Category Of Truth Research Articles

Problems Of Many-Valued Logic from The Point of View of The Theory of Socio-Cultural Code

It is shown that there are prerequisites for returning to the original interpretation of logic as the science of the laws of thought. Using the methods of the neural network theory of the noosphere, it is proved that the nature of thinking is significantly influenced by the socio-cultural code of the ethnic/social system. A connection is revealed between philosophical categories as basic undefined concepts and archetypes, understood according to Jung. It is proved that the formalization of the laws of thinking, built on multi-valued logic, should operate not only and not so much with the concepts of natural language, but with “reflection quanta” lying on the archetypal level of consciousness. It is shown that the category of truth underlying classical logic can also be interpreted as a “reflection quantum”, but which has undergone a formalization procedure. It is demonstrated how exactly the apparatus of multi-valued logic can be applied to identifying links between the "quanta of reflection", which can be considered as a generalization of the rules of reasoning established in classical logic, dating back to Aristotle. The category “Qi”, which underlies ancient Chinese philosophy and is inseparable from the Chinese sociocultural code, was used as an example. Meaning of this category in the version that is assimilated by European and Eurasian sociocultural codes is revealed.

Russian Federation Cultural Policy as a Counterweight to Posthumanism Influence

This article provides axiological foundations in response to the destructive influence of posthumanistic ideas. The author presents the key provisions of posthumanistic consciousness: freedom without foundations, man as part of a common ecosystem (the gap between the concepts of "man” and "humanity”) and the absence of the category of truth, leading to a "distributed identity” of a person (unstable and ambiguous). The paradigm of posthumanism refers to Western culture, in geopolitical realities, seeking to defend positions of governance (a reference to a unipolar world order). The study examines the foundations of the cultural policy of the Russian Federation to represent a different type of thinking: the attempt at unification is opposed by cultural diversity, and ambiguity is opposed by core spiritual and moral values.

«Поэт – Отзыв – Услышанность»

The present paper examines Vyacheslav Ivanov’s interpretation of a fragment from a poem by Pushkin where the writer reflects about the poet status, as well as Ivanov’s own reflections from 1924, in order to explore the “poet – listener/receiver” relation. I focus on questions such as the “resonance”, the circulation of ideas, and the “audibility” of the values transmitted by the poet. I begin with discussing Ivanov and Gershenson’ Correspondence Across a Room. Here, my primary objective is to show the circulation of the topoi of Ivanov’s axiological thinking, their use in his works written in emigration and their reception in European intellectual milieu (notably by Alessandro Pellegrini). I particularly focus on the category of Truth and the concept of “schism from Truth”, notably on its historiosophical and metaphysical dimensions as exposed in Ivanov’s hermeneutics. The article sheds light on Ivanov’s methodological instruments (including the function of the Oedipus myth) and the essence of his concept of the poet, with his task of “leaving an unchangeable message to the world”.

Jan Lechoń’s Face and Mask. Based on Tischner’s Experience of Truth and Identity

The aim of the article is to discover what Jan Lechoń communicated through the mask and what role it played in his life. I consider this issue on the basis of Tischner’s experience of mask and face, closely related to the categories of truth and identity. The mask belongs to the category of phenomena, which is why I study it with phenomenological tools, taking into account the axiological perspective. The mask and the face are boundary phenomena related to the source experience, which allows us to discuss the phenomenology of the boundary. In the work of Lechoń, the mask is a key concept related to the category of the Other. The mask phenomenon exists in a specific triangle of interdependence: mask bearer – mask – observer, which means that the effectiveness of the mask depends on the viewer. The mask, then, is to be used through the fault of the Other, it is called for by social life.

Dezinformacja. Próba ujęcia dyskursywnego

The categories of disinformation and fake news are among the more frequently invoked concepts in the context of discussions about modernity. On the one hand, there is widespread agreement on the special (negative) role of media phenomena defined in this way, while on the other hand, a lot of research is being conducted to shed light on their nature and principles of operation. Meanwhile, there is a fundamental – at least from the point of view of the social sciences – problem with these concepts. Namely, we do not have their precise definitions. The presented text has the task of analyzing the state of affairs in this regard and proposing an adequate approach. This approach, in fact, identifies the category of disinformation with the category of fake news (in the broader sense), while pointing out the constitutive features of both these phenomena, related to the categories of truth, intention and media format. These features are analyzed in the context of the category of the media genre of information (more specifically, the information function understood in a pragmatic way) and the discursive framework of journalism, into which, as will be shown in the text, disinformation attempts to intrude.

