Reserve Category Research Articles

Evaluation of Changes in Expected Ultimate Recovery for US Gulf of Mexico Oil and Gas Fields, 1975–2016

Quantifying the change in field expected ultimate recovery across time is an old and complex topic fraught with ambiguity and misinterpretation. In this paper, changes in recovery estimates performed by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management in the US Gulf of Mexico are evaluated based on 782 offshore fields that began producing after 1975 and ceased production before 2017. At the time of first production, field expected ultimate recovery estimates totaled 6.3 billion barrels oil equivalent (38.6 exajoules), but by the end of their life, the fields produced 8.5 billion barrels oil equivalent (52 exajoules), a 35% growth. On an individual field basis, however, median recovery estimates grew less than 2%. The purpose of this paper is to explain the differences in these two statistics and quantify how expected ultimate recovery is influenced by field age, discovery year, reserve category, peak ratio, product type, size, and water depth to understand better the contribution of individual factors in reserves evaluation. Consistent interpretation of reserves category is probably the most important factor in application. Field age and size are positively correlated with changes in expected ultimate recovery in both the shallow water and deepwater regions of the US Gulf of Mexico, pre- and post-1988 evaluation periods are a significant factor, and a development variable referred to as peak ratio exhibits a meaningful correspondence. The results of this analysis show that Bureau of Ocean Energy Management procedures for expected ultimate recovery estimation in the US Gulf of Mexico post-1988 are consistent with the application of probable reserves classifications; these highlight the need for a precise understanding of factor inputs in reserves growth studies.

Dynamics of artisanal fisheries performed with hook-and-line gear under different management regimes in Brazil

Artisanal fisheries are a source of livelihood for small-scale fishermen around the world. The risk of overfishing is a constant concern. The establishment of conservation units is a strategy to alleviate the pressure on fishing stocks. In the State of Ceará, there are two conservation units in the category of extractive reserves (Resex)11Resex - Extractive reserve.. This study characterized the dynamics of the artisanal fishing of the hook-and-line fleet in three communities with different modes of use. Data were collected by monitoring the landings twice a month from 2017 to 2019 at Mucuripe beach, Batoque Resex and Prainha do Canto Verde22PCV - Prainha do Canto Verde. (PCV) Marine Resex, State of Ceará, Brazil. Data were collected for biomass (B), fishing effort (f), species composition, fishing ground and type of bottom habitat. A total of 234 vessels were sampled and 85 species were identified at the three sites, showing that the use of fisheries targets multiple species. The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to analyze the production and fishing effort data. The largest landing was shown at Mucuripe (10.16 ton), which also had the highest mean production (224 kg). Mucuripe employed the highest mean effort (2711 hook*hour) and showed the highest number of species per boat, and Batoque the lowest (48 hook*h). Two-way ANOVA was used to test differences in richness and catch per unit effort33CPUE - Catch per unit effort. (CPUE) across sites and between seasons. There was no difference in CPUE across sites. The species richness was different across sites, with the highest average in Mucuripe (6.4 species per boat) and the lowest in PCV (3.6 species per boat). There was no variation in species richness between seasons. The correspondence analysis identified a strong association of the ballyhoo halfbeak, corocoro grunt, chere-chere grunt, Atlantic spadefish and Atlantic thread herring with the artificial hard bottom habitat, and a correlation of the guachanche barracuda and black grouper to the natural hard bottom. In both Resex, more specimens were caught in artificial structures and in Mucuripe in natural bottom habitats. The linear regression analysis indicated a significant relationship between effort (f) and biomass (B) in Batoque and PCV. There was no relationship between f and CPUE in both reserves. In this study, it was observed that the choice of fishing grounds and bottom habitat influenced the composition of species caught by the artisanal fleet. No difference in fishing production was found across the studied sites under different types of management.

