Cathartic Method Research Articles

„Ciało wiersza” – corpus (alter) ego poety – artefaktualizacja tekstu. Psyche lirycznej persony Eugeniusza Tkaczyszyna-Dyckiego

The article is an analysis of Ciało wiersza [The Body of the Poem], a poetic volume by Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki, in the light of psychoanalysis, somatopoetics and philosophy of the body. The author juxtaposes the category of the “body of the poem” with Jean-Luc Nancy’s Corpus. In this context he presents Ciało wiersza as a collection of texts describing the situation of a subject embodying the content of its psyche, transgressing and being on the verge of mental entropy or schizophrenia. Close to Freud’s cathartic method, Tkaczyszyn-Dycki treats the poem as a reservoir of psychogenic material and a projection instrument. The somatext, as embodied unconsciousness, analyzed through the prism of basic Freudian tools (defense mechanisms, regressive shifts), appears as a resultant of the dialectic of repression and the imperative of commemoration, which channels libidinal energy through imaginative displacements. Referring to the recurring leitmotifs of Tkaczyszyn-Dycki’s imagination in Ciało wiersza, the author traces how the poet reflects in the poetic text the workings of the psychic apparatus and the “multiple names” of schizophrenia.

Sangkan Paraning Dumadi: The Image of Women, Hysteria, and Patriarchal Chains in Intan Paramadhita’s Short Story

This study focuses on the psychological symptoms experienced by the Mother in Pemintal Kegelapan (The Dark Spinner) by Intan Paramadhita. Hysteria is understood as a neurosis form based on an element of anxiety in the character’s past life. Psychological disorders in the short story can be seen from the dual personality of the Mother to avoid or cure the anxiety she suffers. As a psychological disorder, hysteria certainly has a therapy known as catharsis. That method is applied by the Mother as a treatment for her psychological disorders. The feminist reflection of Pemintal Kegelapan can be analyzed by applying Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. Through that stage of analysis, it can be known how the Mother applies the cathartic method. The causes of the hysteria disorder experienced can be revealed, both hysteria as a mental illness and a woman’s disease.

Correlation between slow transit constipation and spleen deficiency, and gut microbiota: a pilot study.

To investigate the effect of slow transit constipation (STC) and spleen deficiency on gut microbiota, and the mechanism underlying the action that the positive drug Maren Runchang (MR) alleviates STC. STC was induced, using the cathartic method of Senna and the hunger-fullness disorder method, in ICR mice; one group of model mice was treated with MR (6.24 g/kg). The changes in the general condition, fecal parameters, D-xylose content in the serum, intestinal propulsion rate, and histopathology of the colon were assessed after STC induction in the control, model, and MR groups. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed from STC mice into pseudo germ-free mice. Changes in the contents of substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and gut microbiota in STC mice and pseudo germ-free mice were assessed after FMT. Compared with the control group, the model mice showed the following results: the time of the first black stool was significantly longer ( 0.01), the number and weight of black stools were significantly reduced within 6 h ( 0.05), the D-xylose content in the serum was significantly reduced ( < 0.05), the intestinal propulsion rate decreased ( < 0.01), the content of VIP in colon tissue significantly increased ( < 0.05), and SP content in the colon tissue significantly decreased ( < 0.01); moreover, the colon showed significant inflame-mation and injury. Furthermore, the abundance of Firmicutes was increased, the abundance of Bacteroides decreased, and the abundance of decreased, while the abundance of the conditional pathogenic bacteria and Klebsiella increased. However, after treatment with MR, the time of the first black stool decreased (0.01), the number of black stools within 6 h increased, and the intestinal propulsion rate increased ( < 0.05). Moreover, the content of D-xylose in the serum and the content of VIP in colon tissue significantly decreased ( < 0.05), the content of SP in colon tissue significantly increased ( < 0.01), and colon inflammation significantly improved. Additionally, the abundance of Firmicutes decreased, and the abundance of Bacteroides increased. The abundance of increased, and the abundance of decreased. In the model + FMT group, compared with control + FMT group, the content of VIP in colon tissue decreased ( < 0.05), the content of SP in colon tissue significantly increased ( < 0.01), and the abundance of probiotics, such as , decreased. In the MR + FMT group, compared with the model + FMT group, the content of VIP in colon tissue increased, the content of SP in colon tissue significantly decreased ( < 0.01), and the abundance of probiotics increased. STC mice with spleen deficiency show a decreased abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as , and an increased abundance of the conditional pathogenic bacteria . Furthermore, the mechanism of action of MR in treating STC may involve the regulation of intestinal movement, reduction of intestinal inflammation, elevation of intestinal absorption, and regulation of gut microbiota.

