Categories Of Phrases Research Articles

FRASA ENDOSENTRIS PADA BAHASA JEPANG

Phrase is a combination word, which is consisting of two words or more and become part of a sentence. Phrase can not be said as a clause because the phrase does not exceed the limit function. Structure of phrase in Japanese has similarities with the clauses and compound words in Indonesian, so it is interesting to analyze and see the difference. This study discusses the definition of the phrase in Japanese, the difference with the clauses and compound words seen from the form, the structure of the phrase, and the category of phrase.

Design and Evaluation of an Electrolarynx with Tonal Control Function for Mandarin

Objective: To improve the speech quality of laryngectomized speakers of Mandarin, we designed an electrolarynx with tonal control function (tone-EL) by using the movement of a trackball. The performance of the tone-EL in producing Mandarin was evaluated. Methods: The performance of tone-EL was evaluated via a listening experiment. The perceptual accuracies of monosyllabic words, different categories of phrases with different cues were measured and compared with that produced with a conventional EL. The acceptability of sentences was also measured. Results: The perceptual accuracies of monosyllabic words and tones associated with the words produced with the tone-EL were significantly higher than those of monotonic EL speech. The perceptual accuracy of phrases was significantly higher than in monotonic EL speech when no categorical cue for listeners was provided, whereas they were at a close level when categorical information of the phrases was provided in advance. The acceptability of sentences was higher than that of monotonic EL speech. Conclusion: Using the tone-EL can produce Mandarin tones effectively and the quality of rehabilitated Mandarin is better than using a conventional-EL. To balance speech intelligibility and ease of use, a strategy -producing tonal speech when few informative cues are available to listeners is preferred.

Correspondence of Patient Word Choice with Psychologic Factors in Patients With Upper Extremity Illness

Studies of patients with back pain, cancer, and in a general medical practice note that the use of certain phrases by a patient when communicating with their health provider can indicate greater disability and distress than expected for patients with a given disorder. However, it is unclear whether such phrases apply to patients with hand and arm disorders. We assessed whether specific patient phrases are associated with symptoms, disability, and psychologic factors in patients with hand and arm disorders. We recorded and coded 61 interviews of new patients. Specific expressions of patients were listed and categorized into six phrase categories: "I can't", "Find it and fix it", "Something is wrong", "It's serious", "Deemphasis (hoping)", and "Protective mindset". Patients completed questionnaires for arm-specific disability (DASH), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9]), pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale [PCS]), and heightened illness concern (Whiteley Index). Patients who endorsed phrases in the category "I can't" had higher scores on the PCS, Whiteley, DASH, and pain; they also had longer visits. Patients expressing "Something is wrong" had higher scores for the PCS, pain, and duration of visit. Patients using "It's serious" had a higher score for pain. Finally, patients using "Protective mindset" had lower PHQ-9 scores and younger age. Patient word choice may indicate underlying distress or ineffective coping strategies that represent important opportunities for empathy and support, including evidence-based cognitive and behavioral interventions. Level III, diagnostic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

What can children tell us about the fixedness of idiomatic phrases? The psycholinguistic relevance of a linguistic model

The present paper contains two distinct yet intricately linked studies concerning idiomatic phrases in Greek: a linguistic study and a psycholinguistic study. The linguistic study aims at investigating the degree of fixedness of idiomatic phrases, through a semantic-lexical categorization of 470 phrases with fixed subject. Three phrase categories were distinguished: typical phrases characterized by a strong semantic-lexical articulation between their constituents, and non-typical phrases, in which the constituents have a certain semantic autonomy. Non-typical phrases were further categorized into a) quasi-phrases and b) conventionalized phrases, the constituents of which have the highest degree of semantic autonomy. Α linguistic model was developed named “graded fixedness model”, and the psycholinguistic relevance of the model assessed by examining idiom comprehension in Greek elementary school children, aged 7.5 and 9.5 years old. To achieve this, a psycholinguistic study was then carried out. Children were presented with 8 typical, 8 quasi and 8 conventionalized phrases. For each phrase, they were asked to choose the one they thought correct out of three interpretations proposed (idiomatic, literal and other). The research findings presented and discussed herein provide evidence supporting the psychological reality of the notion of semantic autonomy even for the younger children’s processing which was overall quite poor: thus, the greater the semantic autonomy of a phrase’s constituents, the easier the access to its idiomatic meaning.

The Category of Predicates and Predicate Phrases in Tagalog: Commentary on Kaufman's article

Kaufman’s article contains three major claims: (1) a. Roots in Tagalog are category neutral, though all roots have an essentially nominal interpretation underlyingly. b. Tagalog lacks the category v. c. The ‘‘Subject-only’’ restriction on extraction in Tagalog is the result of a constraint that prohibits genitive case-marked DP’s from appearing in predicate position. Claim (1a) in conjunction with claim (1b) yields the interesting consequence that Tagalog has no verb phrase category. In line with some of the work with Distributed Morphology (Marantz 1997), Kaufman assumes that category neutral roots must ultimately be categorized by being embedded under a functional element such as v, n, or a. A root embedded under v will function syntactically as a verb and will be part of a verb phrase, while a root embedded under n will function as a noun and will be part of a noun phrases. If there is no v in the lexicon of Tagalog, as Kaufman argues, then it follows that there can be no verb phrases (vP). Instead, Kaufman claims that all putative VP predicates are, in fact, (simple) NP predicates. In the discussion below, I will point out a few empirical issues relating to these claims, which seem to me to be worth further investigation with respect to Kaufman’s main hypothesis.