Justice: A Salient Virtue of Social Institutions

Justice is an area of research and the subject of theoretical works, just like the categories of truth, beauty and rationality. Apart from some more general remarks on justice, the present text concentrates on issues of justice considered from the point of view of the interests and theoretical achievements of economics, and also on the problem of territorial justice. To the question: What is territorial justice?, I propose the following answer: Territorial justice is a form of social justice that, apart from the basic features of that notion, in relation to individuals and social groups takes into account their spatial circumstances, treating space (territory) as a potential and real-term barrier to accessing the principles of justice.

Lady Chandos and the Humanity Function: Reading the Postscript to J. M. Coetzee’s "Elizabeth Costello" with Lacan and Badiou

Badiou has said that his entire philosophical project stems from the need to “update” the traditional philosophical categories of Truth, Being, the Infinite and the Universal in the wake of the 19th Century German mathematician Georg Cantor’s explication of transfinite set theory. In his essay, “What is Love?”, he provides an account of one of the ways in which a post-Cantorian reconfiguration of the ontological status of the category of Woman might operate. This is given in the form of a postscript subtitled “The Feminine Position and Humanity” wherein he gives Lacan’s conception of supplementary feminine jouissance “an extra turn of the screw”. This essay draws on Badiou’s reconfiguration of the philosophical category of Woman to examine the implications of another postscript, that which abruptly concludes the 2003 novel Elizabeth Costello by J. M. Coetzee. It reads Coetzee’s invention of the “Letter of Elizabeth, Lady Chandos” with recourse to Lacanian psychoanalytic theory and on through the ontological reconfiguration of the philosophical category of Woman demonstrated by Badiou. It argues that Coetzee assembles, through the intervention of the postscript, a situation that “makes it possible to argue”, along with Badiou, that, for the woman position, love knots together the four types of truths – Politics, Art, Science, and Love (2008, 196).

Lady Chandos and the Humanity Function: Reading the Postscript to J. M. Coetzee´s Elizabeth Costello with Lacan and Badiou

Badiou has said that his entire philosophical project stems from the need to “update” the traditional philosophical categories of Truth, Being, the Infinite and the Universal in the wake of the 19th Century German mathematician Georg Cantor’s explication of transfinite set theory. In his essay, “What is Love?”, he provides an account of one of the ways in which a post-Cantorian reconfiguration of the ontological status of the category of Woman might operate. This is given in the form of a postscript subtitled “The Feminine Position and Humanity” wherein he gives Lacan’s conception of supplementary feminine jouissance “an extra turn of the screw”. This essay draws on Badiou’s reconfiguration of the philosophical category of Woman to examine the implications of another postscript, that which abruptly concludes the 2003 novel Elizabeth Costello by J. M. Coetzee. It reads Coetzee’s invention of the “Letter of Elizabeth, Lady Chandos” with recourse to Lacanian psychoanalytic theory and on through the ontological reconfiguration of the philosophical category of Woman demonstrated by Badiou. It argues that Coetzee assembles, through the intervention of the postscript, a situation that “makes it possible to argue”, along with Badiou, that, for the woman position, love knots together the four types of truths – Politics, Art, Science, and Love (2008, 196).

Człowiek a prawda. Paremiczne ukształtowanie odniesień

The description of the category of truth in the light of linguistic material is characterized by its reference to man. The analysis of the Polish paremies against the background of other Slavic languages reveals a two-way relationship: truth in relation to man and man in relation to truth. It allows for the reconstruction of: in connection with man; being in harmony with the truth and being inconsistent with the truth in the dimension of correlating a person with the truth.

Koncepcja prawdy prasowej i jej wykładnik w osiemnastowiecznych gazetach rękopiśmiennych Teodora Ostrowskiego

The subject of interest in the article are the handwritten newspapers of Teodor Ostrowski from 1782. The aim of the presented analyses was to examine the basic category of truth for the information (press) releas and to indicate its linguistic exponents. The analyses adopted a mediolinguistic perspective, referred to the semantics and pragmatics of truth combined with the field of press texts and to the concept of the „factual pact”. As typical exponents of credibility, reliability, striving for truth, they appear in the analyzed newspapers written, among others: lexem prawda and collocations with modal adjectives (prawda nieomylna, prawda niezawodna); lexemes wiadomość, nowina, pogłoska (used to express belief in the truthfulness of data and to vary the degree of reliability); the verb prawdzić się (used to denote the process of reaching the truth), lexemes and word constructions referring to the sources of obtained information.