Study of the relationship between acupuncture dose and effect

Study of the relationship between acupuncture dose and effect

Analog Shocking Therapy Sebagai Metode Katarsis Terhadap Ketenangan Jiwa pada Karyawan

This research is backed by the many problems experienced by employees who suffer from mental unrest that can inhibit the productivity of work in the scope of work especially in the company. The purpose of this research is to know the condition of the souls of employees, as well as the process in conducting Analog Shocking Therapy as a cathartic method, and to know the Analog Shocking Therapy as a cathartic method of the employee's mental tranquility. The method of study used is a method of mixture with an expressive sequential strategy, by taking and processing quantitative data first then deesed through a qualitative interview. The results obtained from this study showed that the low mental peace conditions experienced by employees before therapy using Analog Shocking Therapy as much as 51%, the data showed that many employees experienced Low mental peace conditions. The stage in implementing Analog Shocking Therapy is that the client is invited to do a visualization by creating the parable of the ball as a medium to transfer the negative emotions that have been experienced. And Analog Shocking Therapy as a cathartic method of the peace of mind of the employees showed that experienced employees after the therapy experienced a change of self becomes more spirited, more optimistic, easier in controlling fear, worry, and anger at work.

Psychological Optimization for Adolescents with Physical Motor Deficiency—A Model of Intervention

This article aims to present a model of psycho-educational intervention which helps adolescents with physical, motor deficiencies (PMD)1 to integrate more effectively into the school and social group. It also analyses the results of a psychological experiment realized with adolescents with PMD, using role playing method, body techniques and cathartic methods (drawing) aiming for optimization, personal development and improvement of resilience and rehabilitation of these teens. The research approach is integrated in the general trend of positive psychology, which focuses on cultivating individual skills and inclinations. It is also proposed a new method of working with teenagers with PMD: the intervention through art in school, which has proved to be beneficial in overcoming states of stress, nervousness or frustration. The experimental analysis is connected with a comprehensive project on teenagers with PMD, conducted by the Rusu, M. in previous years2.

Person of the Month: Josef Breuer (1842-1925)

Josef Breuer, Austrian physician and physiologist who was acknowledged by Sigmund Freud and others as the principal forerunner of psychoanalysis. Breuer found, in 1880, that he had relieved symptoms of hysteria in a patient, Bertha Pappenheim, called Anna O. in his case study, after he had induced her to recall unpleasant past experiences under hypnosis. He concluded that neurotic symptoms result from unconscious processes and will disappear when these processes become conscious. The case of Anna O. introduced Freud to the cathartic method (the “talking cure”) that was pivotal in his later work. Breuer described his methods and results to Freud and referred patients to him. With Freud he wrote Studien uber Hysterie (1895), in which Breuer’s treatment of hysteria was described. Later disagreement on basic theories of therapy terminated their collaboration.

Psychosocial factors of suicide attitudes among new recruits in training camp

Objective To explore the psychosocial influencing factors of suicide attitudes among new recruits in training camp. Methods Cluster sampling was conducted and 5 200 new recruits in 11 training camps were investigated with suicide attitude questionnaire(QSA), symptom checklist 90(SCL-90) and self-designed questionnaire. Influencing factors associated with suicide attitudes were analyzed with multiple linear regression analysis. Results The score of awareness of property of suicide behavior dimension of QSA were (3.71±0.58), and (2.77±0.47) of the attitude to the suicide dimension, (2.43±0.43) of the attitude to family members of the suicide dimension and (3.13±0.86) of the attitude to euthanasia dimension. The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that recruits who came from single parent family, had a history of family violence, had a introvert character, had poor emotional stability, had a history of psychiatrist visiting, took Sedatives more often, had more negative life events in past year, tended to use unhealthy cathartic method of emotion, had more difficulty in adjusting to the army life, had lower factor score of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in SCL-90, and higher factor score of depression and paranoia, tended to hold an admissive attitude to suicide behavior. Conclusion The recruits in training camp don't accept suicide behavior as a whole, and their suicide attitudes were influenced by mental health states and many other psychosocial factors. Suicide prevention education should be targeted. Key words: Recruits; Suicide attitudes; Influencing factors; Multiple Linear regression analysis

История психотерапии. Лекция 2. Предыстория психотерапии (Часть II)

The paper continues the cycle of lectures by Igor Borisovitch Grinshpun on his- tory of psychotherapy. The current part recounts the discovery of the unconscious by Austrian physician Josef Breuer (case of Anna O., cathartic method) and French philosopher Pierre Janet. Descriptions of cased are adduced. The question of reliability of these descriptions and falsifications occurring due to complicated relation- ship between psychoanalyst and patient, and the absence of systematic note-taking practice, is raised. Ethical problems of public discussion of cases are reviewed P. Janet’s approach and the specificity of his method in comparison with classic psychoanalysis are analyzed in detail on the basis of clinical cases from his practice. Differences between the notion of the unconscious in the works of psychoanalysts and P. Janet’s, and the latter’s impact on theoretic and practical psychology (his influence on psychoanalysis, ego-psychology, psychodrama, cultural-historical psychology) are noted.

