Catherines Island Research Articles

Testing archaeofaunal collections for differential fragmentation

Body dimensions of animal remains provide evidence for subsistence technologies, seasonality of hunting and fishing, and generalized resource stress. Studies that rely on reconstructed body dimensions of fishes rarely address the possibility of differential preservation or recovery, which may result in inaccurate representations of size classes. We devise a method to test for differential fragmentation of archaeofauna1 specimens based on specimen size and location within the stratigraphic column. We also compare two methods for reconstructing animal size classes: one includes only complete specimens that can be measured accurately, and the other includes both fragmented and complete specimens. We use a collection of mullet (Mugil spp.) atlases from the McQueen Shell Ring, St. Catherines Island, Georgia (USA), many of which were included in a previous study of fish body size as evidence for fishing technologies. All atlases are sorted by size class and categorized as having complete or fragmented osteometric landmarks. There is a positive correlation (ρ = 0.45, P = 0.07) between atlas size class and proportion of specimens that are fragmented: smaller atlases are more likely to be recovered, identified, and measured without fragmentation compared to larger atlases. Size-based differential fragmentation may bias against the representation of larger-bodied individuals in this context. Frequency of fragmentation is not monotonically correlated with burial depth (ρ = −0.19, P = 0.39), and is higher in the upper-most and bottom-most levels of the stratigraphic column compared to intermediate depths. Depth-based differential fragmentation may bias results when stratigraphic sequences are used to evaluate change through time in animal body sizes.

A new host and reproduction at a small size for the “snapper-choking isopod” Cymothoa excisa (Isopoda: Cymothoidae)

Cymothoa excisa Perty, 1833 (Isopoda: Cymothoidae), the “snapper-choking isopod,” is a fish parasite previously known from fifteen host species; it ranges along the Atlantic coast from Brazil to Massachusetts. However, no host information has previously been published for the species north of the Gulf of Mexico. We encountered this isopod in 3.0% (12/399) of weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) collected at St. Catherines Island, Georgia. This is the first report of weakfish as a host for C. excisa. We confirmed our morphological identifications by sequencing a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene from our specimens and a previously identified C. excisa specimen from the Gulf of Mexico. Three C. excisa (body lengths 13-15 mm) were ovigerous with brood sizes ranging from 171 to 483 embryos. These represent some of the smallest ovigerous C. excisa known and the smallest brood sizes reported for the species. Due to morphological changes during development, the identification of immature cymothoid isopods is challenging. The COI sequences we report will facilitate identifying all life stages of this species in the future.

Climate, Deer and Hogs: Drivers of Rapid Change in a Hickory-Dominated Maritime Forest on St. Catherines Island

Maritime forests in the southeastern United States are very susceptible to climate change and have experienced dramatic reductions in extent following anthropogenic disturbances over the past two hundred years. St. Catherines Island, Georgia, an undeveloped barrier island, is home to an unusual pignut hickory (Carya glabra) maritime forest that is experiencing rapid rates of change, including a reduction in basal area from 23 m2·ha-1 in 1996 to 15 m2·ha-1 in 2014. Nine permanent forest plots and associated animal exclosures were installed across this 37 ha stand in 2012 to track forest change and seedling recruitment. From 2012 to 2014, declines in total basal area were caused by mortality of pignut hickory in the overstory and redbay (Persea borbonia) in the midstory. Pignut hickory continues to be ranked first in relative frequency, density and dominance, while Sabal palm (Sabal palmetto) is slightly increasing in relative density. In 2012, there were no woody species regenerating in any of the plots and following one year of animal exclosures, we found 478 pignut hickory seedlings ha-1; thus, deer browse and feral hog predation of nuts may be important drivers of change in this stand. The interplay among deer browse, exotic animal pressures, exotic insects and a drier climate has resulted in a very open forest with the regeneration of few woody plants. Without management of the feral hog and deer population, this unusual maritime forest, with trees as old as 250 years, may continue to decline.

Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. (Spanish moss) water storage and leachate characteristics from two maritime oak forest settings

AbstractAlong subtropical and tropical coastlines, Tillandsia usneoides L. (Spanish moss) can heavily cover tree crowns, altering the volume, timing and chemical composition of rainwater reaching soils as throughfall. It is well‐established that throughfall amount, dissolved ion and dissolved organic matter (DOM) enrichment, as well as the chemical character of DOM, can influence a host of ecological processes – e.g. litter decomposition and fine root patterns. However, no study known to the authors has holistically examined the water storage capacity, dissolved ions and DOM derived from T. usneoides. This study examined 60 T. usneoides samples from two maritime live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) forest settings for water absorbency, maximum water storage capacity, dissolved solutes (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F−, Cl−, NO3−, PO43−, SO42−, dissolved organic carbon, total dissolved nitrogen) and DOM optical properties using ultraviolet‐visible and fluorescence spectrophotometry. Thirty samples were collected from each study site: downtown Savannah (SAV) and St. Catherine's Island (SCI), GA, USA. Results show that T. usneoides coverage can increase canopy water storage more markedly (up to 3 mm) than most other epiphyte communities, tree leaf forms or bark structures previously studied. Ion wash off/leaching was greater for N species from SAV samples; yet, base cation macronutrients (Mg2+, Ca2+) and sea salts (Na+, Cl−) were more enriched from SCI samples. Spectrophotometry revealed that T. usneoides leachates contained DOM with low‐specific UV absorbance at 254 nm per unit carbon (SUVA254) and high percentage of protein‐like fluorescent material compared with literature values for other throughfall and vegetation leachates. In other natural waters, these optical characteristics indicate highly biolabile DOM, suggesting that T. usneoides DOM may also be highly biolabile (i.e. highly relevant to soil microbial functions, like mineralization). Cluster analysis linked fluorescent DOM (FDOM) to ion concentrations of primarily anthropogenic source (F−, SO42−). Correlation analyses including both sites' data indicated that log‐transformed FDOM intensities indirectly relate (p < 0.01, r = −0.5) – and enrichment of major sea salt ions directly relate (Na+: p < 0.000001, r = 0.83; Cl−: p < 0.000001, r = 0.80) – to T. usneoides maximum water absorbency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The palynology of Upper Pleistocene and Holocene sediments from the eastern shoreline and Central Depression of St. Catherines Island, Georgia, USA

Sediment samples from the Hoke's Landing area of St. Catherines Island, Georgia, were analyzed for their pollen and spore contents, and were further analyzed for their clay mineralogy and time of deposition. Samples were retrieved from a core collected in July, 2013, and were recovered from a site lying near an early-twentieth-century oyster boiler on the eastern side of the island, the Hoke's Landing oyster boiler. The continuous core was more than 4.5 m long, representing one of the longest continuous cores collected on the island. Palynological and radiocarbon analyses provide significant information concerning the Late Pleistocene and Holocene evolution of the island; one of the most ancient finite radiocarbon ages (31,990 ± 230 years BP) came from the Hoke's Landing site. Clay analyses indicate the presence of montmorillonite, kaolinite and illite, indicating sediment contributions from marine and terrestrial environments. Palynological data show that the freshwater fern Woodwardia grew in abundance at the site nearly 32,000 years ago. Investigation of other strata from the island, and comparison with data derived from other locations on the Georgia coastal plain, were undertaken. Emphasis was placed on the timing and topographic extent of the Pleistocene sea level lowstand along the eastern seaboard of North America. The effects of the eastward migration of the Georgia coastal zone during the lowstand are preserved in sediments at Hoke's Landing, and provide a convincing new source of information concerning the nature of Pleistocene lowstand terrestrial communities in that region.

The Shellfishers of St. Catherines Island: Hardscrabble Foragers or Farming Beachcombers?

ABSTRACTSt. Catherines Island (Georgia, USA) was separated from the mainland at about 3000 BC, creating massive estuarine tidal marshes, which aboriginal foragers began exploiting almost immediately. Correlative optimal foraging modeling and four decades of archaeological fieldwork demonstrate how this baseline shellfishing economy evolved and persisted, with some local impacts on estuarine resource patches, but no detectable changes in diet breadth over several millennia. The first St. Catherines islanders were likely tribal-level, egalitarian societies living in economically self-sufficient, virtually sedentary, and politically autonomous villages. They made the earliest pottery in North America. Shortly after AD 800, early Mississippian populations developed into chiefdoms characterized by ranked, inherited social hierarchies, ascribing social status and wealth at birth. This significant shift took place wholly in the context of their long-standing shellfishing economy. In the face of dramatically increasing populations, St. Catherines islanders gradually intensified their shellfishing and, at about AD 1400, they began cultivating maize and other domesticates. Shellfishing offers generally higher return rates than corn farming, so the adoption of a maize-based economy was likely driven by political, social, and perhaps adaptive changes in the Mississippian world rather than strictly provisioning strategies.

