royalism the survival of the counter‐revolutionary tradition in Upper Brittany

The continuity of the counter-revolutionary tradition of the west of France is one of the most commonly accepted propositions in the country's electoral history. Everyone recognizes that the areas where the priests rejected the oath of loyalty to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy in I791 were also the areas where the Catholic and royalist guerrilla war known as chouannerie broke out a few years later. The chouan tradition survived throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in the form of the region's continued preference for legitimist and later conservative deputies. The continuities appear to go even further back than the I790s as well. Roger Dupuy and Jean Meyer argued that the parishes which supported the bonnets rouges in I675 in the Finistere were those which supported the Republic in the 1790s, while the quiescent parishes later supported the chouans. A continuing tradition of anti-seigneurial and anti-urban revolt thus stretched across the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.' Even more arresting was the continuity of Catholic traditions in Upper Brittany. M. Lagr6e was able to show that the parishes around Vitre which supported the Catholic League in the sixteenth century were later chouan and royalist in the nineteenth.2 Any debate about this has been directed towards explaining the fact of these remarkable continuities. Andre Siegfried, who began his studies of electoral geography by trying to explain the refractory west, attributed popular royalism to the combined pressure of resident nobles on their tenants and of priests on their parishioners.3 But Siegfried has been out of favour for some time. Paul Bois found

Australian Churches at War: Attitudes and Activities of the Major Churches, 1914–1918. By Michael McKernan. Sydney: Catholic Theological Faculty and Australian War Memorial, 1980. vi + 207 pp. $15.00.

Australian Churches at War: Attitudes and Activities of the Major Churches, 1914–1918. By Michael McKernan. Sydney: Catholic Theological Faculty and Australian War Memorial, 1980. vi + 207 pp. $15.00.

CATHOLIC WOMEN AND WAR: THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CATHOLIC WOMEN, 1919–1946

Peace & ChangeVolume 5, Issue 1 p. 23-32 CATHOLIC WOMEN AND WAR: THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CATHOLIC WOMEN, 1919–1946 Esther MacCarthy, Esther MacCarthySearch for more papers by this author Esther MacCarthy, Esther MacCarthySearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1978 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.1978.tb00367.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume5, Issue1April 1978Pages 23-32 RelatedInformation

The new population debate.

IN THE YEAR 1790 the Venetian monk Gianmaria Ortes reached the conclusion that a zero population growth would eventually prove necessary, since infinite expansion is impossible within a finite world. His demographic projections pointing to the likelihood of a doubling of human population within a generation of thirty years were concurred in by Thomas Malthus in 1798. In the latter's Essay on the Principle of Population As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, Malthus maintained that whereas population increased by geometric proportion, food and economic output remained within the confines of arithmetic proportion. The two clergymen had entered into a debate whose beginnings trailed back to the mid-seventeenth century. The discussion involved a mercantilist populationism that favored large families and deplored celibacy as a principal check to population growth. The demographic debate continued down to the early 1950's at an academic pace, with occasional acerbic exchanges between pronatalist and antinatalist policy makers and religious leaders. At mid-century, however, a realization of the possibly disastrous proportions of the population increase in relation to local and world resources suddenly dawned upon a number of concerned individuals, voluntary organizations, and officials involved in government assistance programs. One result was a shift in objective to development rather than assistance projects on the part of foreign-aid organizations, including both international and governmental agencies and U.S. Catholic War Relief Services, Caritas Internationalis, and other ecclesiastical and private groups engaged in uplifting depressed populations in rural and slum areas of the

Arianism and the Byzantine Army in Africa 533-546

One of the principal motivations for the Emperor Justinian's reconquest of Africa from the Vandal king Gelimer (Gelimer reigned from 15 June 530 to 15 September 533), was religious: the desire to liberate the African Catholic majority of the population from their Arian Vandal persecutors. No critical study exists, however, which assesses the extent to which the Byzantine expeditionary force of 533 actually treated its invasion of Africa as a Catholic war against Arianism. Such a study would also provide some information on the obscure problem of the relative significance of Arianism in North Africa after the Byzantine reconquest. Clarification of this question has become desirable, for in a recent article C. J. Speel argued that the disappearance of Christianity in the wake of the Islamic conquest is explained by the affinity of Islam and Arianism, which he claims was the religion of the majority of North Africans after the Byzantine reconquest. His thesis deserves to be tested by the Byzantine sources: according to the sources, how successfully did Arianism in Africa survive the collapse of the Vandal authority which had established it?