Antecedentes da Associação Livre: As Experiências Precursoras na Década de 1890

In this paper we discussed the experiments that influenced and leading up to the formulation of the free association. Based on the argument that the adoption of the fundamental rule occurred along with the development of the dreams interpretation technique by the interference of an obscure intuition, we wonder then on the elements that have led to such intuition. Our main argument is that the formulation of free association is corollary of the analytical approach from the psychic. We located, in the problematization of Freud language device and in the Breuer spontaneous resolutions conceptions, two strategic points for the understanding of these precursor experiments. Then we followed the Freudian path toward the defense of a psychic causality in the etiology of the neuroses and the deepening of the unconscious experience. We divided these precursor experiments into five stages that reflect different moments of the technique construction in the 1890s. Here they are: 1) The application of Breuer’s and Freud’s cathartic method; 2) The psychological analysis with hypnosis; 3) The psychological analysis without hypnosis; 4) The analytical hypnosis and the in-depth investigation and 5) the intensification of the unconscious experience.

Memory and the body

Early psychoanalysis could be viewed as memory-centred. Emerging from the cathartic method of Breuer and Freud, Freud stated that the aim of the new treatment was to remove the amnesias, that is, fill in the memory gaps, thus making what was previously unconscious due to resistances accessible to consciousness. This was seen as the main curative factor. As we know, psychoanalysis developed in various directions during its first decades. With Reich and his followers, an increasing attention was paid to character, muscular tensions and bodily positions at the expense of working with psychological material like memories and phantasies. However, repetitions in transference and acting out may also be considered aspects of memory, and in that sense, their importance has been retained in all psychoanalytic developments. The aim in this article is to highlight various aspects of remembering and to make a plea for a differentiated view of memory in the current practice of psychoanalysis; in that respect, it is an example of returning to Freud.

1461 – Interculturality in the clinic of crisis situations: an essential meeting space

If the contemporary clinic increasingly tends to pay a particular attention to the requirements of interculturality, the clinic of crisis situations is also clearly dependent on the variation in the intersubjective encounter between the clinician and the patient. From that moment, considering the case of a clinic of psyche, based only on the medical practice act becomes a pure challenge, especially when we intervene for the benefit of the population from other part of the world (others). Being from the culture of a given society and having an emergency practice in a foreign culture, brings us to consider the banishment of intersubjective barriers. Without that, would the notion of interculturality make sense? We hypothesize that the clinic of psyche would not be effective until a real encounter between the clinician and the patient came out. In that case, it does not mean only transfer. We want to envisage the possibility of an intercultural clinic devoid of any theoretical rigidity. We have based our research on the cathartic method in a way that constitutes the basic of the psychoanalytic clinic. The research will have permit us to address the theoretical and practical requirements under cover of a particular clinic, based on the principle of interculturality. Our clinical experience in Rwanda within the framework of the post-genocidal trauma clinic will have permit us to demonstrate the way in which relevant elements sometimes appear unexpectedly. Those meetings have an essential value where cultural difference made clinical work doubtful.

How to choose the best preparation for colonoscopy

The success and accuracy of colonoscopy is largely dependent on appropriate cleansing of the colon. The ideal bowel preparation should be safe, well-tolerated and effective. Although colonoscopy preparations are vastly better than the earliest barium enemas used in X-ray regimens, none of the currently available formulations sufficiently fulfills the above criteria. Currently used techniques of colon cleansing include dietary and cathartic methods, gut lavage and the administration of phosphates. All of these methods are efficacious, particularly when administered in a split dose (one the evening before and one just before the planned colonoscopy). Gut lavage methods are the safest method; however, dietary and cathartic methods are also reasonably safe. Low-dose phosphate preparations are well tolerated, but safety concerns have led to the withdrawal of some phosphate products from the US market. A new oral sulfate product that achieves a desirable balance of safety, tolerability in patients and efficacy will shortly be introduced. Physicians should be aware of the range of colonoscopy preparations available and their limitations, so that the best preparation can be chosen for an individual patient.

The uses of humor in life, neurosis and in psychotherapy: Part 1

Joy and sadness, the comic and the tragic, making jokes and telling jokes, have been known in life, literature, the theater, and art since the dawn of civilization. Following in the footsteps of classical antiquity, Freud added to the philosophical analysis of humor the insights offered by the psychoanalytic method. The bridge was the cathartic method of treating neuroses, where discharge of affect was one of the foundations of technique, and the cathartic, or discharge, function of humor. Freud's analysis of humor, that “A joke … is the most social of all mental functions that aim at a yield of pleasure” introduces Freud's first explicit formulation of an interpersonal approach to the human situation in health and disorder.