English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History (review)

Reviews205 English Dictionariesfor Foreign Learners: A History. 1999. A. P. Cowie. Oxford : Clarendon Press. Pp. xiii + 232. $72.00 A;. P. Cowie's overview of the genesis and development of dictioncaries specially written for non-native speakers of English is meticulously researched, his commentary supported with a wealth of detail in the best scholarly tradition — that is, as far as the commentary goes. Mr. Cowie declares in his introduction that his study is limited to a focus on the development of the advanced-level dictionary, and also that he has "deliberately stopped short" of discussing any advanced learner's dictionary published in the 1990s. He offers as a reason his own need to remain detached from the discussion , a decision that I found puzzling and regrettable. That a scholar as respected as Mr. Cowie should choose to gloss over a decade in which the impact of corpus lexicography became fully evident in dictionaries produced with the aid of corpora calls into question the ultimate usefulness of this book as a complete history of the subject. The History, then, is in fact a description of the development of advanced -level learner dictionaries from their inception to 1989. Intermediate, beginner, and picture dictionaries are not covered, nor are the "production" dictionaries of the 1990s, not even in the final section that focuses on the dictionary user, where such a discussion would have been of great interest. Rather than in breadth, then, the strength of the History lies in its detail: in Mr. Cowie's descriptions of the scope of the task facing the earliest pioneers, and in his painstaking comparisons of the ways various early works treat the myriad elements that make up a learner's dictionary. There are six chapters in the History: "The Genesis of the Learner's Dictionary," "Phraseology and the Learner's Dictionary ," "The Second Generation of Learners' Dictionaries," "The Role of the Computer in Learner Lexicography," "The Third Generation of Learners' Dictionaries ," and "Focus on die Dictionary User." The longest chapter is the first, in which the pioneering work of Harold Palmer, Michael West, and A. S. Hornby in the early years of the 20th century is discussed in great detail. Mr. Cowie traces the beginnings of the vocabulary control movement that led to A General Service List ofEnglish Words (1953), a model of a basic vocabulary originally developed by Michael West in the 1930s and based on students ' needs, rather than culled from native-speaker dictionaries. Nearly all of the elements that are now familiar to learner lexicography can be traced to die work of Palmer, West, and Hornby: the listing of homographs separately, the defining of derivative forms, a pedagogical approach to grammar, the attention to issues of collocation and idiomaticity, as well as to characteristics of the spoken language. In illustrating the issues that these men were confronting, Mr. Cowie summarizes a point from West's report, Definition Vocabulary (1935): West put his finger unerringly on the characteristic weaknesses of definitions in the mother-tongue dictionary — the fondness Dictionaries:Journal ofthe Dictionary Society ofNorth America 22 (2001) 206Reviews for defining the known (say, penal) in terms of the unknown ('instrument'? 'tapering'?), and the tendency to fall back on 'scatter-gun' techniques, whereby 'one fires off a number of near or approximate synonyms in the hope that one or other will hit the mark and be understood', as in: 'sinuate = tortuous , wavy, winding'. (24) The second chapter treats die questions of what constitutes a phrase, and how and where phrases should be shown in a dictionary. Here again we find the origin of a now-common convention, that of using bold type to indicate relative fixity of a phrase (Palmer's innovation) . Various categories of phrases are discussed; Mr. Cowie provides a table showing a scale of idiomaticity: Free combinationopen a window; a green wall Restricted collocationmeet the demand; easy money Figurative idiomcall the shots; a sacred cow Pure idiomspill the beans; a dead duck He then asserts that "the precision with which these various distinctions were captured in dictionaries of idioms and collocations compiled in the 1970s and 1980s would be an important measure of their quality" (71) . This assertion in fact points to...

Automatic System for Synthesis-by-Ruale

A fully automatic system for conversion of printed text into speech sounds is described. The system is divided into two parts: one part generates prosodic information from programmed rules, and the second part synthesizes the sounds. The sound synthesizer is realized by a programmed articulatory model of the vocal tract [C. H. Coker, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 47, 49 (1969)]. This paper focuses mainly on details of prosodic-feature assignment. This part of the system contains a syntax analyzer and a dictionary. Using information from the dictionary, the syntax analyzer assigns a phrase category to each word (subject, verb, object, etc.) and a potential for a pause at every phrase boundary. Each word is then assigned a stress and pitch contour using the pause potentials obtained from the syntax analyzer. In the last stage of the prosody generation, each phoneme is assigned duration, pitch, and intensity controls, compatible with the articulatory model program. In the articulatory model, coarticulation which depends upon phoneme duration is automatically treated. The prosodic-rule program is implemented for time sharing on an on-premises GE-635 computer. This program is linked via a data-communications set to the synthesizer implemented on a DDP-516 laboratory computer.