Categories Of Mood Research Articles

КАТЕГОРИЯ НАКЛОНЕНИЯ В КАДАРСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article examines the category of mood in the Kadar language, one of the unwritten Dargin languages spoken in Dagestan. Special attention is paid to the formation and functioning of indirect moods in this language. The authors identify nine verbal forms with modal meanings, analyse the formation of these moods, and describe the semantic meanings. The peculiarities of the mood category functioning in the Kadar language in comparison with the Akushi and other Dargin languages are identified. In particular, it is shown that the Kadar language has fewer modal verb forms comparing to other Dargin languages.

On the Origin of the Epic Preterit

Abstract The use of past tense in narrative discourse at first glance seems to imply that the narrated events are lying in the past as compared to the act of narration. However, this intuitive notion was doubted by several scholars in the mid 20th century, among them Käte Hamburger, Harald Weinrich, Émile Benveniste, and Ann Banfield. This article investigates the temporal constitution of literary narratives from a perspective of the biological evolution of Human cognition. My analysis begins with Hamburger’s most disputed claim that in epic fiction the past tense »loses its grammatical function of designating what is past« and proceeds by testing a derived hypothesis against a cross-cultural sample of (mostly oral) folklore. Hamburger denied any temporal relation between the speaker and that which he speaks of, assuming instead a fictitious neverland in which the narrated events are situated and to which the preterit refers. If Hamburger’s model is correct, so the derived hypothesis goes, then the use of past tense in fictional narratives is merely a cultural convention, and different narrative traditions should expose different conventions. Indeed it can be shown that in other cultures stories are told in the present tense, in infinitive verb forms, or in forms indicating abstractness or remoteness. It can be followed that Hamburger was right at least in presuming that reference to the past is not a necessary constituent of verbal storytelling. Actually, instead of referring to the past, the epic preterit rather seems to indicate a change in the modality of speaking, thus adhering to the category of grammatical mood rather than tense. In some languages of oral cultures, however, this presumed mood shows up instead as a way of indicating the source of information. This kind of source information – fully grammaticalized in a quarter of the world’s languages – is called ›evidentiality‹ by linguists. In a phylogenetic perspective on the evolution of cognition, source information only becomes necessary with extended inferential and communicative capabilities and may thus have emerged as a cognitive tool in early humans when entering the ›cognitive niche‹. Evidentiality markers in language may thus be the linguistic reflex of a very ancient cognitive scope category in the innate architecture of the human mind, one which served to separate first-hand experience from reported knowledge. In oral storytelling, evidentiality is marked not only by specific verb forms but also by specific formulas (›they say‹/›it is said‹), intonations, or rhetorical devices. From this perspective, the phenomenon observed by Hamburger and others can be said to originate in the beginning of Tradition – that is, of verbal transmission of cultural knowledge. My hypothesis is that literary narratives in literate cultures still use this ancient cognitive scope operator of ›tradition‹ when employing the epic preterit. Admittedly, in literate cultures it often suffices to put »A novel by« on the title page in order to signal the categorical otherness of narrative fiction. Yet still, authors employ additional means to evoke the atmosphere of a ›murmuring conjuring‹ – as Thomas Mann once called it – that creates the impression of an objective world of tradition behind the individual story told. I point toward examples in literary first-person narratives, because homodiegetic narration – in contrast to Hamburger’s classical case of heterodiegetic narration – shows a continuous spatio-temporal relation between speaker and that which he speaks of and thus requires additional means or efforts to signal a break between the ordinary world of first-hand experience and the world of the literary. Since Hamburger once treated the epic preterit as a signal of fictionality, I briefly discuss the notion of fiction in the last paragraphs of my paper. I consider ›fictionality‹ to be a late cultural concept in literate societies that is not identical with the cognitive category of ›tradition‹ but is ultimately made possible by the existence of the latter.