Radiocarbon dates and the genesis of phytogenic near-shore sediments on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, USA

St. Catherines Island consists of a complex association of Pleistocene and Holocene sediments. The geographic location of the island at the center of Georgia Bight, a prominent re-entrant in the coastline of the southeastern USA, has resulted in the development of a very complex depositional and erosional history. For over 40,000 years the island has experienced a variety of physical, biological, and anthropological changes brought about by climatic, biotic, depositional, and anthropogenic events. Sedimentary deposits have been studied using diverse research tracks including palynology, dendrology, sedimentology, geophysics, and radiocarbon chronology, as well as archaeological techniques. This research focused on the interpretation of environments of deposition of strata that are exposed within the present surf zone, yet which bear the distinct signatures of upland/inland environments of deposition. Data derived from Late Pleistocene and Holocene accumulations of peat and mollusc- and wood-bearing muddy strata of certain on-shore and near-shore origins reveal diverse events relating to shoreline dynamics, plant community changes, and net shoreward migration of this island during the Late Holocene.

Late Pleistocene gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) offshore Georgia, U.S.A., and the antiquity of gray whale migration in the North Atlantic Ocean

Living gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) are key consumers in benthic communities of the North Pacific Ocean. Gray whales, however, also inhabited the North Atlantic Ocean until recent historical times (~1600AD), leaving open questions about their historical ecology in nearshore communities of this basin. Here we report the discovery of fossil remains from two individual gray whales recovered from underwater excavations at separate localities of JY Reef, an offshore reef situated approximately 32kilometers (km) offshore of St. Catherine's Island, Georgia, U.S.A. Both mandibles are diagnostic to the living E. robustus. Radiometric dating of shells from JY Reef suggests an approximate age range of these two specimens between 42 and 30thousand years before present (ka). Morphological measurements of the preserved elements indicate that both of the mandibles likely belonged to immature and possibly yearling individuals. Collectively, these findings are among the oldest occurrences of gray whales in the North Atlantic basin, and their presence at temperate latitudes provides limited support for the hypothesis that Atlantic gray whales used a southerly breeding area at the end of a migratory pathway, by analog with lagoonal breeding environments of Baja California, Mexico, for the extant California gray whales, and the breeding areas for the extant North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) off the Georgia coast today. Stronger support for this latter contention may stem from future fossil discoveries in the region, as well as ancillary lines of evidence, such as the remains of species-specific ectoparasites and/or ancient DNA (aDNA).

Low genetic diversity of the putatively introduced, brackish water hydrozoan,Blackfordia virginica(Leptothecata: Blackfordiidae), throughout the United States, with a new record for Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana

Abstract Despite first being described from Virginia, the widely distributed brackish water hydrozoan Blackfordia virginica is often hypothesized to have been introduced from the Black Sea to the United States. However, the alternative view that B. virginica was introduced to the Black Sea also persists in the literature. This study investigates the population structure of B. virginica in the United States to assess the directionality and/or the number of introduction events. During 2009 and 2010, estuaries were sampled from Delaware to Louisiana for brackish water hydromedusae. Nineteen samples of Blackfordia virginica were collected from four localities, including a channel running between St. Catherines Island and Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, a region for which it had not been reported prior to this study. We PCR amplified and sequenced two mitochondrial markers (COI & 16S), and one nuclear marker (ITS1). We compared data from individuals collected on the east coast of the United States with individu...

Life among the tides : recent archaeology on the Georgia Bight : proceedings of the Sixth Caldwell Conference, St. Catherines Island, Georgia, May 20-22, 2011.

494 pages : illustrations (some color), maps (some color) ; 26 cm. Conference sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History and the St. Catherines Island Foundation.

