Cathode Research Articles

Photothermal Assisted Biomass Oxidation for Pairing Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction with Low Cell Potential.

Integrating anodic biomass valorization with carbon dioxide electroreduction (CO2RR) can produce value-added chemicals on both the cathode and anode; however, anodic oxidation still suffers from high overpotential. Herein, a photothermal-assisted method was developed to reduce the potential of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) electrooxidation. Capitalizing on the copious oxygen vacancies, defective Co3O4 (D-Co3O4) exhibited a stronger photothermal effect, delivering a local temperature of 175.47 °C under near infrared light illumination. The photothermal assistance decreased the oxidation potential of HMF from 1.7 V over pristine Co3O4 to 1.37 V over D-Co3O4 to achieve a target current density of 30 mA cm-2, with 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid as the primary product. Mechanistic analysis disclosed that the photothermal effect did not change the HMF oxidation route but greatly enhanced the adsorption capacity of HMF. Meanwhile, faster electron transfer for direct HMF oxidation and the surface conversion to cobalt (oxy)hydroxide, which contributed to indirect HMF oxidation, was observed. Thus, rapid HMF conversion was realized, as evidenced by in situ surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy. Upon coupling cathodic CO2RR with an atomically dispersed Ni-N/C catalyst, the Faradaic efficiencies of CO (cathode) and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA, anode) exceeded 90.0 % under a low cell potential of 1.77 V.

In⁃situ Growth NiS/nickel Foam as Cathode Current Collector of Magnesium-sulfur Batteries

In⁃situ Growth NiS/nickel Foam as Cathode Current Collector of Magnesium-sulfur Batteries

Luminous spot distribution of vacuum arc discharge with deuteride cathode

Vacuum arc discharges with deuteride cathode have many applications, such as nondestructive examination, oil logging, and neutron activation analysis. Deuteride cathode releases many gases during discharge, which is quite different from metal cathode. The discharges display some unique characteristics. A maguifying lens and an ICCD camera are used to observe the luminous spots of vacuum arc discharge. The space resolution of this system is about 5 μm, and the time resolution is about 2 ns. The arc current has a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of about 0.9 μs, and its waveform is half cycle sinusoidal. The results show that the luminous spots merge together into a big one in most cases. Sometimes there are two or more luminous spots due to droplets. The area of the luminous spot grows as arc current increases. The cathode spots’ merging is helpful to increase plasma density and improve discharge efficiency.

Recent development of Li-rich manganese cathode material for Li-ion batteries

Recent development of Li-rich manganese cathode material for Li-ion batteries

A review of carbon-based cathode materials for zinc-ion capacitors

Zinc-ion capacitors are high-performance hybrid capacitors that have great advantages because of the abundance of zinc resources and their high theoretical capacitance. As a result they have become a hot research topic in the field of energy storage devices. Carbon-based materials are usually used as the cathode materials for these capacitors because of the wide range of available materials, and their easily tuned surface properties and simple fabrication. This review summarizes recent research progress on carbon cathode materials for flexible/non-flexible zinc ion capacitors, and gives a concise description of their novel structures and outstanding performance. It then discusses research on the energy storage mechanisms in the cathode materials and suggests directions for the development of carbon cathodes for zinc-ion capacitors.

Performance of Carbon Nanosheet Electrode from Aquatic Wood Waste in Supercapacitor

Disposal of conventional polymer-based electrodes and capacitor can cause pollutions or incur high cost. More carbon based nanosheet electrode is more environmental friendly. Novel supercapacitors were fabricated using carbon nanosheet electrode. Two pieces of thick layer carbon nanosheet electrodes were used as the cathode; the anode were made of carbon nanosheet and graphite mixture with a ratio of 7: 3, 10 % binder and coated on top of a glass surface. The polymer gel electrolytes containing barium carbonate (BaCO3) or calcium carbionate (CaCO3) were filled in the middle of the electrodes to act as a supercapacitor. The concentrations of electrolytes, BaCO3 and CaCO3 were 10 %; 20 %; 30 %. The performance of the supercapacitors was determined by cyclic voltammetry, and charge-discharge galvanostatic methods performed using a potentiostat. The decreasing in capacitances occurred along with the increase of scan rate, from 5 mV s-1 to 100 mV s-1. There is only a slight decrease in the first cycle, as shown by the increased slope of 20 % CaCO3 of supercapacitor. The first cycle plot shows the existence of linearity both in the direction of charging and discharging. All supercapacitors have the same slope value indicating the same rate for both charging and discharging process. Except for the supercapacitor with 20 % CaCO3 where different slope values were observed for its charging and discharging rate, i.e., 1.345 and -1.344. The result showed that the supercapacitor has a charging rate faster than its discharging rate. The cyclic voltammetry tests showed that the highest value of 6.95 mF g-1 was achieved using the supercapacitor of 10 % CaCO3 as electrolyte; or 3.91 mF g-1 with 10 % BaCO3. A novel supercapacitor, using carbon nanosheets derived from aquatic wood waste as eletrodes and polymer-based gel as electrolytes, was developed.