Семантико-синтаксический аспект сослагательного наклонения в сакральном арабском тексте (на материале сур Корана)

The subjunctive mood in the Arabic language is the object of study in this article, because it happens to be very frequent and spread in the explored text material. The subject of the analysis is semantic potential and syntactic functions of the verbal forms in the subjunctive mood. The purpose of the study is to clarify the specifics of performing syntactic functions by verbal units in the sacral text. In the course of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that the identification of specific semantic features in the Arabic verbal system as applied to the subjunctive mood is quite difficult and requires reference to the morphological and syntactic features of the verbal units that transmit the semantics of subjunctivity. This fact explains, among other things, the lack of linguists’ common point of view on the problem of identification and classification of forms of verbal moods. The subjunctive mood implements the tendency to polysemantics, which is explained by the complexity and multidimensionality of the semantic specificity of this grammatical category. The semantic-syntactical analysis of the Qur’anic sayings undertaken by the authors shows that the formation of the grammatical category of the subjunctive mood depends on the verb type, verbal inflections, the compatibility of the verb form with a particular syntactic particle and is accompanied by modifications of the semantics of the verb forms. The topological analysis of the Arabic sentence structure, containing subjunctive forms, reveals the presence of correlation between the frequency of subjunctive verbal forms and the type of subordinate sentence in the complex sentence.

ПОВЕЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ, УСЛОВНОЕ И СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЯ В ИНГУШСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article examines the verbal category of mood in the Ingush language. Relying on the structural-semantic analysis the authors conclude that there are eight verbal moods in the Ingush language and identify the moods, which have no tense forms. The analysis indicates that imperative mood has no tense forms but has five forms formed with suffixes. All the imperative mood forms can have negative meaning. Conditional mood and subjunctive mood also have no tense forms but they are classified into types and categories according to their meaning.

A homebound status is related to a reduction of meal intake in older outpatients, independent depressive mood and their physical function

We aimed to investigate the relationship between the frequency at which patients went out and the reduction of meal intake among older outpatients who did not require care. The subjects were outpatients of ≥65 years of age who visited the department of geriatric medicine in our hospital for the first time. We analyzed 463 subjects (male, n=184; female, n=279), after excluding patients who had dementia, required care, lived in a nursing home, or had an acute disease.The outcome measure was the reduction of meal intake (a moderate or higher decrease in the patient's meal intake in the past 3 months). The independent measure was homebound status (going-out less than once a week). The covariates were sex, age, number of medications, and Kihon Checklist (categories of undernutrition, oral function, physical function, and mood). A logistic regression analysis was performed. The average age was 79.6±5.9 years in men, 79.9±6.1 years in women. Among the participants, 104 (22.5%) had a homebound status. In the logistic regression analyses, a homebound status was significantly associated with a reduction in meal intake, even after adjustment for potential confounding factors, including depressive mood and a low physical function (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1-3.6). A homebound status in older outpatients was related to a decline in their meal intake, independent of depressive mood and a low physical function. A reduction in meal intake leads to a lack of energy and results in malnutrition. Our results suggest that assessing the frequency at independently living older outpatients go out is important for the early prevention of malnutrition.

Prospective Evaluation of Cognitive Health and Related Factors in Elderly at Risk for Developing Alzheimer's Dementia: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

The CHARIOT PRO Main study is a prospective, non-interventional study evaluating cognitive trajectories in participants at the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) classified by risk levels for developing mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI-AD). The study aimed to characterize factors and markers influencing cognitive and functional progression among individuals at-risk for developing MCI-AD, and examine data for more precise predictors of cognitive change, particularly in relation to APOE ε4 subgroup. This single-site study was conducted at the Imperial College London (ICL) in the United Kingdom. Participants 60 to 85 years of age were classified as high, medium (amnestic or non-amnestic) or low risk for developing MCI-AD based on RBANS z-scores. A series of clinical outcome assessments (COAs) on factors influencing baseline cognitive changes were collected in each of the instrument categories of cognition, lifestyle exposure, mood, and sleep. Data collection was planned to occur every 6 months for 48 months, however the median follow-up time was 18.1 months due to early termination of study by the sponsor. 987 participants were screened, among them 690 participants were actively followed-up post baseline, of whom 165 (23.9%) were APOE ε4 carriers; with at least one copy of the allele. The mean age was 68.73 years, 94.6% were white, 57.4% were female, and 34.8% had a Family History of Dementia with a somewhat larger percentage in the APOE ε4 carrier group (42.4%) compared to the non-carrier group (32.4%). Over half of the participants were married and 53% had a Bachelor's or higher degree. Most frequently, safety events typical for this population consisted of upper respiratory tract infection (10.4%), falls (5.2%), hypertension (3.5%) and back pain (3.0%). Conclusion (clinical relevance): AD-related measures collected during the CHARIOT PRO Main study will allow identification and evaluation of AD risk factors and markers associated with cognitive performance from the pre-clinical stage. Evaluating the psycho-biological characteristics of these pre-symptomatic individuals in relation to their natural neurocognitive trajectories will enhance current understanding on determinants of the initial signs of cognitive changes linked to AD.

