Category Of Truth Research Articles

Beneath the surface: On the significance of the underground and underwater landscapes in selected documentaries by Werner Herzog

Werner Herzog’s films grow out of landscapes. The frames opening his works very often present landscapes whose role goes beyond illustrative or informative functions. Analyzing films such as Encounters at the End of the World, Cave of Forgotten Dreams, and Into the Inferno, the text reconstructs the meanings inscribed in Herzog’s underground and underwater landscapes. The journey beneath the surface of spaces dominated by nature usually constitutes an equivalent of the journey into culture in the director’s works. In a sense, they are films laced with reflection about experiencing landscapes. What is more, Herzog undertakes his reflections in the realm of documentary cinema, which is firmly entangled with the category of truth. Entering a landscape is therefore a way of reaching truth for the director—however, not objective but “poetic” and “ecstatic” truth, which, according to the creator, has a much more significant quality than mundane facts.

Semiotic Interpretation of the Sign ‘Ecclesiastical Court’ Within the Framework of Legal Precepts in Terms of Temporality and Spatiality (Case of Russia)

The article aims to provide a semiotic interpretation of the sign of the Ecclesiastical Court within the legal framework from temporal and spatial perspectives (case of Russia). The starting point of the research is the idea that the history of the Russian Ecclesiastical Court is inextricably linked to the history of Russian society and secular court. Consideration of the pre-revolutionary ecclesiastical and secular law helps us explore principles of the ecclesiastical proceedings and organization, identify contradictions in understanding modern Ecclesiastical Court. Its sign is not only limited to the legal interpretation. In his novel The Brothers Karamazov, Dostoevsky F. M. gave the sign of the Ecclesiastical Court symbolic meaning and, thus, expanded it beyond the existing legal framework. The Ecclesiastical Court is one of the symbols of Russian spirituality which is reflected in the concept of “Russian soul”. Rational elements of the sign of Ecclesiastical Court as well as its sensual and metaphorical (represented visually in the author’s pictures in this article) components, are analyzed using the category of Truth. Clearly, the Cross is sign-symbol for Christianity. But if applied to the concept of Ecclesiastical Court, the Orthodox Cross becomes a sign-index. As a result, several semantically heterogeneous meanings of the sign of Ecclesiastical Court are revealed and described.

Between Truth, Legitimacy, and Legality in the Post-truth Era

The post-truth regime is a regime in which certain central categories of modernity seem to be inadequate: that of truth as correspondence, that of truth as verification, and that of truth as sincerity. This reflection aims at proposing a shift from the category of truth to the category of legitimacy, in order to rethink (replace?) those of correctness, objectivity, adequacy. The advantage potentially offered by the concept of legitimacy, with regards to that of truth, has to do with the reference to a given context (wherein truth tends to be a universal ideal), with an element of social recognition (wherein truth does not depend on recognition; it is valid per se) and a processual dimension (wherein truth does not become truthful), which makes the management of discourses more flexible, without abdicating to their deregulation.

Celluloid is Not a Signifier Any More

Nowadays art does not necessarily need to be militant or socially involved to be political since the categories of truth and reality are destroyed through the mediatic dissipation of notions of subjectivity and objectivity. Since the first obvious indications of the inception of the times of the “end of representation” – as Deleuze pointed out half a century ago – we have to deal with a widespread awareness about the persevering change of art and of reflections about art in the social framework of institutional and technological contexts. The analysis of interactions, starting with the invention of film/cinema, artistic practice and theory, including aesthetics, highlights the importance of the notions, categories and agencies of movement. The emergence of the so-called post-media epoch signals a new decisive change following the one, which was revealed as the overwhelming onset of mass culture. As the theoretical indecision about the features of an ongoing new change seems to be still dominant, the practice of art of any conceivable variety reflects basically the same indecision. The fact that ‘film’ is still the notion, which by and large means moving images, while digitalization made the material (celluloid) film obsolete, is an elementary metaphor of the process of the vanishing of signifiers, related to the notion of art. However, in a more complex term, the questions about the correlation between form and content are re-emerging in novel configurations as well as the epistemological and ontological problems of aesthetics, concerning the designations of objects of analysis. Article received: May 17, 2019; Article accepted: July 6, 2019; Published online: October 15, 2019; Original scholarly paper