Environmentally Friendly Suspension Electrolysis Technology for Regenerating Lithium Cobalt Oxide

The extensive usage of portable electronic products and the acceleration of their replacement have led to the discarding of a growing amount of LiCoO2 batteries. It is necessary to recycle the batteries from the both viewpoints of environment and economic benefits. Current recycling approaches for LiCoO2 are dominantly based on hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, which usually require multiple complicated steps and involve the use of high temperature or harmful chemicals, like acids and alkalis. There remains an urgent need for a green and simple process. In this paper, suspension electrolysis technology is proposed to recycle spent batteries, in order to achieve the leaching, purification and regeneration of LiCoO2 in one step. The most advantageous of the present technology are that reacting in one reactor at atmospheric condition and no use of highly corrosive and harmful reagents. The reaction of LiCoO2 leaching in the anode region and simultaneously re-synthesizing in the cathode region in ammonia electrochemical system is established for the first time. This work provides a promising method for recovering LiCoO2 efficiently and environmentally friendly, promoting the sustainable utilization of the resources.

Frontispiece: Cathodes for Aqueous Zn‐Ion Batteries: Materials, Mechanisms, and Kinetics

Frontispiece: Cathodes for Aqueous Zn‐Ion Batteries: Materials, Mechanisms, and Kinetics

Natural Quinone Molecules as Effective Cath Ode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A First-Principles Study

The use of biomass resources for energy storage provides a promising solution to alleviate energy crisis and environmental pollution. By employing first principles calculations, we explored the potential of using natural carbonyl-containing fused ring aromatic compounds, namely natural quinone molecules, as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Different side functional groups can significantly influence the lithium storage mechanisms, including the lithiation reaction sites and reaction sequence. Oxygen-containing functional groups at the ortho position facilitate the lithiation process by forming Li-O bond, while electron-withdrawing groups can enhance the redox activity of quinones. Natural quinone derivatives of 1-hydroxyanthraquinone (1-HAQ), 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone (1,4-DHA), methyl 3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone-2-carboxylate (MHNQC), methyl 1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-1,2-dioxonaphthalene-3-carboxylate (MDHDNC), 2-carbamoyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (CHNQ) and 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (MNQ) exhibit high capacity of 239, 223, 231, 231, 247 and 285 mAh g-1 and high redox potential of 2.33, 2.49, 2.76, 2.77, 2.44 and 2.45 V, respectively, thus are predicted to be potential cathode materials for LIBs.

Enhanced the electrochemical performances of Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode by ZrO2 coating

Enhanced the electrochemical performances of Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode by ZrO2 coating

High - Low Temperature Properties of Ni-rich LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode material by Hydrothermal Synthesis with CTAB assisted

High - Low Temperature Properties of Ni-rich LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode material by Hydrothermal Synthesis with CTAB assisted

Application of Biomass Fiber Derived Carbon in Cathode for Lithium Sulfur Batteries

Application of Biomass Fiber Derived Carbon in Cathode for Lithium Sulfur Batteries

Pengaruh Waktu dan Temperatur Larutan Terhadap Ketebalan dan Kekerasan Permukaan Lapisan Hasil Elektroplating Kuningan pada Baja

Brass electroplating process has been analyzed on the steel surface for the thickness and hardness of the coating. The electroplating process was carried out on low carbon steel ST 37 by varying the time (10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes and 25 minutes), and the temperature of the solution (40 °C, 45 °C, 50 °C, and 55 °C). To determine the quality of the coating results were observed using a stereo microscope and Vicker hard test equipment to measure the thickness and hardness. The test results show that the increase in time and temperature is proportional to the thickness and hardness value obtained. The lowest average thickness and hardness value was 11,323 ?m 182.4 VHN at 40 °C with 10 minutes coloring time. While the highest average thickness and hardness values were 29.333 ?m and 218.8 VHN were obtained at a temperature of 55 °C for 25 minutes. The observations showed a significant increase in thickness and hardness values after 20 minutes. This shows that the higher the solution temperature, it will reduce the absorption of hydrogen into the sludge resulting in an increase in the surface hardness of the resulting layers due to more sediment attached to the cathode. The increase in time and temperature of the solution given is directly proportional to the thickness and hardness value produced on the metal surface.