Trend analysis of antibiotics consumption using WHO AWaRe classification in tertiary care hospital

Background: Aim of the study was to assess trend in antibiotics consumption pattern from 2016 to 2019 using AWaRe classification, ATC and Defined daily dose methodology (DDD) in a tertiary care hospital. Antibiotics are crucial for treating infectious diseases and have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with infectious diseases, reducing morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study is to classify the antibiotic based on WHO AWaRe classification and compare their four-year consumption trends. The study was conducted at a tertiary care center, Pilakhuwa, Hapur. Antibiotic procurement data for a period of 4 years (2016-2019) was collected from the Central medical store.Methods: This is a retrospective time series analysis of systemic antibiotics with no intervention at patient level. Antibiotic procurement was taken as proxy for consumption assuming that same has been used. ATC for systemic use (ATC code J01) antibacterial was used and defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 bed days was calculated. Antibiotics were further classified as Access, Watch, and Reserve (WHO AWaRe classification). Antibiotics consumption was ranked based on their volume of DDD i.e., drug utilization (DU90%) was calculated. Non-parametric Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used for the comparison of consumption.Results: Mean antibiotic procurement increased 1.25 folds from 140.3 DDD in 2016 to 201 DDD in 2018. A significant fall was seen in total DDDs in year 2019 (p value <0.05). A total of 41 antibiotics agents (Access 12, Watch 21, Reserve 6 and Not recommended 2) were procured. Reserve category antibiotics were procured from 2017 onwards. Out of 41 antibiotics procured 11 antibiotics (Access 3 and watch 8) accounted for DU 90%.Conclusions: Antibiotics consumption of watch group was high and increasing antibiotic consumption trend was observed. Hospital antimicrobial stewardship program should be implemented to shift to use of Access group antibiotics and restrict use of Watch antibiotics.

The geological diversity of oil deposits is the basis for the technological development of the industry

A deep study of the mechanism and processes of development of the bitumen and heavy oil deposits, as well as oil in tight and shale reservoirs, was conducted in the special test facilities in North America. These studies served as the basis for a technological leap for the transfer of these resources to the category of recoverable reserves. Based on the development of new technologies for horizontal drilling, multi-stage hydraulic fracturing, and the SAGD method in various modifications, commercially attractive results have been achieved, which allow stable development of fields with unconventional reserves at low oil prices. Marginal reserves in a deep crisis environment are the main reason for the write-off of reserves and their transition to large diversified companies.

Assessing the Prescription Pattern of Antimicrobial Agents in Intensive Care Unit at Tertiary Care Hospital

Antibiotic resistance is the major concern in developing countries especially in India, and the prime reason behind it is the irrational prescription of antibiotics. Therefore, assessment of the prescribing pattern of antibiotics in the intensive care unit (ICU) would help to ascertain the rational use of antibiotics in ICU. In a prospective observational study, prescription pattern of patients on antimicrobial agents for any infectious diseases was reviewed and assessed in ICU at a tertiary care hospital for 6 months. All the patients receiving at least one antibiotic except paediatric, pregnant, and lactating patients were included in the study. The prescriptions were also analysed in accordance with the indicators provided by WHO AWARE list. A total of 227 patients were enrolled in the study after obtaining their informed consent form. The majority of patients were in the age group 51 to 65 (33.48%) and males (54.18%). The most common pathological conditions for which patients admitted to ICU were acute gastroenteritis (21.68%), urinary tract infection (13.98), and viral fever (11.19%). Amongst all antimicrobial agents prescribed, cefoperazone along with sulbactam (20.29%) and ceftriaxone (18.84%) was most frequently prescribed followed by metronidazole (9.90%) and levofloxacin (6.76%). Broad-spectrum antibiotics were prescribed in 66% of the total enrolled patients, whereas only 9% of patients underwent a culture sensitivity test. As per the WHO AWARE list, 50% of antimicrobial agents were from the watch category followed by 20% and 17% from the access and reserve category, respectively. The high use of broad-spectrum antibiotics suggests that there is a need for more awareness amongst the health care professionals and communities about the emerging antibiotic resistance problem which is mainly due to over and inappropriate use of antibiotics.