The Catholic Minority after the Americanist Controversy, 1899–1917: A Survey

ToUnderstand the limited accomplishment of American Catholic intellectual activities in the second half of the twentieth century it is not sufficient to examine the immediate antecedents. The American Catholic history since the beginning of the first World War has, indeed, witnessed important efforts to raise Catholic intellectual activities to the level of traditional European Catholic culture, but these efforts have been handicapped by a bad starting point. The absence of similar efforts during the decades preceding World War I — a period in which Catholic intellectual activities were seriously out of step with the intellectual development of the United States — has much to do with the present mediocre status of Catholic intellectual activities and accomplishments. Unfortunately, the period in Catholic history between the Americanist controversy and the formation of the National Catholic War Council in 1917 has not been seriously studied and consequently its effect on subsequent American life is not fully understood.

Separation of Church and State: The First Freedom

There are signs, on the other hand, that aggression against the principle of separation is being met by persons and institutions that are fully cognizant of the significance of the imminent dangers. Instances of the defense of separation are the suits to nullify a New York State housing grant of $1I28,000 to a Catholic college,4 and to outlaw the released-time program in the State of New York.5 Of special interest in this connection was the refusal of the United States Senate on April 7, I948, to enact S. i557, a bill to incorporate the Catholic War Veterans of the United States.6 Although the newspapers neglected to report the action of the Senate7 or the debate on the bill,8 some of the points made in the argument show that the defenders of the principle of separation are alive to the threats. American civilization and American public education are being charged with a newly created crime-namely, secularism. Typical of this line of attack is the

Book Review: They Shall Live Again: The story of the National Catholic War Council overseas after World War I

Book Review: They Shall Live Again: The story of the National Catholic War Council overseas after World War I

Recreation, Welfare, and Morale of the American Soldier

money was spent in the Army posts in the United States by the Commission on Training Camp Activities, which built recreation halls, theaters, and field houses, and which supplied the operating personnel, hostesses, athletic directors, song leaders, dramatic coaches, and professional talent. Another large part was spent outside the military posts in the communities adjacent to the large camps, and in France by a loose organization of Y.M.C.A., Jewish Welfare Board, Y.W.C.A., Salvation Army, American Library Association, National Catholic War Council, and Knights of Columbus, who by the fall of 1918 had provided recreation personnel numbering over six thousand with the A.E.F. in France. In all this effort in the last war there was some little confusion, some considerable duplication of effort, some added burden to the military in handling civilians and adjusting disputes between civilian organizations. But the fact remains that a very fine job was done. Athletics, amateur and professional dramatics, singing, and a whole program of recreation had a recognized part in army life. Perhaps most important of all, women in great numbers took part in running canteens and recreation centers. The three thousand American women of the various organizations who accompanied our troops abroad had an incalculable effect on the spirits of the American soldier, and brought a new and immensely valuable element into the life of the Army. Under the fine leadership of Raymond B. Fosdick and Howard Braucher and the heads of the civilian agencies, a new and successful step was taken in the care of the soldier, c mparable only to the advance made with the introduction of women nurses in military hospitals.

The Program and Activities of the National Catholic Welfare Council

upon the Program of Social Reconstruction, which was issued by the bishops who administered the National Catholic War Council, and upon the section entitled Industrial Relations in the Pastoral Letter of the American Hierarchy. The first of these is the more famous and has come to be known as the Bishops' Program. The Pastoral Letter contains fewer details than the Bishops' Program, but the salient principles of both are the same.