Review article: orthograde gut lavage for colonoscopy.

Most colon cleansing regimens for surgical and diagnostic procedures such as colonoscopy are modifications of older barium enema X-ray preparations which have evolved in gastrointestinal laboratories influenced by empiric experience. Recent formal study allows for careful comparison of gut lavage, diet and cathartic, and oral sodium phosphate preparations. This review will evaluate oral lavage solutions and address their safety, tolerance and efficacy. Administration options are discussed as well as other diet and cathartic methods previously referred to as 'standard preps'.

Psykoanalytisk og tragisk katharsis

Gammelgaard, J. (1993). Psychoanalytic and tragic catharsis. Nordisk Psykologi, 45, 24–38. Among contemporary psychotherapists catharsis is generally interpreted as release of emotions, and many therapeutic techniques and methods are based on the idea of the therapeutic value of being released from suppressed, non-abreacted emotions. The article argues this idea through a study of the etymology of catharsis. Breuer and Freud's cathartic method from the 1890's is critically discussed, and catharsis is studied in the light of Aristotle's introduction of the word in his Poetics, where he states that the tragedy has a purifying (cathartic) effect on the audience. The main question of the article is thus whether the cathartic effect can be the basis of a relationship between tragedy and psychoanalysis.

Multiple Personality Disorder and Iatrogenesis: The Cautionary Tale of Anna O

An examination of Breuer's treatment of Anna O. illustrates some of the controversies surrounding the recent rise of case reports of multiple personality disorder. Anna O., the first patient of the cathartic method, psychoanalysis, and dynamic psychiatry, fits current criteria for multiple personality disorder. Breuer's treatment, however, may have contributed to her states of absence; the timing, type, and intensity of Breuer's interventions make it possible that he unwittingly encouraged and amplified Anna's dissociations, reified her ego fragments, and then explained Anna's symptoms with the pseudomemories and confabulations recovered from Anna while she was hypnotized. A review of Breuer's treatment highlights some of the controversial aspects of multiple personality disorder, specifically its possible vulnerability to iatrogenesis via suggestion and unconscious collusion and other factors. The current stance of some multiple personality disorder enthusiasts, opaque to their participation in interactions that may lead to certain patient productions, resembles the older psychoanalytic stance exemplified by the early Breuer and Freud. The dialectic of the therapist as a neutral observer versus as an influential participant continues to be a focus of controversy, both within psychoanalysis and psychotherapy and in the understandings of the etiology and treatment of multiple personality disorder.

Psychiatry, psychoanalysis, and politics during the First World War

This article compares the therapeutic power used by psychiatrists and psychoanalysts serving in the German and Austro-Hungarian armies during World War I, and the ways in which their therapeutic techniques were related to governmental and military authority. When treating "shell shocked" soldiers, army psychiatrists were guided by nationalist commitment rather than concern for their patients. Whatever theoretical approach they took, they defined their therapeutic task as administrative intervention aimed to increase the docility of soldiers to the state and its military purposes. But violent means of coercion, designed to force neurotic soldiers back into duty, remained inefficient. Drawing from an alternative body of knowledge, army physicians influenced by Freud's writings, or trained in psychoanalysis, applied cathartic methods to treat the Central Powers' soldiers. Their approach was not only more humane, but also proved to be therapeutically more efficient.

Catharsis Reconsidered

Mainstream psychiatry and psychotherapy have held for many years that cathartic psychotherapies involving powerful emotional expression have limited value. The conventional wisdom is that they are either dangerous, or ineffective, or that their effectiveness is short-lived. This paper reviews the origins of this conventional wisdom and makes two findings. Firstly, that there is remarkably little serious research into cathartic psychotherapies, but what there is tends to support catharsis. Secondly, that the periods in the last 200 years when cathartic methods have fallen into disrepute have often coincided with threatened or actual scandals involving prominent practitioners of cathartic psychotherapy. Four models of catharsis are described; the "Hydraulic", the "Pavlovian", the "Cathexis", and the "Holographic". The discussion suggests situations in which catharsis would be likely to prove useful, and indicates potential risks.

Freud's expectations and the childhood seduction theory

It is argued that when Freud used his various adaptations of Breuer's cathartic method, he was mistaken in believing that his expectations did not provide the primary guidance for the recollections of his patients. An analysis of the concepts Freud used to reconstruct the process of symptom formation shows them to have been based on Meynert's physiological associationism, a theory which precluded such factors as expectations from influencing trains of thought. Freud's assumption that the recovery of memories was guided by an inner, psychic determinism made him unaware of an important set of influences which determined the content of the recollections. These influences were his own expectations that sexual factors might cause all neuroses, that the causes of the same neurosis would be identical, and that effective traumatic memories would be recognizable by the consequences of their abreaction. It was these expectations which led to the ill-fated childhood seduction theory.