Assessment of WHO antibiotic consumption and access targets in 76 countries, 2000–15: an analysis of pharmaceutical sales data

The WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) antibiotic classification framework aims to balance appropriate access to antibiotics and stewardship. We aimed to identify how patterns of antibiotic consumption in each of the AWaRe categories changed across countries over 15 years. Antibiotic consumption was classified into Access, Watch, and Reserve categories for 76 countries between 2000, and 2015, using quarterly national sample survey data obtained from IQVIA. We measured the proportion of antibiotic use in each category, and calculated the ratio of Access antibiotics to Watch antibiotics (access-to-watch index), for each country. Between 2000, and 2015, global per-capita consumption of Watch antibiotics increased by 90·9% (from 3·3 to 6·3 defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day [DIDs]) compared with an increase of 26·2% (from 8·4 to 10·6 DIDs) in Access antibiotics. The increase in Watch antibiotic consumption was greater in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs; 165·0%; from 2·0 to 5·3 DIDs) than in high-income countries (HICs; 27·9%; from 6·1 to 7·8 DIDs). The access-to-watch index decreased by 38·5% over the study period globally (from 2·6 to 1·6); 46·7% decrease in LMICs (from 3·0 to 1·6) and 16·7% decrease in HICs (from 1·8 to 1·5), and 37 (90%) of 41 LMICs had a decrease in their relative access-to-watch consumption. The proportion of countries in which Access antibiotics represented at least 60% of their total antibiotic consumption (the WHO national-level target) decreased from 50 (76%) of 66 countries in 2000, to 42 (55%) of 76 countries in 2015. Rapid increases in Watch antibiotic consumption, particularly in LMICs, reflect challenges in antibiotic stewardship. Without policy changes, the WHO national-level target of at least 60% of total antibiotic consumption being in the Access category by 2023, will be difficult to achieve. The AWaRe framework is an important measure of the effort to combat antimicrobial resistance and to ensure equal access to effective antibiotics between countries. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE COAL INDUSTRY RAW MATERIALS BASE OF SFD

The article is devoted to modern problems of development of the coal industry in the Siberian Federal district. The article presents an overview of the current condition of the raw material base of the Siberian Federal district (distributed and unallocated subsoil reserve fund), which includes analysis and assessment of reserves and forecast resources of various brands of coal, according to their degree of study and readiness for industrial development. The provision of the coal industry with all categories of reserves and reserves of existing enterprises of the distributed Fund is determined. The problems of developing the mineral resource base of the coal industry are largely related to the objective features of the resource base of the coal industry, as well as to the problems that have accumulated over the past years of industry restructuring. The basis for the development of the fuel and energy complex of the Siberian Federal district should be large coal basins and deposits where coal can be extracted by large sections or mines in conditions that allow the use of high-performance technological complexes.

Designing Direct Matching Mechanisms for India with Comprehensive Affirmative Action

Since 1950, India has been implementing the most comprehensive affirmative action program in the world. Vertical reservations are provided to members of historically discriminated Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC). Horizontal reservations are provided for other disadvantaged groups, such as women and disabled people, within each vertical category. There is no well-defined procedure to implement horizontal reservations jointly with vertical reservation and OBC de-reservations. Sequential processes currently in use for OBC de-reservations and meritorious reserve candidates lead to severe shortcomings. Most importantly, indirect mechanisms currently used in practice do not allow reserve category applicants to fully express their preferences. To overcome these and other related issues, we design several different choice rules for institutions that take meritocracy, vertical and horizontal reservations, and OBC de-reservations into account. We propose a centralized mechanism to satisfactorily clear matching markets in India.

The Existence of High Bacterial Resistance to Some Reserved Antibiotics in Tertiary Hospitals in Tanzania: A Call to Revisit Their Use.