АКТУАЛІЗАЦІЯ КАТЕГОРІЇ СПОСОБУ ДІЇ Й ФОРМУВАННЯ МОРФОЛОГІЧНОЇ ДОМІНАНТИ В РОСІЙСЬКОМОВНІЙ ПОЕЗІЇ НОВОГО ЧАСУ

У статті проаналізовано особливості поетичного функціювання граматичних форм та значень дієслівної категорії способу дії в структурі російськомовних віршових текстів з морфологічною домінантою. Стверджується, що згущення форм наказового й умовного способу, що представлені маркованими членами триопозиційної системи способу дії дієслова, призводить до утворення дієслівної морфологічної домінанти з виділенням морфологічних форм, які створюють певне значення спонукання / бажаності або можливості виконання дії в теперішньому-майбутньому чи минулому за певних умов. Під час згущення дієслівних форм умовного способу їхня часова віднесеність є невизначеною поза межами контексту, що призводить до створення ефекту багатозначності й можливості поліінтерпретації поетичного тексту. Згущення форм дійсного способу, що є немаркованими членами триопозиційної системи способу дії дієслова й мають менше виразне навантаження порівняно з формами наказового та умовного способів, формує фонову домінанту ліричного твору.

Особенности употребления глаголов в российской и казахстанской рекламе

The aim of the article is to analyze the lexical, morphological and syntactic features of the verbs functioning in advertising slogans and texts in terms of their pragmatic potential, to describe lexicalsemantic manipulative means of using verbs in advertising discourse, their word-forming potential, the specificity of the usage of different types of sentences in which the main member is a verb, in terms of their structure, purpose and emotional coloring. Grammatical categories of a verb play an important role in achieving the effect of speech influence. The most important morphological categories are the category of mood, tense, aspect and person. In commercials occasional verbs, which are designed to attract the recipient s attention with its originality, are actively used. Lexical-semantic manipulative means of using verbs in advertising discourse are the following: the usage of homonyms, antonyms, cognate words, idioms, modified proverbs, winged expressions, archaic and slang words. Among the syntactic categories, simple sentences, one-part sentences (definite-personal and impersonal infinitive sentences) are often used, and also imperative and interrogative sentences, which activate the attention of the recipient and induce him to act; the emotional coloring of the statement is demonstrated by the usage of exclamatory sentences.

‘TAM’ in English constructions vs. Polish renditions – Selected transference pitfalls

This paper argues that a cognitive, constructional, view of the English categories of tense, aspect, and mood (‘TAM’) influences comprehension resulting in a more accurate grammatical performance by Polish users of English. Five English constructions considered to be transference pitfalls for Polish users are highlighted through juxtaposing original examples from The Hobbit by Tolkien (1937/1978) with three Polish renditions. The pitfalls addressed in this paper concern absence of equivalent Polish constructions to English expressions in the perfect aspect, the progressive aspect and to English constructions which ‘lexicalize’, i.e. convey with words, a compilation of the perfect and the progressive aspects. The Polish versions of the examples analysed and discussed in the present paper demonstrate a variety of means in which Polish grammar is used to handle the disparities between the English and Polish versions. The objective of the paper is to apply a cognitive interpretation to the aforementioned English constructions.

Tense marking in copulatives with particular reference to isiZulu

While the realisation of tense in the main verbs of isiZulu has been described in detail, the realisation of tense in copulatives has not been described adequately. The aim of this article is to supply a systematic account of the realisation of the absolute tenses in copulatives; however, it is necessary first to consider the sub-categorisation of copulatives and to distinguish clearly between the (copulative) particles and copulative verb stems of isiZulu, since tense is marked in verbs. The interrelatedness between tense and the other verbal categories of mood, implication (an umbrella term for the binary opposition inchoative versus stative) and polarity (an umbrella term for affirmative and negative) furthermore necessitates a brief discussion of these categories in terms of their relationship to tense. This article also accounts for the employment of relative tense forms to mark absolute tense, especially in the case of the defective underlying stative copulative verb stem *-li.

