Motion Categories Research Articles

Hermann Lotze’s Gestalt Metaphysics in Light of the Schelling and Hegel Renaissance (1838–1841)

Situating Lotze in School of Speculative Theology, I use debates about Schelling's critique of Hegel—then and now—to understand Lotze's critique of Hegel. Lotze's early metaphysics seems to employ a version of Hegel's dialectical analysis of being, phenomena, and mind emphasizing the interconnection of things. One can equally argue that he proceeds in an analytic style of reviewing and testing alternative theories. My tentative conclusion is that he assumes existence of reality (the Absolute) like Schelling, and makes cognition a process subordinate to that reality. In this respect, he goes beyond his Kantian mentors J. F. Fries and E. F. Apelt. From all these sources came a radically original Gestalt metaphysics. For example, he reverses Kant's of intuition (Anschauung) into forms of intuitability(Anschaulichkeit), including relational categories of space, time, motion, mechanism, organism, law, and event. He then makes categories into ethical levels of a teleological idealism. In this way he overcomes his Herbartian teachers' separation of metaphysics from ethics, evincing his center Hegelian roots.

Three-Dimensional Image Information Media: Beat Induction from Motion Capture Data Using Short-Term Principal Component Analysis

We propose a technique called short-term principal component analysis (ST-PCA) to analyze motion capture (MoCap) data of realistic movements in a high dimensional time series. Our ST-PCA method is successfully applied to motion beat induction, which is an important aspect in human perception. ST-PCA performs PCA in a sliding window to locally extract the major variance of the movement into the coordinates of the first principal component, thus accurately determining the desired motion beats. Our approach differs from conventional methods in that we estimate the motion beats by analyzing the motion signals as a whole rather than individually in each channel. Moreover, our algorithm is carefully designed in terms of the three characteristics of MoCap data: hierarchical structure, spatial correlation, and temporal coherence. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outputs much more accurate motion beats in a wide range of motion categories, including complicated dances, than current state-of-the-art alternatives.

Cardiac Image Modeling Tool for Quantitative Analysis of Global and Regional Cardiac Wall Motion

To evaluate the Cardiac Image Modeling (CIM 4.6; University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand) tool's ability to assess cardiac function via quantitative calculations of global and regional ejection fraction (EF) from magnetic resonance imaging in comparison with a current method of global analysis with Argus (Siemens Medical Solutions) and regional analysis with visual analysis. Global cardiac function is commonly assessed quantitatively by post processing tools that calculate global EF. Currently, regional cardiac function is assessed by subjective visual analysis of wall motion, which can have significant interobserver variability. CIM is a tool that may reduce variability by generating a semi-automated 3-dimensional heart model to calculate quantitative global and regional EF. Thirty-one patients (22 men, 9 women; mean age 55.1 +/- 17.5 years) were selected based on global EFs calculated at the time of the clinical visit with the Argus postprocessing tool (Siemens Medical Solutions). Patients were then placed into 2 predetermined categories of normal: EF >or=50% and abnormal: EF <50%. Regional EF was calculated for each segment of a 16-segment cardiac model. Three blinded reviewers used the standard of care assessment of regional function, which was a qualitative grading of the 16 segments into categories of normal or abnormal regional wall motion by visual analysis. CIM quantitatively analyzed global EF and regional EF for each segment. These segments were then sorted into the predetermined categories of normal (EF >or=50%) and abnormal (EF <50%). Level of agreement was conducted via Pearson correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis for global EF analysis and observed proportion of agreement (p(a)), sensitivity, and specificity for regional EF analysis. Global EF analysis showed a high correlation (r2 = 0.85; y = 0.94x + 4.85, P < 0.001) between the Argus and CIM analyses. Sixteen-segment regional EF analysis showed p(a) averages >0.60. Regional wall motion by short axis slices showed pa averages >0.75, and combined analyses of all 3 reviewers' 16-segment regional data showed an overall total p(a) = 0.79 (sensitivity = 72%, specificity = 88%). Interobserver and intraobserver variability were low (p(a) > 0.65) in this study. Global EF analysis of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging by CIM showed high agreement with the commonly used Argus postprocessing tool. Furthermore, CIM is capable of evaluating regional EF with good agreement in comparison with the current visual method. In addition to determining abnormal versus normal cardiac wall motion, CIM is able to add to the analysis a quantitative regional EF for each given segment. As a semi-automated tool, CIM has the potential to reduce reviewer variability and decrease the time required for analysis. In the future, CIM can potentially quantitatively track global and regional changes in patients with heart disease and aid the clinical management throughout the course of the disease.