BackgroundAntibiotic resistance poses burden to the community and health-care services. Efforts are being made at local, national and global level to combat the rise of antibiotic resistance including antibiotic stewardship. Surveillance to antibiotic resistance is of importance to aid in planning and implementing infection prevention and control measures. The study was conducted to assess the resistance pattern to cefepime, clindamycin and meropenem, which are reserved antibiotics for use at tertiary hospitals in Tanzania.MethodsA hospital-based antibiotic resistance surveillance was conducted between July and November 2019 at Muhimbili National Hospital and Bugando Medical Center, Tanzania. All organisms isolated were identified based on colony morphology, Gram staining and relevant biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on Muller-Hinton agar using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed according to the protocol by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.ResultsA total of 201 clinical samples were tested in this study. Urine (39.8%, n=80) and blood (35.3%, n=71) accounted for most of the collected samples followed by pus (16.9%, n=34). The bacterial resistance to clindamycin, cefepime and meropenem was 68.9%, 73.2% and 8.5%, respectively. About 68.4% Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to clindamycin whereby 56.3%, 75.6%, 93.8% and 100% of the tested Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae, respectively, were cefepime resistant. About 8.5% of isolated Klebsiella spp were resistant and 6.4% had intermediate susceptibility to meropenem. Also, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant by 31.2% and 25% had intermediate susceptibility to meropenem.ConclusionThe bacterial resistance to clindamycin and cefepime is high and low in meropenem. Henceforth, culture and susceptibility results should be used to guide the use of these antibiotics. Antibiotics with low resistance rate should be introduced to the reserve category and continuous antibiotic surveillance is warranted.

Nature conservation and resource characteristic of peat reserves in Ukraine

Peat reserves in the world are estimated. The results of the peat resource base estimation are given; the uneven distribution of peat resources in the regions of Ukraine is justified. Classification of peat deposits is carried out. Peat resources are calculated by industrial significance, the degree of exploration, development groups. All categories of peat reserves are classified as balance sheet, approved in accordance with the established procedure as off-balance sheet, but at present the use of which is not economically feasible due to small quantity, low power, poor quality, special complexity of operating conditions, or within the limits of polder systems or plots drained from application of drainage, located on the territory of nature reserves or sanctuaries. Today the total area of drained deposits and plots in Ukraine is within the zero depth of 162.0 thousand hectares, within the industrial depth — 1058 Mm2 , geological reserves — 419.6 Mt, the amount of deposits is 395. The degree of land peat formation. The areas of drained peatlands in oblasts are surveyed and analyzed. The country’s peat resources are used very intensively and in connection with the privatization of land, it is necessary to predict the further intensification of the usage of peat deposits for the development of collective farming, the priority ransom for individuals and farms, the peat production increase for fertilizers, for the production of insulating plates, litters, etc.

Mapeamento das Unidades de Conservação das Regiões Norte e Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a evolução e o panorama atual das Unidades de Conservação (UCs) do Brasil, com enfoque na mesorregião Norte e Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de dados disponibilizados pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente, como a distribuição das UCs no território, processada por Sistema de Informação Geográfico, informações sobre sua área, data de criação, tipologias e gestão. A receita obtida pelo ICMS ecológico foi analisada no sítio do CEPERJ. A primeira UC criada nessa mesoregião foi o Parque Estadual do Desengano, em 1970. A partir da década de 1990 houve aumento significativo de UCs e atualmente existem 40, sendo 27 de Uso Sustentável, representadas, principalmente, pela categoria Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural. Na categoria Proteção Integral, os parques compõem a maior parte das UCs. A Região Noroeste tem 4% de sua área total protegida por UCs, enquanto que na Região Norte Fluminense este percentual é de 6%. A presença de UCs tem auxiliado os municípios das regiões Norte e Noroeste quanto a captação do ICMS ecológico, totalizando cerca de R$ 86 milhões desde 2009, o que é pouco representativo em relação aos outros municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro. A Mata Atlântica presente nestes territórios é diversificada, com diferentes fitofisionomias, onde habitam espécies sob ameaça de extinção. A expansão da quantidade e uma boa gestão das UCs já existentes são meios para aumentar a arrecadação fiscal dos municípios e diminuir a fragilidade ambiental regional, fruto de uma ocupação desordenada do território. As UCs podem proporcionar serviços ambientais essenciais, como a diminuição das secas, enchentes e erosão do solo, problemas ambientais recorrentes nesta mesorregião.