Entre a tipografia e a guilhotina: imaginário, subjetividade e política na investigação de uma conjuntura

Based on the field of Communication and Health, this work seeks to present some of the ways in which rights in Brazil, in particular those associated with access to information and to communication as inseparable from the right to health, are obstructed, compromising the exercise of citizenship. To do so, we employ the esthetic-expressive paradigm in the (re)construction of that which represents a kind of continuum of knowledge production, sustained by the metaphors of typography and the guillotine, impacting on the reconfiguration of the category of truth. With this movement, what guides the centrality of the present reflection is the false opposition between emotion and reason, producing subjective effects which interfere in the relationship between social actors and Brazil’s Unified Healthcare System (SUS). To conclude, we outline the extent to which narrative strategies structure not only the way in which social subjects perceive the world, but also their actions on it.

Primate Wyszyński’s Message to Students

The subject of the article is the teaching of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, the Primate of Poland, addressed to young people, especially students of the Catholic University of Lublin. The analyses are based on the selected texts of speeches (and other documents) that Wyszyński addressed to the community of the Catholic University of Lublin, starting in 1946, when he was appointed bishop of Lublin, and ending in 1980, just before his death. As a result of the philological analysis of Wyszyński’s most important statements, it should be concluded that his message to students is an original pedagogy: full of heart, goodness, kindness and faith in other people. Wyszyński’s attitude is of a concerned and demanding father who really wishes for his “children” (“a tribe of new people”) to get not only a reliable education, but also life wisdom, and strong moral backbone, so that they can serve their neighbours and the homeland. In his teaching, Wyszyński presents a holistic vision of a young person – a student. This vision includes both their education and upbringing – understood as an integral combination of natural values (abilities, talents, qualities of spirit and body) with supernatural values, i.e. self-improvement for the sake of The One who should always be the Way, the Truth and the Life for young people and for all humanity. Wyszyński believed that the diplomas obtained by young people would wisely serve their homeland for a long time. Due to moral relativism, the crisis in the education of children and young people and the abandonment of Christian values, his speeches take on special significance today. Therefore, based on a solid, humanistic foundation, on the lasting categories of truth, good, beauty, solidarity and usefulness, the Primate’s educational message can be of use to the teacher who will effectively reach the hearts and minds of his students. He will equip them with complete knowledge and bring them closer to spiritual values and the Truth.

The Category of Truth in the Constitutions of Modern States

The subject of the article is references to the truth in the constitutions of modern states. The comparative study shows multiplicity of contexts in which the category of truth is mentioned in several dozen fundamental laws. The mention of truth in the constitutions as a component of the axiology of the legal and social order, the basis of transitional justice or the principle of court and administrative proceedings should be assessed positively. However, making the truth a limit of freedom of speech raises serious reservations. Granting constitutional protection only to truthful statements can stifle the public debate on socially prominent issues. The conducted analysis does not confirm the thesis of political liberalism that the truth is irrelevant for law and politics.

Multi-Valued Logics as an Advanced Basis for Artificial Intelligence (As an Example of Applied Philosophy)

It is shown that the creation of artificial intelligence systems, gradually approaching human intelligence, cannot be limited by binary logic and the classical interpretation of the category of truth. The nature of human thinking is variable, which requires the use of flexible algorithmic platforms that operate with multivalued logic. It is shown that the existing approaches to the interpretation of the essence of intelligence, going back to the Turing test, are not consistent. More adequate is a criterion built on the ability of the intellect to lie, including creative particulars. It is shown that using multi-valued logic is a promising tool for constructing the algorithmic basis of artificial intelligence. It is shown that the use of just such logic is of interest from the point of view of studying self-organization processes in a telecommunication environment, resulting in the appearance of “spontaneous intelligence”, too. An analogue of such intelligence, for example, is the phenomenon of bureaucracy. It is shown that the question of the essence of the intellect is a prerequisite for the further development of non-trivial logical systems since the functioning of the intellect cannot be reduced to the operations of classical formal logic.