<b>A categoria de aspecto em algumas línguas indígenas do Brasil

O objetivo do artigo é analisar, com base no modelo da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, GDF (Hengeveld e Mackenzie, 2008), as noções de aspecto nas línguas indígenas das famílias Aruak (Kinikinau), Jê (Parkatejê, Xerente e Xavante), Guató (Guató), Tupi-Guarani (Asurini), Boróro (Boróro), Karib (Ikpeng), Pano (Katukina, Matis e Shanenawa) e Ofayé (Ofayé), considerando-se o princípio de ordenação das categorias de tempo, aspecto e modo (TAM) com relação ao predicado da oração, bem como as relações semânticas de escopo entre tais categorias gramaticais quanto aos níveis e às camadas da GDF. Como resultados, verificamos que o aspecto qualitativo (perfectivo, imperfectivo etc.) tende a se posicionar mais próximo ao verbo, justamente por alterar a constituição temporal interna do estado de coisas, ao passo que o aspecto quantitativo (habitual, por exemplo) e o tempo tendem a se posicionar um pouco mais distantes do predicado, pelo fato de funcionarem como modificadores do estado de coisas como um todo. Já as noções de modo tendem a se colocar mais distantes do verbo, por não afetarem diretamente o seu estatuto. Comprovamos ainda que a distribuição das categorias TAM tende a respeitar a ordenação e as relações de escopo entre elas, como diz Hengeveld (2011): (modo(tempo(aspecto(predicado+argumentos)))).

On Degrammaticalization Proсess in Gothic: Tendency of its Development and Occurrence Mechanism

This article describes the starting process of transferring the functions of expressing the internal modality from the category of mood (from the forms of the optative and the imperative) to the units of the lexical level – the preterite-present verbs, which were transforming into modal verbs in the Gothic language. To explain this degrammaticalization process the conditions and the peculiarities of the transformations in the semantics of the preterite-present verbs were analyzed, which allowed to determine the prospects in the development of the category of modality in German.

About Some Peculiarities of Syntactic Relations of the Principal Parts of the Sentence in Abazin Language

In the modern Abazin language the names are not сhange by the cases, don’t have the grammatical category of mood, and that’s why the grammatical relations of the subject (and object along with it) and predicate are recorded with assistance of class-personal affixes. The subject, direct and indirect object and their corresponding indicators (subject, direct and indirect objects) coincide (conform) in the person, number and class in the absolute majority of cases. However, there are cases, when such stable, double-sided connection between the basic structure-forming parts of the sentence is violated. The article deals with description of these cases. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s4p137

The Verbal Tense System in Late Biblical Hebrew Prose by Ohad Cohen (review)