Triage Protocol Design for Ventilator Rationing in a Pandemic: Integrating Multiple Ethical Values through Reserves

Rationing of medical resources is a critical issue in the COVID-19 pandemic. Most existing triage protocols are based on a priority point system, in which a formula specifies the order in which the supply of a resource, such as a ventilator, is to be rationed for patients. A priority point system generates an identical priority ranking specifying claims on all units. Triage protocols in some states (e.g. Michigan) prioritize frontline health workers giving heavier weight to the ethical principle of instrumental value. Others (e.g. New York) do not, reasoning that if frontline workers obtain high enough priority, there is a risk that they obtain all units and none remain for the general community. This debate is pressing given substantial COVID-19 health risks for frontline workers. In this paper, we analyze the consequences of rationing medical resources through a reserve system. In a reserve system, resources are placed into multiple categories. Priorities guiding allocation of units can reflect different ethical values between these categories. A reserve system provides additional flexibility over a priority point system because it does not dictate a single priority order for the allocation of all units. It offers a middle-ground approach that balances competing objectives, such as in the medical worker debate. This flexibility requires attention to implementation, especially the processing order of reserve categories. We describe our model of a reserve system, characterize its potential outcomes, and examine distributional implications of particular reserve systems. We also discuss several practical considerations with triage protocol design.

Mineral Resources Management on the basis of the United Nations FrameworClassificaion (National Classification of Mineral Reserves and Resources of Ukraine)

Characteristic of United Nations Framework Classification for fossil energy and mineral reserves and resources (UNFC-2009) as an universal system of mineral reserves/resources deposits evaluation in market conditions, is given. The UNFC-2009 ensures reporting on reserves / resources evaluation for all types of raw ma-terials, takes into account the influence of ecological and social factors and allows to maintain national termi-nology while ensuring its consistency with the international standards. The comparison with the Classification of Ukraine has allowed to establish that National classification is based on the same approaches to categorization of reserves/resources as the UNFC-2009 and all categories of mineral reserves and resources, which are used by Classification of Ukraine, find their analogues in the UNFC-2009 that not only allows to take into account the needs of the state, but also provides comparability of the statistical reporting on reserves/resources at an international level. The directions for development of the Ukraine Classification on the path to its further harmo-nization with the UNFC-2009 and other classification systems (CRIRSCO, SPE PRMS) are determined. The issues of development, promotion and support for the implementation of a global system that can be used as a tool for sustainable management of natural resources are highlighted. Priority is given to the development and deployment of the United Nations Resource Management System (UNRMS) based on the United Nations Framework for Classification of Resources (UNFC), including principles, specifications, guidelines, protocols (procedures and checklists) and best practices designed to promote the sustainable management of energy, raw materials and other resources.

RoCoF-Constrained Scheduling Incorporating Non-Synchronous Residential Demand Response

Demand response has the potential to provide a multitude of operating reserve categories. However, if integrated at scale, the non-synchronous nature of most demand response sources must be recognized within the operational rules of low inertia power systems. Here, a candidate non-synchronous reserve resource is considered within the scheduling and frequency stability time frames. It is shown that a detrimental impact on the post-contingency rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) can arise-potentially requiring the development of system operator policies to ensure that security standards are not compromised-as the volume of reserve available from non-synchronous resources increases. A commitment-and-dispatch RoCoF constraint within scheduling procedures is proposed, which is independently verified using time domain simulations.

Evaluation of Geological Risks of Commercial Development of Complex Structured Coal Deposits

The main risk in the commercial development of complex located coal deposits is a geological risk, which is assessed by the results of coal resources classification at sufficient confidence. In conditions of complex located coal deposits, the main factor which determines categories of coal Reserves is the confidence of geological structural data, a reliable estimation of which is provided only with the use of quantitative methods. The use of conventional geostatistical and geometrical approaches to the reserves categorization in this kind of deposits is impossible. The confidence of complex located coal deposits is proposed to be quantitatively evaluated by the similarity degree of seams position on the adjacent exploration lines. This similarity is estimated with a special similarity coefficient varying from 0 to 1, determined based on curves correlation, which is adapted to the problem-solving method, in the complex plane. The obtained results provide the quality increase of the geological materials confidence evaluation and can be used to solve issues of the geological risk evaluation of the development of complex located coal deposits, during commercial or state expertise of geological information.