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ ЖЕЛАНИЯ В ЛОГИЧЕСКОМ АСПЕКТЕ

В работе представлен анализ логической природы ситуации желания для выявления форм мысли, соотносимых с этой ситуацией, и ее концептуальной специфики. Соответствующий концепт с позиций логики рассматривается как концептуальнологическая основа категории оптативности. Выявлена специфика мира желаний как одного из иных миров, в основе которого лежит виртуальный нерасчлененный концепт, не имеющий реального референта во внешнем мире, но обладающий двойной обращенностью. Установлено, что оценочный компонент входит в структуру оптативной ситуации, ирреальной по своей природе The main objective of this paper is to analyze logical nature of desire situation to reveal the forms of thought, related to this situation, and its conceptual speci c character. The appropriate concept from a logical standpoint is considered as conceptual and logical base of the category of optation. In the course of the research, we discovered that sentences with semantics of desire cannot be solely quali ed by modal logic according to the type of assessment due to the originality of the concept, which we are researching, and the modal semantics of the same name. Epistemic modality is most close to optation when determined by the following factors of nonlogical order, which are not always acknowledged or controlled by the subject: habits, inclinations, and preferences. We cannot deny a certain connection between desire and ability, necessity and, especially, incentive. The commonality of logical (notional) part of the appropriate concept and content of assessments, di erent in ontological sense, may be explained from positions of semantics of the possible worlds and can be determined by the relationships between the sphere of the speakers desire and objective reality, between the Me world and the non Me world (we imply the individuals reaction to di erent things, phenomena or events (both real and virtual) in the form of their comparison, their positive evaluation and applying them to ourselves). We revealed the speci cs of the world of desires as one of the other worlds, which is based on the virtual indiscrete concept, which has no real reference in the outside world, but has two addressees: the outside world, on the one hand, and some possible world, on the other hand. Moreover, desires are one of the types of assessments and this way they are found outside of category of truth, but correlate with value assessments as special assessments about fragments of a possible, another world, positively valued and desired by the subject. The evaluation component is part of the structure of optative situation. We conclude that the object of desire can be only an unreal situation: the desire of the subject for something that he doesnt have at the present moment, even if this is about preserving and maintaining the desired situation in the future. The question of the degree of controllability/uncontrollability of desire should not be considered resolved

W poszukiwaniu prawdy współczesnych nauk humanistycznych. Wytwarzanie wnętrza poprzez projektowanie siebie

This article aims to rethink the category of truth in modern humanities. Considering the ever accelerating process of technicisation of culture, human sciences need to readjust and rename the way they influence contemporary society. It is necessary for them to acknowledge the needs of the late post industrial era with all its implications towards philosophical theory. That would mean expanding the spectrum of skills offered by classical humanistic education and remodeling it into the concept of Self design, proposed by the author (Dasein as design). The author draws from the late modernity’s commentators’ and researchers’ critiques in order to diagnose the crisis of the humanities and to develop ideas of his own, that could help to modernize this discipline of knowledge.

A benchmark image dataset for industrial tools

Robots and Artificial Intelligence (AI) play an increasingly important role in manufacture. One of the tasks is to identify tools in the scene so that the tools can be applied to different assembly purposes. In the AI community, many datasets have been generated and deployed to train robots to recognize individual items, however, these datasets are scene-specific and lack generic background. In this paper, we report our dataset contains photos of 8 objects types that would be easily recognized by qualified workers. This is achieved by gathering images of common tools in a typical factory. The ground truth categories of our dataset are manually labeled by experienced workers, which would be worthy evaluation tools for the intelligence industrial systems. The equipment used and the image collection process are discussed, along with the data format. The mean average precisions range from 64.37% to 78.20%, which bring the possibility for future improvement. The dataset is ideal to evaluate and benchmark view-point variant, vision-based control algorithm for industry robots. It is now public available from https://github.com/tools-dataset/Industrial-Tools-Detection-Dataset.