Toward synthesis tools using 'evocation' as control parameters

This study addresses the design of synthesis tool controlled by high‐level parameters, such as mental evocations induced by sounds. As a first approach, we considered sounds evoking motions and we addressed 3 main questions: What are the different categories of motion? What are the common acoustic features of sounds within a category? How to synthesize sounds that evokes specific motions? We gathered samples used by electro‐acoustic music composers as a framework for their compositions and synthesized sounds. Then we effectuated a two‐steps listening test. The first part aims at determining these different motion categories. It consisted in a free categorization task in which listeners build their own groups of sounds as function of evoked motions. The second part aims at determining a set of sounds characteristic of each of these categories. It consisted in a constrained categorization task with predefined categories represented by prototypical sounds (deduced from free categorization task). We used a fe...

Synthesis and evaluation of linear motion transitions

This article develops methods for determining visually appealing motion transitions using linear blending. Motion transitions are segues between two sequences of animation, and are important components for generating compelling animation streams in virtual environments and computer games. Methods involving linear blending are studied because of their efficiency, computational speed, and widespread use. Two methods of transition specification are detailed, center-aligned and start-end transitions. First, we compute a set of optimal weights for an underlying cost metric used to determine the transition points. We then evaluate the optimally weighted cost metric for generalizability, appeal, and robustness through a cross-validation and user study. Next, we develop methods for computing visually appealing blend lengths for two broad categories of motion. We empirically evaluate these results through user studies. Finally, we assess the importance of these techniques by determining the minimum sensitivity of viewers to transition durations, the just noticeable difference, for both center-aligned and start-end specifications.

When is Motion ‘Motion’?

Examples of visual motion have become more and more abstract over the years, leading up to 'third-order' stimuli where direction is actually determined by the observer through top - down attention. But how far can this be pushed--are there motion stimuli that are yet more arbitrary and abstract? Actually, there is a broad class of 'conceptual motion' stimuli--things like a moving grating of faces, or a shifting pattern of words--that are perfect analogs to traditional 'perceptual motion' stimuli, solvable by the same motion computation and for which observers can readily make direction-of-motion judgments. Interestingly though, these do not produce a sensation of motion (among other automatic consequences of motion detection). Here we compare a luminance-based perceptual motion stimulus to a semantic-based conceptual motion stimulus to contrast the psychophysical hallmarks of these motion categories.

Reliability and Validity of a Global Positioning System for Measuring Movement Patterns during Field Hockey

The scarcity of research into the physiological demands of women's field hockey has inhibited the development of a systematic and scientific approach to preparation for competition at any level of field hockey. Global positioning systems (GPS) have the potential to further our understanding of the physiological demands of competitive sport through the process of tracking player movement patterns. PURPOSE: To assess the reliability and validity of GPS technology for measuring player movement patterns in field hockey. METHODS: Nine subjects volunteered for the study. A predetermined circuit, painted onto an Astroturf surface, was designed to replicate the movement patterns and time spent in each motion category (stand, walk, jog, cruise, sprint), with that performed during a game of field hockey. Each subject completed 14 laps of the circuit to replicate the average distance covered in a match (6818 m). Four timing gates were positioned at various stages of each lap to accurately measure time over a known distance. A calibrated trundle wheel pedometer was used to measure the exact length of the circuit. Players were tracked throughout the duration of the circuit using a GPS athlete-tracking device (SPI Elite, GPSports, Canberra, Australia). The data was edited to establish GPS and actual time, speed and distance at each timing gate, lap and whole circuit. Triplicate repeat trials were conducted at 9am, 1pm and 4pm to assess satellite positioning on reliability of the system. RESULTS: The mean (± SD) total distance covered was 6818.7 ± 5.2m, 6818.7 ± 4.3m and 6819.0 ± 5.4m during the 9am, 1pm and 4pm trial respectively. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant difference (p>0.05) between time of day and the ICC was significant (r=0.809) for total distance covered. Paired t-tests indicated no systematic bias relative to random error. The Pearson correlation for the total distance covered and speed was r = 1 (p<0.01) and r = 0.998 (p<0.001) respectively. A typical error of 4.77 m for total distance covered and 0.01 m/s for speed was observed. Bland and Altman plots for total distance covered and speed shows a mean difference and limits of agreement of 2.2 ± 13.2m and 0.0 ± 0.9 m/s respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion GPS is a reliable and valid measurement tool for assessing the movement patterns of field hockey players.