Assessing the relationship between illegal hunting of ungulates, wild prey occurrence and livestock depredation rate by large carnivores

Abstract Illegal hunting of ungulates can reduce the prey base of carnivores, which can increase human–carnivore conflict (HCC) through livestock depredation. However, the relationship between ungulate poaching, wild prey abundance and livestock depredation has rarely been empirically studied. We surveyed 18 sites across the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran; a global biodiversity hotspot under pressure from illegal hunting of ungulates, prey depletion, livestock grazing and HCC. We conducted three field surveys across 1,204 km in 93 4 × 4 km cells to count signs of ungulate poaching as well as encounters with livestock and prey species of the Persian leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor and the grey wolf Canis lupus. We documented sheep/goat and cattle depredation from interviews with 201 herders and analysed the effects of illegal hunting of ungulates, forest cover, IUCN categories of reserves, elevation, distance to villages, and wild prey and livestock encounter rates on carnivore depredation rates using generalized linear models. Illegal hunting of ungulates was the most influential depredation predictor. An increase in the illegal hunting of ungulates by one sign/km significantly increased depredation by up to four times. We also found significantly lower levels of ungulate poaching in national parks (IUCN category II) compared to protected areas (V), wildlife refuges (IV) and no‐hunting areas, though poaching signs were frequently found in most cells (58%). Encounters with livestock was inversely linked to wild prey species, but positively coupled with signs of ungulate poaching. Synthesis and applications. Our study reveals that: (a) an increase in the intensity of illegal hunting of ungulates can intensify livestock depredation by carnivores; (b) future efforts in reducing human‐carnivore conflict to acceptable levels require a combination of law enforcement, prey recovery approaches and mitigation measures; (c) it is essential to understand the root causes of poaching to help minimize human‐carnivore conflict (HCC).

Solution for geological and technological problems in carbonate sections with developed secondary capacity on the example of Volga-Ural Petroleum and Gas Province deposit

As of today many of the old fields are already depleted. Replenishment of the category of oil and gas reserves from the category of prospective resources proceeds mainly due to revising the state of overor underlying layers in the already developed horizon, rather than by exploiting entirely new deposits. Current methods of allocation of complex reservoirs both according to the data of geological and technological studies and the results of commercial and geophysical studies are relevant. In this paper, solutions of geological and technological problems are considered on the example of the carbonate section of the Volga-Ural Petroleum and Gas Province in absorbing wells. Today, by the methods of borehole geophysics, reservoirs capacity in isotropic environment is effectively calculated. In the presence of fracture and cavity porosity, the standard methods of electrometry prove to be ineffective, even for a qualitative interpretation. Therefore, in the complex reservoir with a secondary porosity space structure, construction of interpretation model is used by the following methods of well logging - neutron method (NM), acoustic method (AK) and gamma-gamma density method (GGM-P). To eliminate absorptions, both standard methods and the latest developments were used. The effectiveness of the use of profile packers in absorbing wells is shown.

Quantifying the uncertainty in the ultimate recoverable oil reserves using the Monte Carlo simulation techniques from ‘OWA’ Marginal Field, Onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria

A review on the development of marginal oil fields in Nigeria has now become an important strategic issue if it is to remain amongst the top producers in the global market, and these fields are vast, available all over the Niger Delta. One of the factors that makes a field marginal is the size of its reserves. Stochastic estimation gives a certainty in terms of the possible number of outcomes within the range of input parameters. In this work, four (4) deviated wells and 3D seismic volume (362 inlines and 401 traces) were interpreted for the evaluation of the field. The petrophysical evaluations were interpreted using the Power Log software and the Seismic, Geographix and Petrel softwares. Stochastic reserve estimation was done using Monte Carlo sampling techniques and subjected to uncertainty quantification using the Crystal Ball software by varying distributions and measuring sensitivity impact on the overall reserves. The production profile was predicted based on some assumptions and history matching which result in the overall Expected Ultimate Recovery (EUR). The petrophysical analysis shows the reservoirs to be within the unconsolidated continental Benin Formation denoted as ‘Intra-Benin’ sands, an unconventional reservoir as supposed the normal reservoir rocks within the Agbada Formation. This indicated high porosity (0.28), water resistivity (7 Ω∙m), and water saturation and also inferred Heavy Oil (low API). Nine hydrocarbon sands were identified but only three (B1, D and E), representing shallow, mid and deep reservoirs were further evaluated. 1P and 2P reserve estimates were 4.8 MMBO and 5.7 MMBO for B1; 15.2 MMMscf and 16.4 MMMscf for D; 8.4 MMMscf and 8.8 MMMscf for E respectively. The Monte Carlo simulation of 1,000,000 trials with mainly triangular distribution assumption generated P10, P50, P90 were 6.5 MMBO, 5.6 MMBO and 4.4 MMBO for B1; 17.5 MMMscf, 13.7 MMMscf and 10.8 MMMscf for D; 10.4 MMMscf, 8 MMMscf and 6.1 MMMscf for E respectively. The sensitivity impact of the input parameters were estimated and ranked, and the coefficient of variability ranges within 15% to 20% for the reservoirs indicating that there is a very low level uncertainty of reserve estimation around the P10, P50 and P90 percentiles which could be positive for investment decisions. ‘OWA’ marginal field reflects a typical low reserve (EUR) category found within the Niger Delta basin.