Scena prawdy dyskursywnej i postprawdy. „Fakty autentyczne” i fakty medialne we współczesnym teatrze polskim

Theatre practitioners’ statements relating to the notion of truth lead to the category of post-truth. Stage of discursive truth and post-truth article discusses theatre practice of engaging feelings, impressions and emotions to take precedence over interpretations, assessments and descriptions of facts. The article critically approaches using of media discourses in theatre in order to produce the imitation of truth. The author refers to Agnieszka Jakimiak’s and Weronika Szczawińska’s play Wojny, których nie przeżyłam [Wars I have not experienced] and other selected recent Polish plays and performances. The thesis connects the media-shaped image of Polish theatre art institution seen as an area of provocation with an experience of a viewer and an ontological status of an actor. This allows drawing a conclusion that theatre uses the category of truth instrumentally, as one of its repertoire’s tools to provoke emotional reactions in the audience. Theatre performances allow one to explore the world, but also to co-create it. The theatre is a performative and cognitive sieve provoking and shaping experience that affects reality.

“And the Word of Truth and Love” (Shevchenko’s Truth and its Christian Essence)

The paper focuses on the motive of truth and its unique representation in the works by Taras Shevchenko. The topicality of the issue is explained by the needs of its deeper exploration in the context of present time when the term “post-truth” appeared and informational war is going on. Using abundant references to Shevchenko’s and biblical texts, the researcher indicates the features that characterize “truth” in Shevchenko’s works as a basic concept with Christian meaning. In particular, the word “truth” is often used by the poet with such lexemes as “light”, “love”, “glory”, “power”, “will” that involve a strong association with God in the Bible. According to the researcher, Shevchenko’s texts contain obvious and direct indications proving that the poet understood truth as Christ Himself or His teaching revealed in Gospel explanations.The analysis provides considerations which may help to interpret Shevchenko’s works or some fragments in them. In order to show the unequivocal Christian understanding of the category of truth by Shevchenko the author repeatedly refers to the thoughts of Christian theologians. Shevchenko’s “truth” is likened to the concept “will” in the sense of personal and social freedom, but even more it means the Christian freedom of choice for a man and related human efforts and actions. A powerful motive of sacrifice in Shevchenko’s works testifies that he noticed the essential feature of the Christian religion which was reflected in the definition of truth. The paper has a comparative nature as it gives the examples of using the word/concept of truth by Shevchenko’s predecessors. The poet’s attitude towards truthfulness as a virtue is also considered. Based on the diary entries and correspondence of Shevchenko, as well as the memories about the poet, the researcher tries to explore how much this virtue was inherent to him. Shevchenko’s historiosophy is also taken into consideration. The conclusions explain why Shevchenko filled the concept of truth with the Christian content exactly.

Introduction to the religious-philosophical treatise of Gabdulla Bubi (1871–1922) «Haqiqat» [Truth

The author of this article shortly describes the theological treatise of the outstanding Tatar theologian and enlightener Gabdulla Bubi (1871–1922) «Haqiqat yahud Tugrilik» [The Truth or The Right Path] which was widespread among the students of medrese in the beginning of 20th century. He reveals the reason for writing this treatise and its perspective, gives its assessment. It considers the key terms of Quranic exegesis such as abrogation (nasih we mensuh) and deals with the category of truth, the questions related with the distribution of zakah, bequeathing the one third of legacy to the national needs, attitude to the accumulation of material wealth and there are questions put forward in the series of essays named «Truth». The translation and comments are presented by the author of this article.

The Polish School of Composition in 20th-Century Music – A Recapitulation

Abstract The present paper concerns the concept of ‘the Polish School of Composition’, well established in writings on music composed in the 2nd half of the 20th century, but still resisting attempts to define it clearly. I sum up the ways authors have talked about the Polish School of Composition to date, both from the internal (Polish) and external (foreign) points of view. I also examine the musical differentia specifica (such as aspects of style, composition technique and expression in works associated with this phenomenon) and the extramusical (mostly social and political) contexts which have determined the evolving approaches to the phenomenon in question. I begin with the origin of the term itself and discuss its subsequent interpretations until the present. From this perspective, the Polish School of Composition appears to be a kind of mythic narrative, a proposed way of ordering and understanding the past realities, transcending the categories of truth and falsehood, and working primarily in the sphere of emotions.