Reviewed by: The Verbal Tense System in Late Biblical Hebrew Prose by Ohad Cohen Paul Korchin THE VERBAL TENSE SYSTEM IN LATE BIBLICAL HEBREW PROSE. By Ohad Cohen. Trans. Avi Aronsky. HSS 63. Pp. xiv + 304. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2013. Cloth, $49.50. Can the Biblical Hebrew verbal system(s) ever truly be solved? Centuries of philological laborings have yielded many insights into the structures and significations of individual verbal components—and yet the actual, precise workings of the system as a whole remain elusive. The functional categories of tense, aspect, and mood compose the trifecta around which most studies variously place their linguistic bets. Traditionally, a winner-take-all approach has been invoked: for example, Biblical Hebrew verbal morphologies must primarily signify aspect, or else they must chiefly convey tense. Yet greater appreciation has developed for less rigid and more nuanced models that aim to account for the complexities of Biblical Hebrew as we actually have it, rather than as we ideally wish it to be. Ohad Cohen’s monograph exhibits this kind of awareness throughout, as he endeavors methodically to describe and, where possible, to explain the forms and functions of Biblical Hebrew in its historically later permutations. The inclusion of “Tense” in the title of the book is somewhat confusing, potentially leading the reader to expect that the author intends to proffer a mainly temporal (as opposed to aspectual and/or modal) analysis of Biblical Hebrew verbs. Yet in his opening paragraph, Cohen avers that “use of the term ‘tense,’ which appears in the title of this work, is a mere formality and carries no significance regarding the actual meaning of the verbal system” (p. 1). Such a formality would thus have been better avoided, given the highly loaded nature of this term for the discussions at hand. Cohen states that he will apply a structuralist methodology to his project—predicated upon classic (neo)-Saussurean oppositions between diachrony versus synchrony, langue versus parole, and paradigm versus syntagm—and in this approach he is commendably consistent (p. 1). Critics who contend that structuralism is an overly rigid, unduly static, ultimately outmoded model for linguistics fail to grant due appreciation to its capacity for crafting productive descriptive analyses of language in terms of oppositions that can be predicated simultaneously upon multiple binarisms across numerous domains (cf. pp. 28–29). Indeed, structural opposition potentially even entails powerful explanatory capacities for language origins and usage, given the adaptive bilateral symmetric morphology of Homo sapiens that evolved in response to selective pressures within Hominin [sic] environments. [End Page 423] Cohen delineates his corpus of study by relying upon the tripartite historico-linguistic distinction between archaic, classical, and late (Second Temple) Biblical Hebrew (pp. 7–15). This yields him a database of Esther, Daniel, Ezra–Nehemiah, and (non-synoptic) Chronicles. He then proceeds to introduce the well-known 1947 model of Hans Reichenbach, which incorporated the notion of reference time (R)—and hence, relative tense—into linguistic relationships between speech time (S) and event time (E) (pp. 16–19). Cohen’s discussion of these potentially complex combinations is reasonably coherent, but his presentation suffers from periodic typographic errors (e.g., past perfect correctly as E - R - S [p. 16], then incorrectly as E - S - R [p. 19]), which render it frustratingly obtuse at times. Despite this, his provisional conclusion is important: “Hebrew verbs are indeed full-fledged relative forms, namely their distinct relationship to reference time is the only parameter for determining their chronological meaning” (p. 19). The author then proceeds to discuss the Biblical Hebrew consecutive forms, where he adopts an eccentric component into his study: “one of the crucial features of a verb form that denotes succession is that it contains its own reference time [E, R], and it is this very trait which allows for the construction of the narrative succession” (p. 25). Cohen throughout adheres to this notion that Biblical Hebrew consecutive forms—originally wayyiqtol and weqatal, and later qatal and the infinitive absolute (see p. 78)—reset, each and every time, the given narrative’s referential clock, thereby constituting independent temporal frames that get joined in varying degrees of contiguity (pp. 77, 95–96, 114, 171–173, 195...

Mood and Modality in Modern English

The article focuses on correlation between mood and modality in Modern English. The relations between logical and linguistic modalities are discussed. The semantic scope of linguistic modality is established. The typology of language means used to express linguistic modality is presented. Different approaches to the category of mood as a morphological means of expressing modality are analyzed. It is argued that a two-mood system is the most reasonable one for Modern English morphology. Perspectives of further research are outlined.

Intimate relationship involvement, intimate relationship quality, and psychiatric disorders in adolescents.

Prior research has shown that poor relationship quality in marriage and other intimate relationships demonstrates cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with a variety of psychiatric disorders in adults. In comparison, there has been less research on the covariation between relationship quality and psychiatric disorders in adolescents, a developmental period that is associated with elevated risk of incidence of several disorders and that is important for the acquisition and maintenance of intimate relationships. The present study was conducted to examine the associations between intimate relationship involvement, intimate relationship quality, and psychiatric disorders in a population-based sample of adolescents. The associations between relationship involvement, positive and negative relationship quality, and 12-month prevalence of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders were evaluated in adolescents from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement. Participants completed an interview-based assessment of psychiatric disorders and a self-report measure of relationship quality. Results indicated that the prevalence of broad categories of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, and several specific disorders were significantly associated with (a) being married, cohabiting, or involved in a serious relationship; and (b) reporting more negative (but not less positive) relationship quality. For several disorders, the association between the disorder and relationship involvement was moderated by age, wherein the strength of the association decreased in magnitude with increasing age. Findings suggest that being in an intimate relationship and reporting higher levels of negative relationship quality are associated with the prevalence of several common psychiatric disorders in adolescents.