Prikaz podataka o kategorijama ukupnih (geoloških) rezervi urana u Srbiji u klasama mineralnih resursa iz aktuelne zakonske regulative

Geological data on the results of the research and on the 'determined masses of reserves', i.e. the total (geological) reserves of nuclear mineral resources, uranium and thorium in Serbia, were obtained by research carried out in accordance with the legal regulations of SFR Yugoslavia and of SR Serbia. In this paper, the mentioned data are considered in the light of the newly adopted concepts, mineral resources and reserves from the Law on Mining and Geological Exploration of the Republic of Serbia (Official Gazette of RS No. 101/15). By the moratorium on the construction of nuclear power plants in the SFR Yugoslavia in 1989 and the Law on the Prohibition of the Construction of Nuclear Power Plants in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1995), half-century geological exploration of nuclear mineral raw materials started in 1948/1949 was interrupted. With this interruption, the many uranium occurrences and uranium deposits remained unexplored and unrated, and the separate categories of reserves B + C1 + C2 + D1 + D2 were not balanced, which reflects the low level of their research. Data on the total uranium reserves of categories B + C1 + C2 + D1 + D2 in Serbia, in the amount of 19 651 680 t or 13 537 779 t [14], are (with appropriate correction) shown via the 'established' conversion map (as a Bridging Document) in the classes of superiors , indicated and measured mineral resources (in situ) from the current Serbian law. The position of the author of the paper is to present the existing data on the total (geological) uranium reserves in the newly introduced terms from the current law and as such approximate to the interested users.

Distribución potencial y conectividad del paisaje: criterios para reevaluar el grado de amenaza de Campylorhynchus yucatanicus (Aves: Troglodytidae)

Geographic distribution and habitat quality are key criteria for assessing the degree of risk of species extinction threat. Campylorhynchus yucatanicus (Yucatán Wren, Troglodytidae) is an endemic bird of the Northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, with a distribution restricted to a narrow strip of habitat, between Campeche and Yucatán states. Currently, the Yucatán coast has lost more than half of the coastal dune vegetation, and other habitats have been modified mainly because there is no urban development plan and the natural resources management is poor. These factors threaten C. yucatanicus, which is listed as a near threatened species by IUCN and as an endangered species by Mexican law NOM-059-2010. In this paper, C. yucatanicus´s potential distribution was modeled using 64 presence records from several sources (1960 y 2009), a set of climate variables, and a vegetation index layer of normalized difference (NDVI). To assess the degree of landscape connectivity we used a map of vegetation types and land use, distance to villages and paved roads. The potential distribution model showed an area of approximately 2 711 km2, which is 2 % of the total area of the Yucatán Peninsula distribution. In this area, only 27 % is protected by Biosphere Reserve category and only 10 % belong to core conservation areas, with land use restrictions and relatively effective protection. The populations from Ría Lagartos and Western Celestún regions appear to be the most isolated following the model of landscape connectivity. Landscape permeability among fragments of dune vegetation near the coast is low, mainly due to the distribution of urban areas. These results can be used to establish management strategies, and show that the species is in more delicate conditions than what it has been described by IUCN. We consider that C. yucatanicus should be given endangered category by IUCN, because of their distribution and the context of the current landscape connectivity.