Regeneration Failure in a Remnant Stand of Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra) on a Protected Barrier Island in Georgia, USA

Maritime forest communities on barrier islands along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts have been severely fragmented by a continuous history of human land use and natural disturbance. Isolated populations of certain tree species in maritime forest fragments may now be too small to be viable and their inability to regenerate may result in their eventual elimination from barrier islands. Using an 11-year study of a population of pignut hickory (Carya glabra), a common species of remnant maritime forest stands on St. Catherine's Island, Georgia, we present a case study of tree regeneration failure on a barrier island. We found that there has been no recruitment of new hickory individuals into the canopy of this population over the last 65 years. Field evidence of browse and a strong correlation between seedling density distributions and microsite protection from herbivory suggest that this trend in recruitment failure is related to an increased abundance of deer (Odocoileus) and pigs (Sus) on the island. Using a size class population projection model, we estimated that, if such recruitment failure and mortality rates continue, the hickory population will be extirpated from the maritime forest within 200 years. Tree species that are failing to regenerate within maritime forests represent a special challenge that is not currently being addressed in the long-term management of barrier island biodiversity.

Evaluating Formational Models for Late Archaic Shell Rings of the Southeastern United States Using Vertebrate Fauna From the St. Catherines Shell Ring, St. Catherines Island, Georgia

ABSTRACT Researchers debate the function of Late Archaic (ca. 2550 to 1800 cal BC) shell rings found along the coast of the southeastern United States. Numerous facets of archaeological assemblages have been investigated to resolve this debate; however, zooarchaeological collections, a key line of evidence towards understanding human behaviors resulting in the formation of these sites, often are ignored. To inform functional interpretations of shell rings, I examine and compare several measures of vertebrate collections from three discrete segments of the St. Catherines Shell Ring (9LI231), St. Catherines Island, Georgia, as well as collections from features in the interior of the ring. There are similarities among collections from different segments of this ring, indicating that formational processes were similar throughout the ring. Zooarchaeological collections from features within the interior of the ring differ from those collections of the ring itself. This suggests that activities within the interior of the ring differed from those leading to the ring's formation. These data, interpreted within current shell ring models, suggest that the St. Catherines Shell Ring formed gradually as village refuse accumulated. Evidence from zooarchaeological collections do not support models suggesting this ring formed through rapid accumulation from feasts or displays of social inequality.

Observations of juvenile Anadara (Scapharca) brasiliana (Bivalvia: Arcidae) on Mellita isometra (Echinoidea: Mellitidae) at St Catherines Island, GA, USA

Juvenile clams were observed on Mellita isometra Harold & Telford, 1990 (Echinoidea: Mellitidae), a lunulate sand dollar, collected off of St Catherines Island, GA, USA, in June 2008. These small clams (ranging from 0.5 to 3 mm in length; Fig. 1) had closed their valves on spines along the fringe, in the lunules and on the oral and aboral surfaces of the sand dollars. The ectosymbiotic crab Dissodactylus mellitae (Rathbun, 1900) is commonly found on the oral surface of M. isometra (Ruppert & Fox, 1988; George & Boone, 2003), but we found no previous reports of juvenile clams attached to sand dollars. We addressed several questions about this clam/crab/sand dollar association: (1) Were juvenile clams commonly present on sand dollars and where on the sand dollars were they located? (2) Was there evidence for any interaction between the juvenile clams and the crab Dissodactylus mellitae? (3) What species of clam were we observing? To answer these questions, we collected a total of 300 sand dollars at three sites on St Catherines Island: North Beach, the Ramp and South Beach (described in Prezant et al., 2002). St Catherines Island is a barrier island on the coast of Georgia and these sites are spread across about 12 km of coastline. All collecting was done at low tide in 1–2 m of water. For each sand dollar we recorded the width of the sand dollar, the number of D. mellitae crabs and the number of clams on each sand dollar. We also recorded where on the sand dollar each clam was attached (on the fringe, in a lunule, on the aboral surface or on the oral surface). All data were recorded in the field, immediately after lifting the sand dollar from the substrate. This was important as our preliminary observations revealed that the clams released their attachment if the sand dollar was placed in a container and transported any significant distance. We also collected juvenile and adult clams in 95% ethanol for microscopic examination and genetic study. We found a total of 142 clams on 300 sand dollars. Twenty-seven per cent of sand dollars had one or more clams, with a maximum of nine clams observed on one sand dollar. The clams were most common on the sand dollar fringe (86/ 142 observations, 61%). The lunules were the second most common location (40/142, 28%). Clams were rarely found on the aboral surface (14/142, 10%) and almost never on the oral surface (2/142, 1%). We found a total of 419 D. mellitae crabs on 300 sand dollars. Sixty-eight per cent of sand dollars had one or more crabs, with a maximum of seven crabs per sand dollar. These results are similar to observations from George & Boone (2003) at Tybee Island, GA, USA. We found no evidence for an association between the presence of one or more crabs and the presence of one or more clams on a sand dollar (x test, P 1⁄4 0.11). Dissodactylus mellitae were found almost exclusively on the oral surface of sand dollars. As clams were rarely observed on the oral surface, the clams and crabs may not have an opportunity to interact. We found no evidence that D. mellitae excludes clams from the oral surface as both of the clams found on the oral surface were found on sand dollars with D. mellitae, and no clams were found on the oral surface of any of the 96 sand dollars without D. mellitae. Based on their distinctive overlapping valves (Fig. 1), we suspected these juvenile clams were Anadara (Scapharca) brasiliana (Lamarck, 1819). Adult A. brasiliana, which are known from St Catherines Island (Prezant et al., 2002), can be identified by the overlap of the left valve over the right (Ruppert & Fox, 1988; Mikkelsen & Bieler, 2008). To confirm this hypothesis we sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene from two adult A. brasiliana and five juvenile clams (including the largest and smallest that we collected). We first isolated DNA from one individual and amplified and sequenced a portion of the COI gene using standard methods (Snowman, Zigler & Hedin, 2010) and the HCOI and LCOI primers from Folmer et al. (1994). Based on this sequence we designed taxon-specific primers (LCO1Ana: 50-CGGCATTAGTAGGAATTTCCTTAAG-30 and HCOI Ana: 50-GCCAAGAAGTGACAAACATACCCC-30) and used these to amplify and sequence a portion of the COI gene from all seven individuals (GenBank accession numbers JN656612– JN656618). Across a 458-bp alignment of these seven sequences, six nucleotide positions were variable. One adult A. brasiliana individual and three of the juvenile individuals had identical sequences, one individual differed from those four individuals by a single-nucleotide difference, one by two differences and one by three differences. The maximum divergence between specimens was 1.1%, and the mean divergence was 0.4%.