ICD-11 and DSM-5 Classifications: A Survey of Japanese Psychiatrists

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article LettersFull AccessICD-11 and DSM-5 Classifications: A Survey of Japanese PsychiatristsToshimasa Maruta, M.D., Ph.D., Yutaka Ono, M.D., Ph.D., and Chihiro Matsumoto, M.A.Toshimasa MarutaSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., Ph.D., Yutaka OnoSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., Ph.D., and Chihiro MatsumotoSearch for more papers by this author, M.A.Published Online:1 Dec 2013https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300396AboutSectionsView articleSupplemental MaterialPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View articleTo the Editor: The World Health Organization is currently working on the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) (1), and DSM-5 (2) was released in May 2013. Some criticized the process of developing DSM-5 (3). Thus we thought that it would be worthwhile to investigate how Japanese psychiatrists view the ICD and DSM revision processes and how they would like the diagnostic classifications to change.The aim of this study was to clarify how ICD-10 (4) and DSM-IV-TR (5) have been perceived in clinical, administrative, and forensic settings in Japan. In addition, we solicited opinions on the diagnostic classifications proposed for ICD-11. A questionnaire was mailed in February 2011 to 452 members of the council of the Japanese Society for Psychiatric Diagnosis and 80 chief professors from every psychiatry department at universities in Japan. They were asked to provide their opinions and perspectives on issues regarding diagnostic classification in general, rather than on specific disorders or domains in the ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR.Data were collected from 245 respondents (response rate of 46%), of which 219 were men and 26 were women. The mean±SD age of respondents was 50.0±12.9 years, and the mean length of their experience as a psychiatrist was 23.9±12.4 years. [A table presenting the 12 questions and the responses is available in an online data supplement to this letter.]Survey results appeared to indicate that respondents were rather hesitant about making major changes, such as reorganizing the classification system. The coexistence of two major diagnostic systems, namely the ICD and DSM, has been a concern among many clinicians. The Research Domain Criteria proposed by the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States were favorably seen by Japanese psychiatrists; 74% approved this approach.Hesitation about making major changes was evident in responses to an item about recent molecular genetic research suggesting that bipolar disorder is closer to schizophrenia than to depression. Respondents were not comfortable combining bipolar disorder and schizophrenia as psychotic disorders; instead, 69% agreed that bipolar disorder should continue to be included in the category of mood disorders.Two items asked about the many “not otherwise specified” (NOS) diagnoses and “comorbid” diagnoses that are yielded by the ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR. Responses indicated a desire that revisions to the classification systems would lead to fewer such diagnoses; however, many respondents acknowledged that NOS and comorbid diagnoses were an unavoidable outcome of using operational diagnostic criteria.These results were obtained from Japanese psychiatrists and therefore cannot be generalized to psychiatrists worldwide. However, we hope that these findings will help inform ICD-11 revision efforts.Dr. Maruta and Ms. Matsumoto are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo. Dr. Ono is with the National Center for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Research and the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo.Acknowledgments and disclosuresThe study was supported by a Health Labor Science Research Grant H20-Kokoro-Ippan-007 from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. The authors thank the survey participants.The authors report no competing interests.References1 International Advisory Group for the Revision of ICD-10 Mental and Behavioural Disorders: A conceptual framework for the revision of the ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. World Psychiatry 10:86–92, 2011Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar2 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Arlington, Va, American Psychiatric Association, 2013Google Scholar3 Frances A: Whither DSM-V? British Journal of Psychiatry 195:391–392, 2009Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar4 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1992Google Scholar5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed, Text Revision. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000Google Scholar FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByNone Volume 64Issue 12 December 2013Pages 1279-1280 Metrics Acknowledgments and disclosuresThe study was supported by a Health Labor Science Research Grant H20-Kokoro-Ippan-007 from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. The authors thank the survey participants.The authors report no competing interests.PDF download History Published online 1 December 2013 Published in print 1 December 2013

Mood is a key determinant of cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional analysis

Identification of predictors of cognitive trajectories through the establishment of composite or single-parameter dimensional categories of cognition and mood may facilitate development of strategies to improve quality of life in the elderly. Participants (n = 487, aged 50+ years) were representative of the Portuguese population in terms of age, gender, and educational status. Cognitive and mood profiles were established using a battery of neurocognitive and psychological tests. Data were subjected to principal component analysis to identify core dimensions of cognition and mood, encompassing multiple test variables. Dimensions were correlated with age and with respect to gender, education, and occupational status. Cluster analysis was applied to isolate distinct patterns of cognitive performance and binary logistic regression models to explore interrelationships between aging, cognition, mood, and socio-demographic characteristics. Four main dimensions were identified: memory, executive function, global cognitive status, and mood. Based on these, strong and weak cognitive performers were distinguishable. Cluster analysis revealed further distinction within these two main categories into very good, good, poor, and very poor performers. Mood was the principal factor contributing to the separation between very good and good, as well as poor and very poor, performers. Clustering was also influenced by gender and education, albeit to a lesser extent; notably, however, female gender × lower educational background predicted significantly poorer cognitive performance with increasing age. Mood has a significant impact on the rate of cognitive decline in the elderly. Gender and educational level are early determinants of cognitive performance in later life.