Uwarunkowania epistemologiczne obrazowania rzeczywistości politycznej w mediach

The author reflects on the issue of epistemological limitations in the process of media imaginings of political reality. Using reference theory and description theory the author tries to answer the question of what makes up the image of political reality as verbalized in media coverage. His conclusion is that attempts to reflect the factual image in the media presentation of politics produce a specific politico-journalistic construction of this reality, the apparent reality. Therefore, the category of truth in media communications concerning the field of poli- tics usually fails. One should thus expect that this traditional realism, which is expressed on the one hand by the factual nature of the media, and on the other by the morality of the media, will constitute a pillar that supports the image of political reality that is presented, interpreted and commented on in the media. In principle, this should not be a naïve realism, giving priority to individual cognitive spontaneity rather than to reflection, analysis and experience, or a spiritual realism seeking the truth about reality through human spirituality.

O egzystencji w dziele literackim i o egzystencji dzieła

The concept of existence is rooted in (at least) two traditions: philosophical and literary theory. This does not mean, however, that it means the same for both fields. The first tradition is wide ranging because it includes diverse – physical, emotional and spiritual (as well as intellectual) – aspects of being. The second tradition is narrow and it closely refers to literary output. Literary existence – which is based on physical reality – is permanently separated from it. Literature refers to the representation and imagination of the world, not to the empirical experience of physical reality. In addition, literature does not apply the categories of truth and falsehood that we know from social reality (because literary existence stands, beyond the assertion). It is also imprisoned in genology – inscribed in the genre. Literary existence has more to do with poetry, style, artistic convention than what philosophers are examining. Sometimes great literary works deal with great philosophical problems, but sometimes do not and it do not detract from their artistic nature. Both of these tradition – literary and philosophical – however, have many common places, require careful study and analysis. The article is an attempt to show these places and characterize their features.

Robot@Home, a robotic dataset for semantic mapping of home environments

This paper presents the Robot-at-Home dataset (Robot@Home), a collection of raw and processed sensory data from domestic settings aimed at serving as a benchmark for semantic mapping algorithms through the categorization of objects and/or rooms. The dataset contains 87,000+ time-stamped observations gathered by a mobile robot endowed with a rig of four RGB-D cameras and a 2D laser scanner. Raw observations have been processed to produce different outcomes also distributed with the dataset, including 3D reconstructions and 2D geometric maps of the inspected rooms, both annotated with the ground truth categories of the surveyed rooms and objects. The proposed dataset is particularly suited as a testbed for object and/or room categorization systems, but it can be also exploited for a variety of tasks, including robot localization, 3D map building, SLAM, and object segmentation. Robot@Home is publicly available for the research community at http://mapir.isa.uma.es/work/robot-at-home-dataset .

Apostles of anti-philosophy: Badiou and Lyotard

This article explores the impact of the turn in French theological thought in the 1980s by focusing on one of its consequences – the advent of anti-philosophy as act. In his work L’antiphilosophie de Wittgenstein (2009a), Alain Badiou explored the main aspects of anti-philosophy: the void, non-thought, anti-historicism. Drawing on this work and with specific reference to Badiou’s Saint Paul: La fondation de l’universalisme (1997) and Jean-François Lyotard’s La Confession d’Augustin (1998), I argue that, as a category of truth founded in the void, the anti-philosophical act enables Badiou to traverse the divisional effects of religious and cultural relativism and reposition subjectivity and eventiveness outside historicism and sophistry. Lyotard, I maintain, extends anti-philosophy through the idiom of poetic composition as an exercise in elimination, and through confession as a process that reveals the rift between the expression of an event and its immanence. Badiou and Lyotard revise our understanding of belief through anti-philosophy as an act that forgoes the ideology of cultural relativism for the purity of thought.