Nocturnal ranging by a diurnal primate: are ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) cathemeral?

Cathemerality, an activity pattern comprised of distinct periods of diurnal and nocturnal activity, is a trait found among several of the Malagasy strepsirhines and one species of Aotus. Because occasional anecdotal reports suggest that some diurnal primates can be active at night, I investigated the possibility of nocturnal ranging behavior in the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) by using global positioning system (GPS) collars programmed to collect data across a 24-h period. Five individuals in a provisioned, free-ranging L. catta colony on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, USA, wore GPS collars across 1week of the mating season. Results revealed that night ranging behavior occurred between the h of 1900 and 0530. An evaluation of the effect of moonlight on nocturnal activity showed that a greater rate of travel occurred during moonlit periods as opposed to periods when the moon had not yet risen. Distance travelled at night decreased across the deployment period, likely because of a decrease in available moonlight over time, as the lemurs were collared during a waning moon. Fewer mating opportunities over time may have also been responsible for the decrease in night ranging, because the number of females in estrus declined across the deployment period. Future research is needed to separate the effects of moonlight and mating activity on night ranging in this species, as well as to evaluate whether L. catta in Madagascar show night ranging similar to L. catta on SCI. These data raise the possibility that L. catta may be cathemeral, with an activity pattern fluctuating between diurnality and cathemerality in accordance with shifts in environmental conditions.

The Alteration of Soil Chemistry through Shell Deposition on a Georgia (U.S.A.) Barrier Island

St. Catherines Island, located off the coast of Georgia (United States), has been inhabited by humans for close to 5000 years. The island's long-term habitation and varied history of land use has left a legacy of anthropogenic impacts that has strongly influenced the composition and function of the current vegetation communities and underlying soils. In this study, we examined the chemistry of surface soils collected from 32 sites representing five historical land uses (old cotton plantations, longleaf pine savanna, hickory forest, maritime forests, and shell middens) to determine how human activities have affected the island's surface soils. We found that shell deposition left a strong chemical signal, significantly increasing soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and concentrations of Ca, total nitrogen, and several micronutrients. Soils under the hickory-dominated forest had chemical characteristics that were intermediate between the middens and the other three cover types. Despite a wide range in pH, all sites had very high concentrations of extractable P, possibly because of retention by Ca and Fe. Shell deposition has altered soil chemistry in numerous areas across the island, and this has important implications for soils and the resultant vegetation patterns currently seen along St. Catherine's coastlines as well as other coastlines throughout the world.