“Real Authors and Real Readers: Omniscient Narration and a Discursive Approach to the Narrative Communication Model”

“Real Authors and Real Readers: Omniscient Narration and a Discursive Approach to the Narrative Communication Model” Paul Dawson (bio) This paper sketches out some methodological coordinates for investigating the formal category of narrative voice in a broader discursive context. It seeks to reformulate the classic model of narrative communication in order to redress the imbalance of current narratological scholarship, which focuses on theorizing the role of real readers without due attention to real authors. I have developed this approach to investigate and explain a specific problem: how to account for the increased prominence of omniscient narration in literary fiction over the last two decades. Does contemporary omniscience differ from the classic omniscience of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century fiction, and if so, what does that difference say about the cultural status of the novel in current public discourse?1 I’ll begin by illustrating this problem through a brief discussion of narrative voice in William Makepeace Thackeray’s 1848 Vanity Fair and Martin Amis’ 1995 The Information. At one point in Thackeray’s novel, the narrator pauses to address readers as follows: If, a few pages back, the present writer claimed the privilege of peeping into Miss Amelia Sedley’s bedroom, and understanding with the omniscience of the novelist all the gentle pains and passions which were tossing upon that innocent [End Page 91] pillow, why should he not declare himself to be Rebecca’s confidant too, master of her secrets, and seal-keeper of that young woman’s conscience? (171). By contrast, Amis’ narrator laments, “And I made the signs—the M, the A—with my strange and twisted fingers, thinking: how can I ever play the omniscient, the all-knowing, when I don’t know anything?” (63). Both passages exemplify intrusive omniscient narration in that the narrators reflect on their own authority as storytellers, presenting themselves not just as narrators, but as novelists and authors of the books that we are reading. Each of these examples makes specific reference to the function of literary omniscience as a form of knowledge, about which there is an ongoing debate sparked by Jonathan Culler’s 2004 article in Narrative, entitled “Omniscience.” In my own contribution to that debate, I discussed how its parameters have been largely epistemological and theological: limited to asking how and how much an omniscient narrator “knows” about the fictional world, and what sort of narratorial figure or entity can be considered omniscient (Dawson 143–61). In a sense, Thackeray’s and Amis’ narrators are grappling self-reflexively with these same questions. What interests me in this essay, though, is not the questions themselves, but why the narrators foreground them. If we conduct a classic taxonomic study of these two novels, we will see that both narrators display all the knowledge of their respective fictional worlds characteristic of omniscient narration, including variable (or zero) focalization, access to consciousness, and spatio-temporal freedom. In terms of Gérard Genette’s category of mood, or the various means by which information about the story world is regulated, the novels differ little, although The Information is less panoramically ambitious, focalizing mainly through the protagonist Richard. In terms of Genette’s category of voice, or the narrating instance, the novels also differ little: the person, time, and level of the narrating are all the same. So if we tick off the list of their formal properties, we can classify synchronically these novels as omniscient. Yet surely there is a palpable difference between the performative stances that these two narrators adopt. In the Thackeray passage, the novelist confidently and playfully asserts the privilege of omniscient knowledge, whereas in the Amis passage, the narrator manifests anxiety about that omniscient authority. In fact, Amis’ narrator grapples not with a failure [End Page 92] of diegetic knowledge, but with a failure of novelistic insight resulting from his own limitations as a person. He reflects scenically on his own experience in order to ask whether he can satisfy his role as an observer of human nature. If there is a formal difference between these two examples of omniscient narration, it rests in Genette’s last and least developed element of voice: the function of the narrator.2 Both...