Relationship between sliding acceleration of water droplets and dynamic contact angles on hydrophobic surfaces

This study measured sliding acceleration of water droplets on hydrophobic solid surfaces and used expanding and contracting method to compare that value with dynamic contact angles. Sliding action of the droplet was classified into three motion categories: constant accelerated motion, constant velocity and stasis. Differences exist in the dependencies of contact radius and the injection–suction rate in dynamic contact angle hysteresis according to these categories. This method is an effective indicator of water droplets’ sliding acceleration.

Neural responses elicited to face motion and vocalization pairings

During social interactions our brains continuously integrate incoming auditory and visual input from the movements and vocalizations of others. Yet, the dynamics of the neural events elicited to these multisensory stimuli remain largely uncharacterized. Here we recorded audiovisual scalp event-related potentials (ERPs) to dynamic human faces with associated human vocalizations. Audiovisual controls were a dynamic monkey face with a species-appropriate vocalization, and a house with opening front door with a creaking door sound. Subjects decided if audiovisual stimulus trials were congruent (e.g. human face–human sound) or incongruent (e.g. house image–monkey sound). An early auditory ERP component, N140, was largest to human and monkey vocalizations. This effect was strongest in the presence of the dynamic human face, suggesting that species-specific visual information can modulate auditory ERP characteristics. A motion-induced visual N170 did not change amplitude or latency across visual motion category in the presence of sound. A species-specific incongruity response consisting of a late positive ERP at around 400ms, P400, was selectively larger only when human faces were mismatched with a non-human sound. We also recorded visual ERPs at trial onset, and found that the category-specific N170 did not alter its behavior as a function of stimulus category—somewhat unexpected as two face types were contrasted with a house image. In conclusion, we present evidence for species-specificity in vocalization selectivity in early ERPs, and in a multisensory incongruity response whose amplitude is modulated only when the human face motion is paired with an incongruous auditory stimulus.

Fusion of audio and motion information on HMM-based highlight extraction for baseball games

This paper aims to extract baseball game highlights based on audio-motion integrated cues. In order to better describe different audio and motion characteristics in baseball game highlights, we propose a novel representation method based on likelihood models. The proposed likelihood models measure the "likeliness" of low-level audio features and motion features to a set of predefined audio types and motion categories, respectively. Our experiments show that using the proposed likelihood representation is more robust than using low-level audio/motion features to extract the highlight. With the proposed likelihood models, we then construct an integrated feature representation by symmetrically fusing the audio and motion likelihood models. Finally, we employ a hidden Markov model (HMM) to model and detect the transition of the integrated representation for highlight segments. A series of experiments have been conducted on a 12-h video database to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method and show that the proposed framework achieves promising results over a variety of baseball game sequences.

Positioning Heaven: The Infidelity of a Faithful Aristotelian

AbstractAristotle's account of place in terms of an innermost limit of a containing body was to generate serious discussion and controversy among Aristotle's later commentators, especially when it was applied to the cosmos as a whole. The problem was that since there is nothing outside of the cosmos that could contain it, the cosmos apparently could not have a place according to Aristotle's definition; however, if the cosmos does not have a place, then it is not clear that it could move, but it was thought to move, namely, in its daily revolution, which was viewed as a kind of natural locomotion and so required the cosmos to have a place. The study briefly outlines Aristotle's account of place and then considers its fate, particularly with respect to the cosmos and its motion, at the hands of later commentators. To this end, it begins with Theophrastus' puzzles concerning Aristotle's account of place, and how later Greek commentators, such as Alexander of Aphrodisias, Themistius and others, attempted to address these problems in what can only be described as ad hoc ways. It then considers Philoponus' exploitation of these problems as a means to replace Aristotle's account of place with his own account of place understood in terms of extension. The study concludes with the Arabic Neoplatonizing Aristotelian Avicenna and his novel introduction of a new category of motion, namely, motion in the category of position. Briefly, Avicenna denies that the cosmos has a place, and so claims that it moves not with respect to place, but with respect to position.