Evaluation of Textile Wastewater Treatment Using Combined Methods: Factor Optimization via Split Plot RSM

The increase in the consumption of textile products as well as the use of dye compounds has increased the pollution of the effluent in these industries. Discharge of this wastewater without properly treating can cause groundwater pollution, poisoning and serious health effects. Dyed pollutants contain benzene rings and are more resistant to conventional biological treatment such as activated sludge. In this study, two combined processes in series were applied for the treatment of towel dyeing wastewater. An experimental design was used to optimize the process. In a batch reactor, the anodic oxidation process (AO) and the electro-Fenton (EF) were compared using four anodes and cathodes. The performance of AO method in dye removal and COD reduction was better than EF method. A good agreement is attained between the predicted value using experimental design and actual results. The correlation coefficient of dye removal, energy consumption, and COD was achieved 0.966, 0.997 and 0.900, respectively. The results showed that under optimum operating conditions of AO process (voltage=6.5 V, t= 6 min and pH =9.5) decreased 97% of dye index and 61% of COD amount. This condition was obtained by consuming 6.7 kWh of energy per cubic meter of wastewater (0.07 $/m3). The output of the optimal AO entered the Reverse Osmosis (RO) system, in the last step. TDS of effluent was reduced 98% in the membrane and also the COD decreased from 980 to 13 ppm under 6 bar pressure.

透明 M Se 2 @ 氮掺杂碳膜对电极用于钴电解质双面 DSSC

透明 M Se 2 @ 氮掺杂碳膜对电极用于钴电解质双面 DSSC

Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Understanding the Capacity Fading Mechanisms of O3‐Type Na[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O2 Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries (Adv. Energy Mater. 37/2020)

Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Understanding the Capacity Fading Mechanisms of O3‐Type Na[Ni_0.5Mn_0.5]O₂ Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries (Adv. Energy Mater. 37/2020)

Hollow cobalt-nickel phosphide nanocages for efficient electrochemical overall water splitting

A low-cost, highly efficient and strong durable bifunctional electrocatalyst is crucial for electrochemical overall water splitting. In this paper, a self-templated strategy combined with in-situ phosphorization is applied to construct hollow structured bimetallic cobalt-nickel phosphide (CoN-iPx) nanocages. Owing to their unique hollow structure and bimetallic synergistic effects, the as-synthesized CoNiPx hollow nanocages exhibit a high electrocatalytic activity and stability towards hydrogen evolution reaction in all-pH electrolyte and a remarkable electrochemical performance for oxygen evolution reaction in 1.0 mol L−1 KOH. Meanwhile, with the bifunctional electrocatalyst in both anode and cath ode for overall water splitting, a low voltage of 1.61 V and superior stability are achieved at a current density of 20 mA cm−2.

Enhancing the Stability of Lithium-Rich Manganese-Based Layered Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries Application

Enhancing the Stability of Lithium-Rich Manganese-Based Layered Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries Application

Lithium Polymer Batteries: Porous SnO2/C Nanofiber Anodes and LiFePO4/C Nanofiber Cathodes with a Wrinkle Structure for Stretchable Lithium Polymer Batteries with High Electrochemical Performance (Adv. Sci. 17/2020)

Lithium Polymer Batteries: Porous SnO₂/C Nanofiber Anodes and LiFePO₄/C Nanofiber Cathodes with a Wrinkle Structure for Stretchable Lithium Polymer Batteries with High Electrochemical Performance (Adv. Sci. 17/2020)

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of three Recycling Approaches for Electric Vehicle Lithium-ion Battery after Cascaded Use

With increasing concerns on environmental impacts of retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supply risk of critical materials, second life and recycling are considered as promising strategies to mitigate the environmental impacts of retired automotive LIBs. In this life cycle assessment (LCA) study, we investigate environmental benefits of second life and recycling methods on three types of widely adopted, commercialized automotive LIBs, including lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NCM) and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA). The results show that when subjected to second life, LIBs with both superior energy storage capacity and energy density generate more environmental benefits than LIBs that is less competitive in either working performance (31 % - 44 %, 16 % - 21 % and 50 % - 56 % reduction in environmental impacts). This is in line with the current trend towards the development of electric vehicles with larger energy storage capacity and longer battery life. We also found that direct cathode recycling outperforms hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling regardless of battery chemistry. Among all recycling methods, only pyrometallurgical recycling is carbon intensive. The recovery of cathode active material and metals, including copper and aluminum, are critical to the environmental performance of batteries.