Šaukėnų šnektos veiksmažodžio asmenavimo sistema (vientisinės formos)

THE VERBAL CONJUGATION SYSTEM OF THE ŠAUKĖNAI SUBDIALECT (SIMPLE FORMS)SummaryThe Šaukėnai subdialect belongs to the northern subdialects of the southern Žemaitian dialect and has retained their most characteristic features.However, due to considerable theoretical and practical obstacles, the description of the formation of the derived verbal forms in the Šaukėnai subdialect by applying the rules of the formation of derived verbal forms in Standard Lithuanian is impossible.The verb of the Šaukėnai subdialect possesses the morphological categories of person, number, tense, mood and voice. The inflected verbs (except the imperative mood) have three singular and three plural forms. The 3rd person form is neutral with respect to the category of number, it denotes an action performed either by one or more than one agent. The marked member of the opposition singular / plural is the plural. The verb of the Šaukėnai subdialect possesses both simple and compound tenses.In the Šaukėnai subdialect, the paradigms of verbal forms indicate three types of modal oppositions: they distinguish four moods, i.e. indirect, direct, imperative and subjunctive. The direct and indirect moods possess the tense forms of present, past, past frequentative and future whereas the imperative and subjunctive moods do not possess the category of tense.In the Šaukėnai subdialect, there are two verbal conjugations which are distinguished according to the underlying form endings in the present tense of the indicative mood. The 1st conjugation comprises verbs whose present tense underlying form ending is a zero morph (O) which is preceeded either by a consonant or –j, e.g. vèd, tí·l̑, šuokiníe, kaũlij, the 2nd conjugation comprises verbs whose present tense underlying form ends in /-a/, e.g. mãt-a, bìj-e, žìn-a, etc.The underlying simple past verbal forms of the 1st ( or (i̯)a-stem) conjugation end in /-a/ or /-i/, cf. rãd-a, lìj-e and ãr-i.The a-stem verbs constitute a highly productive and stable class while in the subdialect there have remained only four i̯a (former i) - stem verbs: tí·l̑ : ti·líeti, gál̑ : galíeti, mí·l̑ : mi·líeti and gúl̑ : gulíeti. The verbs of the 2nd conjugation (or a-stem) are also rather productive.The Šaukėnai subdialect has preserved some remnants of athematic conjugation. Some verbs are impersonal, e.g. per̃št, the others possess all personal forms derived from underlying form stems, e.g. mĩ·i̯ktu, etc.The categories in the Šaukėnai subdialect indicate a variety of symbolization.The categories of person and number are usually represented by grammatical morphemes, or endings (i.e. the morphological markers of the categories): /-u/, /-a·u/symbolize the categories of person and number, i.e. the 1st person and the singular, /-i/, /-a· /, /-e· / -- the 2nd person and the singular /-am/, /-uom/, /-iem/, /-ma/-- the 1st person and the plural, /-at/, /-uot/, /-iet/, /-te/-- the 2nd person and the plural. The ending forms of the 3rd person represent the category of person, i.e. the 3rd person only.The article rejects the opinion, which dominates in Lithuanian linguistic literature, as if the verbal form endings could also represent the category of tense. It is complete misunderstanding, cf. sak-á·u (present) and suk-á·u (past), mùš-ù (present) and mùš-ù (future), etc. As evidenced by the data from the Šaukėnai subdialect, the tense can be expressed by syntactic category markers, phonological means, cf. mat-á·u and mač̑-ǽ·u, various formants (infixes), such as –n-, -st-, -s-, cf. añk and ãka, ki̲m̃b and kì̲ba, ti̲r̃pst and ti̲r̃pa, dí̲́rbu and dí̲́rpsu, suffixes, cf. dí̲́rb-a·u and dí̲́rb-dav-a·u as well as vowel gradation, cf. ker̃t and ki̲r̃ta, etc. However, only the simple form endings of the indicative and subjunctive moods can express the mood.The forms of the subjunctive mood, alongside their specific endings, possess a distinctive formant, -t- while the forms of the imperative mood differ from the forms of the other moods only in the underlying form which has a specific suffix, -k. The above suffix is the basis for the formation of plural forms whose endings do not express the category of mood. The verbal forms in the Šaukėnai subdialect are derived from the underlying forms (see the list in the article) according to the additive rules by adding corresponding endings. The categoric asymmetry is realized additively. Therefore the coding of the derived forms is either maximally or minimally iconic.