The spiritual nature of the word as a means of communication and creation in relationship with the category of truth

This material is submitted for discussion on the pages of the journal. It has the status of a working version, a draft of a possible article, a preprint. Anyone can participate in the discussion by submitting their materials with a link to this material in the "Discussions" section of the following issues. The author of the same material, in the case of writing a scientific article, must make a reference to his material, which he submitted for discussion.The draft article is devoted to the conceptual and discursive analysis of the nature and properties of the word as a form of existence and communication of truth, revealing its communicative properties and interconnectedness with the category of truth in historiographical and biblical discourses. The spiritual nature of the Word, based on Truth, is aimed at creation, spiritual development and harmonization of society and the individual. Awareness of the creative and constructive nature of the Word and the ability to operate with the word at the level of its spiritual nature is an essential competence of a professional in social communications and socially responsible journalism.

В мире ускользающих смыслов

The article discusses the topic of spiritual substitutions and their relationship to symbolic reality. Substitutions can occur both at the level of value hierarchy, up to substitution of the hierarchy itself, and in the ways of symbolic reality embodiment in the concrete reality. The author analyzes the phenomenon of symbol transformation into an emblem, which, in fact, is a form of symbol substitution. Unlike the symbol that provides communication of consciousness with the transcendental, with the spiritual foundations of man’s existence, the emblem is deprived of such communication and is only able to simulate such communication, being just an imitation of simbolic meanings. The process of replacing the symbol with the emblem is considered in the modern socio-cultural circumstances. An attempt is made to find an answer to the question why, stimulated by the highest motives of goodness statement, achievement of truth, realization of freedom and justice, a person seeking to embody these ideals in its activities, as a result often comes to the opposite, namely multiplies evil reigning in the world. The author of the article considers the problems of freedom and truth and the ways of their search in the context of modernity. In the optics of philosophy of I. Kant freedom belongs to the nominal world. However, today the problem of freedom is reduced to the problem of freedom of choice. The author proceeds from the statement that freedom is a metaphysical category. It is rooted in spiritual fundamentals of man’s existence where it is inextricably linked with the categories of truth, beauty and goodness. It is claimed that freedom as such is attainable only at the highest levels of consciousness. According to N.A. Ber­dyaev, freedom is a way of discovering the universe in oneself. The article analyzes the role of intellectual elite as the main creator and propagandist of symbolic values in the formation of sociopolitical, spiritual and moral picture of the world.

Vom musiktheoretisch Schönen, Wahren und Guten

The aesthetic category of beauty, the epistemological category of truth, and the ethical category of the good constitute three central coordinates in the history and theory of Western art and music. During the period of modernism (considered here as lasting from the mid-18th century through its postmodern phase), these categories underwent a major shift, involving at its most extreme a reversal from beauty to ugliness, from truth to falseness, and from good to evil. While the speculative, regulative and descriptive traditions of music theory have participated in this development, the relativist climate of post-normative pluralism invites a reassessment of those categories in current music-theoretical discourse. At issue is the relevance of beauty, truth and goodness in and for a theory of music. This essay has two parts. The first part positions Friedrich Schiller and Theodor W. Adorno as two thinkers that articulate the difference between an aesthetics of beauty and an aesthetics of truth – a difference that stems from Adorno’s critique of idealist philosophy and aesthetics. The second part considers the rapprochement in modern aesthetics between art and theory by pursuing the notion of an aesthetics of music theory. The idea of the music-theoretically beautiful is discussed by drawing on examples from Neo-Riemannian theory (Richard Cohn) and Transformational Theory (David Lewin).

ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ КРЕАТИВНОГО ОБЛІКУ ТА ШЛЯХИ ЙОГО УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ

In the modern activity of enterprises and organizations, which is developing dynamically, the number of accounting tasks is constantly growing. This is due to the improvement of accounting for the introduction of new rules for the recognition, evaluation and reflection of facts and phenomena of economic life. Such changes require a great deal of knowledge from the accountant not only on the legal regulation of accounting but also the correct professional judgment. A new system of financial reporting regulation has created the preconditions for the emergence of a new area of accounting, namely creative accounting. On the one hand, any accounting method that does not meet generally accepted practices or standards can be considered creative. At its worst, it is the process of selecting the company’s accounts in such a way that they present its activities in a more favourable light. The application of creative accounting methods is of great importance under operation of enterprises according to International Financial Reporting Standards. The relevance of the study of creative accounting is growing, as it is based on the provision of a set of legal methods aimed at providing property and financial state of the firm in the desired or appropriate form, when often one expression can be used in completely opposite senses. The article considers the reasons for the emergence of creative accounting, as well as the stages of its evolution. The urgency and importance of this problem is shown, both for the compilers of financial statements and for external users of such information. The author’s interpreting the concept of "creative accounting" is also proposed. The necessity of conducting research in the direction of finding ways to improve creative accounting is substantiated. The existing approaches of researchers to eliminate the negative consequences of creative accounting are analyzed. Two main groups of research approaches to improving creative accounting have been identified and analyzed. The necessity of improving the procedural aspects of creative accounting based on the application of the concept of true and fair representation is substantiated. The main concept provisions of true and fair reflection, the use of which provides an adequate picture of the economic reality of the enterprise in the financial statements are considered. A "pendulum" of attitude to creative accounting in the scientific and professional community has been built. The author reveals the causal relationship between the categories of truth and justice in the context of the concept of True and Fair View.

PHILOSOPHICAL DAVOS AS A REASON FOR DIVORCE. M. FRIDMAN’S VERSION. PART 2

This article is a continuation of the previous publication published under the same title (part 1). Both parts are devoted to the problem of understanding the split that once occurred in world philosophy and was embodied in the division of philosophy into two directions, continental and analytical philosophy. In the second part, the author continues to discuss the reasons for the split and the argumentation cited by various authors, proving the conceptual difference of directions. The article analyzes the main ideas of the authors of the Vienna Circle Manifesto and the argumentation of R. Carnap in his dispute with M. Heidegger, the subject of which is devoted to the so-called overcoming of metaphysics. The reason for writing both parts was the work of M. Fridman “Parting of the Ways: Carnap, Cassirer and Heidegger”, translated into Russian. The result of the second part is the conclusions formulated by the author of the article regarding the difference between the named directions. The author believes that it makes sense to discuss their differences not in the categories of truth and falsity of teachings and concepts, but in the categories of different orientations and attitudes, which do not deny but complement each other. On the one hand, analytical philosophy claims to be scientific orientation, clear and precise language, logic and mathematics. In contrast to it, continental philosophy does not pretend to be scientific, to a clear and precise language, but prefers innuendo, rejection of doctrinalism, and the exploratory nature of philosophizing.

Статус объекта в современных онтологиях

The philosophical discourse of the XX–ХХI, in the face of the latest ontologies, is characterized by a change in the way of speaking about things (objects), the restoration of their philosophical rights, almost completely, excluding one of the central ontological roles of a person in access to the surrounding reality. The purpose of this study was to identify the features of ideas about the ontological status of an object in modern philosophical and ontological theories. Achievement of the stated goal of the research was ensured by complex application, based on the comparative approach, dialectical and hermeneutic methods, as well as the method of ontological differentiation. In the course of the study, the features of the vision of an object, characteristic of postclassical ontologies of the 20th century, were considered. In the course of the research, the features of the object vision characteristic of post-classical ontologies of the XX century (actor-network theory, flat ontologies) were considered. Based on the ideas of plurality, heterogeneity, anti-essentialism and relationalism in the philosophical discourse of our time, the author presents a modern interpretation of the ontological statuses of objects. By analyzing the relationship of postclassical ontologies to the category of truth, the epistemological and methodological nature of the above ontological theories has been revealed. A critical analysis of the features of the status that is attributed to the object within their framework is carried out. The author substantiates the idea that the ontological status of an object in modern ontologies is reduced exclusively to its communicative and intermediary nature. The article ends with a brief presentation of the author’s views that the ontological status of an object is a fundamental issue of the connection between the idea of essence and the idea of subjectivity, which is inherent in intentionality as the ability to cognize an object. At the same time, it is pointed out that the researcher must concentrate exclusively on «cognition» and not on the «construction» of the object. The author notes that modern specialists, operating with traditional ontological terms (being, existence) in the sphere of the considered ontologies, and trying to create a new «ontology of the social», miss their original intention. In this connection, the idea turns into a new epistemology and, as a consequence, the construction of a completely different methodological framework for the cognitive process, but not an integral ontological concept.