C205 PIV法を用いた撥水表面上における液滴転落時の内部流動の可視化

To characterize sliding behavior of water droplets with dynamic contact angles on hydrophobic, the instrument was developed. Sliding action of the droplet was classified into three motion categories: constant accelerated motion, constant velocity and stasis. The action of the sliding droplet was controlled by the interaction between solid and liquid surface. This interaction was expressed by the internal fluidity of the sliding droplet. The device with PIV facilitated the measurement of the sliding acceleration, shape variation and internal fluidity in the sliding droplet.

Characterizing the effect of diagnosis on presenting deficits and outcomes after total shoulder arthroplasty

This study compared self-assessed deficits in comfort, function, and health status before and after total shoulder arthroplasty for 4 different diagnoses: degenerative joint disease (DJD), secondary DJD (2 degrees DJD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and capsulorrhaphy arthropathy (CA). Deficits were assessed by the Simple Shoulder Test and Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaires. There was a significant difference among diagnoses for preoperative and postoperative functional deficits. The profiles of improvement within the categories of comfort, motion, strength, and function were different for each diagnosis. Patients with DJD and CA were most improved in the category of motion, whereas those with 2 degrees DJD and RA were most improved in the category of comfort. There was also a statistically significant difference in 5 of the 8 domains of the preoperative SF-36 among diagnoses. Factors associated with each diagnosis play a significant role in determining the magnitude of preoperative deficits and postoperative improvement in shoulder function.

Schrödinger flows, binormal motion for curves and the second AKNS-hierarchies

In this paper, we present a unified geometric interpretation of the second AKNS-hierarchies via the geometric concept of Schrödinger flows in the category of symplectic manifolds and binormal motion for curves in the Minkowski 3-space.

Investigation of an unbalanced rotor system with bearing clearance and stabilising rods

The nonlinear vibrations of a rotor system with bearing clearance and stabilising rods are considered. In this paper the main objective is to evaluate effects of applying stabilising rods and from a dynamical point of view find preferable parameter ranges. A piecewise linear two degrees-of-freedom model is proposed. The system is studied and evaluated by analysis of steady state, bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponents and contact force. It is shown how transition lines (which separate different categories of motion), periodicity and sensitivity to small perturbation are affected by the parameters defining the stability rods. By applying specific stabilising rods the periodicity is changed for some parameter ranges, unstable areas are reduced, the total maximum normal contact force is increased while the dynamical part is mainly reduced. The analytical expressions for the transition limits can be used as a design tool to choose suitable parameters. It is concluded that the stability rods should be applied vertically and that high preloading and stiffness prevents the system from impact motion. The stabilising rods are effective tools to avoid nonlinear behaviors but it is necessary to carefully analyse the specific application.

An investigation of the relationship between sea state induced vessel motion and cod-end selection

The relationship between sea state induced vessel motion and cod-end selection is investigated. The paper is divided into three parts. Part 1 reports on sea trials to investigate the relationship between vessel motion and cod-end dynamics. By comparing the average period of longitudinal cod-end pulsing to the most important cyclic component of the tension in the trawl warps and the most important cyclic component of the linear accelerations of the fishing vessel, it is established that the pulsing of the cod-end is a response to sea state induced vessel motion. Part 2 looks at the hydrodynamics and catch dynamics of a cod-end pulsing in a flume tank. Experiments are carried out on a half scale cod-end where the towing warp is attached to the rotating arm of a hydraulic motor and the catch is simulated using water filled balloons. Three categories of longitudinal cod-end motion are identified and a qualitative description of the hydrodynamic forces that are acting is presented. A number of observations are made concerning the catch dynamics and it is shown that, from a fixed reference frame, the displacement of the balloons is essentially linear and has no rotational component. It is concluded that the dynamic forces acting on the catch must generally be small. Part 3 analyses direct observations of the hydrodynamics, catch dynamics and fish behaviour of pulsing cod-ends at sea. By comparing these observations with the results of the flume tank trials it is concluded that longitudinal pulsing of the cod-end is the predominant factor generating dynamic movement of the cod-end; that the dynamic forces acting on the fish ahead of the catch are small; and that the main component of the movement of these fish relative to the cod-end arises as a result of the displacement of the cod-end. In the light of these results, an analysis of recorded observations of fish in pulsing cod-ends provides insight into some of the associated hydrodynamic and behavioural mechanisms which may affect the active and passive selection of fish in the cod-end. In particular, a cyclic tilting behaviour and reductions in flow speed are used to explain the dependence that is found between fish escape ahead of the catch and the cod-end motion. When allied to the result of part 1 of this study a direct link is established between sea state induced vessel motion and cod-end selection.