Государство: истина и мифы

The article is devoted to the investigation of the category of truth and the category of myth in the sciences of state. The phenomenon of the state was analyzed as a specific sphere of the science integration. Despite the considerable achievements of the modern juridical science, many questions on the real essence of state and the methods of its research sill do not hane any answers. Modern explanatory state-legal theory has essential faults. Dealing with these questions, the author proposes their solving in the context of the informational and systematic approach. The author paid a particular attention to the problems and prospects of integration of the latest philosophical, epistemological and methodological achievements in the sciences of state. The author appeals to some works by Plato, who studied the problems of truth and myths. Relevant fragments of the dialogues were found in “Theaetetus”, “Republic” and “Statesman”. The article deals with Plato’s (mathematical) version of state organization which looked forward to ideas of modern natural sciences. Etymology of the concepts “truth” and “myth” was analyzed in present article.

Критерии в системе научного знания

The authors marked and characterized four sets of criteria:
 1) the criteria for scientific knowledge, 2) the criteria for the
 truth of knowledge, and 3) the criteria for cultural research, 4) the
 criteria for independence of science. All these four sets of criteria
 related to each other and partially overlap. The mixing of these
 criteria makes it difficult to develop the problems of the philosophy
 of science. The existing trend of rejection of the category of truth
 manifests itself in proposals to replace it with the concepts of reliability,
 credibility, sense. Such position creates a paradoxical situation
 of self-referencing: if there is no truth, then what is approved
 by postmodernists and domestic authors, is also not truth. Therefore,
 the consistent implementation of the provisions of the postmodern
 leads them to self-destruct. The leading criterions of truth have the
 empirical evidence. Its base component is a statistically significant
 observation. It operates as a pure supervision or as supervision in
 the composition of practices, including experiment. Derivative of
 empirical verification by criteria of truth are logical provability,
 heuristic, simplicity and beauty. The criteria for scientific knowledge
 are conclusiveness (rationality), noncontradiction, empirical verifiability,
 repeatability of empirical material, general meaning, systematicity
 (coherence), essentiality, uniqueness of terms, developmental
 potency. On the basis of these criteria the authors give the
 generalized definition of scientific knowledge.

Talking about something real: the concept of truth in multimodal non-fiction books for young people

Within social semiotics we discuss how different semiotic resources alone or in multimodal texts are used to communicate truth. This is one of the parts of the multimodal theory that are least developed and discussed. The discussion on truth within social semiotics is mainly focused on the relationship between a corresponding type of truth that is common in natural science and a more everyday perception of truth. This can give an incomplete and stereotypical image of how truth is portrayed. This essay attempts to nuance the picture by suggesting that our theoretical conceptions of how we portray truth visually can be nuanced and developed by combining the theory of multimodality with categories of truth taken from the general philosophy of science. This approach will be illustrated by examples from Norwegian non-fiction books aimed at young people.

Czym jest realizm w pedagogii osoby?

This article presents reflections on the realistic foundations of pedagogy. The main theses put forward are: 1. Realism as a philosophical idea is not the aim of pedagogy, but rather a fundamental condition thereof; 2. A realistic attitude also entails the confirmation of the subjectivity of man; 3. Subjectivity refers firstly to the realm of feelings and sensations, secondly, to the realm of consciousness and cognitive acts, and thirdly and most importantly, to the realm of spiritual life: acts of intellect and will; 4. The category of truth is more effective and deeper in pedagogy than the category of realism; 5. There are many interesting and important questions to consider in that subject, for example: the significance of "non-real" matters for upbringing (such as future projects, dreams, and fantasies), what it means "to love in reality" (or in truth), or the question of "selfless engagement".

Evolutional Epistemology and Evolutional Constructivism as Cognitive Practices of the Modern Science

In the paper the cognitive apparatus of the modern science is observed. An approach to cognition of complex, self-developing systems as an object of the modern science resulted in necessity of reasoning of their cognition specifics. The authors focus on the following questions: how historical, temporal and sociocultural parameters may be inserted to the epistemology; how the category of truth and objectivity of scientific knowledge may be rethought in light of understanding cognition as interpretative activity with the insertion of constructivist ideas? It is highlighted that evolutional constructivism and evolutional epistemology are the most adequate epistemological practices for cognition of complex, self-developing systems, explanation of the existence and evolutional processes.