The Beads of St. Catherines Island. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 89. Elliot H. Blair , Lorann S. A. Pendleton , Peter Francis, Jr.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBOOK REVIEWSThe Beads of St. Catherines Island. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 89. Elliot H. Blair , Lorann S. A. Pendleton , Peter Francis, Jr. Heather A. LaphamHeather A. Lapham Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Anthropological Research Volume 66, Number 4WINTER 2010 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/jar.66.4.20798875 Views: 6Total views on this site © 2010 The University of New MexicoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Evaluation of Male Inter-Troop Transfer as a Mating Strategy among Ring-Tailed Lemurs on St. Catherines Island, USA

One commonly cited function of dispersal is to increase mating opportunities. In this study, I evaluated the hypothesis that male inter-troop transfer is used as a mating strategy in ring-tailed lemurs, Lemur catta, on St. Catherines Island (SCI), Ga., USA. I measured male mating success and inter-troop transfer behavior across 5 years in a population consisting of 4 lemur groups on SCI. Data strongly supported dispersal as a successful mating strategy of natal males, because these males did not mate within their natal groups, but always mated in their new groups of entry. For secondary male dispersal (transfers between 2 non-natal groups), data on 2 males collected in breeding seasons immediately prior to and following transfer show that their individual mating success measures increased following a transfer. Data revealed that among non-natal males, high-ranking males on SCI were more likely to transfer between groups than lower-ranking males, which is somewhat contrary to the more common trend among primates of lower-ranking males transferring more frequently. In sum, male primary dispersal appears to function as a mating strategy among male L. catta on SCI, with indications that secondary dispersal may also be successful at increasing male mating success.

Male Post‐Ejaculatory Mounting in the Ring‐Tailed Lemur (Lemur catta): A Behavior Solicited by Females?

AbstractMale mate guarding can take many forms but often involves aggression toward male conspecifics and continued proximity with a female. This study describes a previously undocumented behavior in a promiscuous primate, the ring‐tailed lemur: post‐ejaculatory (PE) mounting. PE mounting was documented across eight mating seasons in a ring‐tailed lemur colony on St. Catherines Island (SCI), USA. During PE mounting, a male remounts a female following ejaculation and clasps her midsection as if to mate again, but copulation does not occur; males showing this behavior typically lack erections, and their mounts show an absence of penile intromission and rhythmic thrusting. Male PE mounting was more common among males mating earlier in the queue, and when PE mounting occurred, it accompanied mate guarding. Four non‐mutually exclusive hypotheses to explain PE mounting were evaluated as follows: (1) gaining additional copulations, (2) prevention of re‐mating, (3) lengthening sperm residence time, and (4) re‐mounting as a function of female proceptivity. Male PE mounting did not aid males in gaining additional copulations nor did PE mounting prevent females from mating with new males. Equivocal support was found for Hypothesis 3: although there was much overlap in copulatory plug residence times for males who did and did not show PE mounting, one‐third of males who practiced PE mounting had plug residence times of 2 h or more, much longer than that of males who did not show PE mounting. PE mounting may therefore be related to increased plug residence time, which may provide an advantage to males in sperm competition. Strong evidence was found in support of Hypothesis 4: males overwhelmingly performed PE mounts in response to continued female sexual presentations, suggesting that females can solicit this male behavior. Females consequently exercise an even greater degree of control over males than was previously realized in this ‘female dominant’ primate.

Native American Landscapes of St. Catherines Island, Georgia. David Hurst Thomas

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsNative American Landscapes of St. Catherines Island, Georgia. David Hurst Thomas Keith AshleyKeith Ashley Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Anthropological Research Volume 65, Number 4Winter, 2009 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/jar.65.4.25608281 Views: 10Total views on this site Copyright 2009 The University of New MexicoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Book Reviews: The Making of Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, A Devil, Two Rivers, and a Dream, Native American Landscapes of St. Catherine's Island, Georgia. Part I: The Theoretical Framework, Part II: The Data, Part III: Synthesis and Implications, Time's River: Archaeological Syntheses from the Lower Mississippi River Valley

Book Reviews: The Making of Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, A Devil, Two Rivers, and a Dream, Native American Landscapes of St. Catherine's Island, Georgia. Part I: The Theoretical Framework, Part II: The Data, Part III: Synthesis and Implications, Time's River: Archaeological Syntheses from the Lower Mississippi River Valley