The roles of static depth information and object-image relative motion in perception of heading.

In a series of 6 experiments, two hypotheses were tested: that nominal heading perception is determined by the relative motion of images of objects positioned at different depths (R. F. Wang & J. E. Cutting, 1999) and that static depth information contributes to this determination. By manipulating static depth information while holding retinal-image motion constant during simulated self-movement, the authors found that static depth information played a role in determining perceived heading. Some support was also found for the involvement of R. F. Wang and J. E. Cutting's (1999) categories of object-image relative motion in determining perceived heading. However, results suggested an unexpected functional dominance of information about heading relative to apparently near objects.

Mechanisms of Active Hair Bundle Motion in Auditory Hair Cells

Sound stimuli vibrate the hair bundles on auditory hair cells, but the resulting motion attributable to the mechanical stimulus may be modified by forces intrinsic to the bundle, which drive it actively. One category of active hair bundle motion has properties similar to fast adaptation of the mechanotransducer channels and is explicable if gating of the channels contributes significantly to the mechanics of the hair bundle. To explore this mechanism, we measured hair bundle compliance in turtle auditory hair cells under different conditions that alter the activation range of the channel. Force-displacement relationships were nonlinear, possessing a maximum slope compliance when approximately one-half of the transducer channels were open. When the external calcium concentration was reduced from 2.8 to 0.25 mm, the position of maximum compliance was shifted negative, reflecting a comparable shift in the transducer channel activation curve. Assuming that the nonlinearity represents the compliance attributable to channel gating, a single-channel gating force of 0.25 pN was calculated. By comparing bundle displacements with depolarization with and without an attached flexible fiber, the force contributed by each channel was independently estimated as 0.47 pN. These results are consistent with fast active bundle movements resulting from changes in mechanotransducer channel gating. However, several observations revealed additional components of hair bundle motion, with slower kinetics and opposite polarity to the fast movement but also linked to transducer adaptation. This finding argues for multiple mechanisms for controlling hair bundle position in auditory hair cells.

CATEGORIZATION OF NATURAL MOVEMENTS BY PIGEONS: VISUAL CONCEPT DISCRIMINATION AND BIOLOGICAL MOTION

In three experiments, pigeons were exposed to a discriminated autoshaping procedure in which categories of moving stimuli, presented on videotape, were differentially associated with reinforcement. All stimuli depicted pigeons making defined responses. In Experiment 1, one category consisted of several different scenes of pecking and the other consisted of scenes of walking, flying, head movements, or standing still. Four of the 4 birds for which pecking scenes were positive stimuli discriminated successfully, whereas only 1 of the 4 for which pecking was the negative category did so. In the pecking‐positive group, there were differences between the pecking rates in the presence of the four negative actions, and these differences were consistent across subjects. In Experiment 2, only the categories of walking and pecking were used; some but not all birds learned this discrimination, whichever category was positive, and these birds showed some transfer to new stimuli in which the same movements were represented only by a small number of point lights (Johansson's “biological motion” displays). In Experiment 3, discriminations between pecking and walking movement categories using point‐light displays were trained. Four of the 8 birds discriminated successfully, but transfer to fully detailed displays could not be demonstrated. Pseudoconcept control groups, in which scenes from the same categories of motion were used in both the positive and negative stimulus sets, were used in Experiments 1 and 3. None of the 8 pigeons trained under these conditions showed discriminative responding. The results suggest that pigeons can respond differentially to moving stimuli on the basis of movement cues alone.

Dynamics of a Flexible Slider-Crank Mechanism Driven by a Non-Ideal Source of Energy

The dynamic response of a slider crank mechanism with a flexible connecting rod driven by an electric DC motor is examined. After formulating the governing nonlinear boundary value problem, it is reduced by a one-term truncation to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations representing the complete dynamics of the electromechanical system. First, the steady-state behavior is analyzed. It turns out that a constant crank rotational speed is not possible: fluctuations appear which can be limited by an appropriate choice of the system and the engine data. Then, the transient startup or rundown is dealt with by using a digital simulation of the model equations. It exhibits a rich variety of dynamic effects till the stationary speed is reached. Attention is focused on the influence of the flexibility which in both categories of motion yields typical features.