Crime Categories Research Articles

The Maqashid Al-Sharia Ijtihad Approach and The Requirements for a Safe and Healthy Campus Free From Sexual Violence in Indonesian Universities.

<p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>This study is a qualitative descriptive library study. The normative (usul fiqh) research method is used to examine the maqashid al-syariah ijtihad method in order to find the values that are helpful when putting together an independent and safe campus free from sexual violence in Indonesian universities. The results of this study found that an independent and healthy campus free from sexual violence is an alternative to the protection and prevention of sexual violence in the university environment in Indonesia. Strengthened through strengthening, including the commitment of the leadership, the formation of a sexual violence protection and prevention task force, conducting socialization and education on various categories of sexual violence crimes, conducting socialization and education on the importance of an independent and healthy campus from sexual violence, providing convenience and security in reporting cases, providing protection for reporters and survivors, and following up on each report. It is certain that the maslahat values found provide benefits (maintenance of religion, self, mind, property, and offspring) for the academic community. Researchers find these values through the ijtihad maqashid al-sharia method, employing istiqra' (inductive research or study) and al-ma'qul (logic) for determination.</p>

Crime of Aggression before Domestic Courts: Some Contemporary Challenges

Summary The article focuses on contemporary challenges concerning the domestic prosecution of the crime of aggression. These challenges have one common feature, that they deal with the scope of jurisdiction over crime of aggression at a domestic level. The author analyses applicability of jurisdictional immunity (based on the principle pars in parem non habet iurisdictionem), immunity of State officials, both personal (ratione personae) and material (ratione materiae), and finally also the availability of universal jurisdiction in relation to the crime of aggression. The contribution is built on the presumption that even though each category of crimes under international law has its unique characteristics, they all share some common definitional features, reflected among else in the famous Cassese’s definition of crime under international law. The author argues that all crimes under international law are to be treated uniformly as much as possible, and therefore – relatedly – there should not be any unsubstantiated differences in standing of the crime of aggression comparing to standing of remaining categories of crimes under international law.

Combating the Antisocial Scourge of Mercenary Activity – Case Study. Part II

The study in question represents the continuation of the analysis of the given subject started in No. 2/2022 of the journal “Intellectus”1, through which we show to the general public that the activity of mercenaries is a dangerous act that is part of the category of war crimes. Despite the fact that this crime is a new type of crime encountered in objective reality, it is still noted that more and more citizens of the Republic of Moldova are becoming subjects of this lawlessness. For this reason, in the present study we will continue to analyze the information in the online environment, respecting personal data, on the margins of some real cases of mercenary activity.

Cyber Crime Classification and Analysis of Various Indian States and Union Territories During 2011 to 2022 Using Data Mining Techniques

This paper attempts to identify the performance and to classify the cybercrime rate in Indian states during the period of 2022 with twenty-seven states and seven union teritories. The secondary source of data were collected from National Crime Records Bureau in India. Intially, the researchers selected 27 parameters related to crime. After data mining few variables are discarded from the analysis. The discarded variables are considered as outliers. The remaing twenty parameters were considered for further analysis, the variables like hacking the system, sexual exploitation, business, personal emotion, purchase of illegal drugs, spreading piracy, motives of blackmailing, etc. In this connection the main objectives are (i) to identify in which states crime rate is more, (ii) to identify which factors influence more for cybercrime, and (iii) to classify the performance based on the k-means clustering techniques. The results are classifed and are labelled as High Cyber Crime Rate States (HCCRS), Moderate Cyber Crime Rate States (MCCRS) and Low Cyber Crime Rate States (LCCRS)

Material forgery of the document

The article is an attempt to confirm the recent changes in chapter XXXIV of the cur-rent Penal Code, with particular emphasis on crimes against the credibility of documents. This applies mainly to changes resulting from the consolidated text of April 28, 2022, i.e. Journal Laws of 2022, item 1138 and changes: Journal Laws of 2022, item 1726, item 1855; Sejm printout 1911 and 2024. Where the main goal is to explain and provide a basic comment speci-fying the changes made by the legislator for the proper understanding of the issue of material falsification, as defined in Art. 270 k.k..Analyzing the scope of legal regulations defining the crime of material forgery of a document in the content of art. 270 k.k., it is necessary to discuss the subject of protection and the subject page, taking into account the notion of a document, the subject of a common crime and the subject page 1, 2 and 3 of Art. 270 of the Penal Code. A prag-matic commentary and in-depth descriptions of basic concepts like; forgery of a document, alteration of a document, use as an authentic one, or the criteria of a minor case indicate the correct interpretation of the discussed issue of material falsification. The argumentation pre-sented in the article refers to the views of the doctrine and jurisprudence in the discussed thematic scope. In order to properly illustrate the threats and the scale of the commented cate-gory of crime on the documents, two tables present an analysis of the size and scale of crimes identified under Art. 270 k.k., using statistical data of the Ministry of Justice and the Police. The literature listed in the study includes cited items and publications relevant to the commen-ted article.The issues presented in the study cover the legal status as of November 30, 2022.

Crime Classification Using GRU and 1CNN Techniques

Criminal activity is a widespread social problem that affects a nation's standard of living, rate of economic development, and international standing. Numerous crimes have proliferated worldwide in recent years. It has a variety of effects on people of all types. Classification of crime is necessary to create a safe society. Many researchers classify the crimes using machine learning techniques with a common dataset, which presents numerous computational opportunities and challenges. Using the learning capabilities of several deep learning architectures, we are trying to classify the criminal activity from the real-time dataset of particular city. In the proposed work, Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Convolutional Neural Network (1CNN) deep learning architecture are used for crime classification. We have conducted performance comparison for classifying the crime with real-time dataset. The effectiveness of the aforementioned deep learning models was assessed by Training and Validation Loss curve. It was discovered that 1CNN models achieve better result compared to GRU. 1CNN produced 97% accuracy.

Offence versatility among co-offenders: A dynamic network analysis

Research examining co-offending has become increasingly popular over the last two decades. Despite this, there remains a dearth of research examining the dynamics of co-offending across time, largely due to limited access to longitudinal data. In the current paper we are interested in explaining crime versatility, and therefore we employ Relational Hyperevent Models (RHEM) to model the conditional probability that a given group of co-offenders engages in one set of crime categories rather than another. Thus, we are analyzing a two-mode network (actors by crime categories) and explain, conditional on a given group of co-offenders, their participation in the set of specific crime types involved in a particular crime event. With respect to co-offending, results reveal that, compared with solo offenders, groups of two or more co-offenders are more likely to engage in crime events involving more than just one crime category. Results suggest that in the context of co-offending both market and property crime show evidence of differential association and social learning. Naïve partners in co-offending partnerships learn the skills and knowledge needed to participate in co-offending involving market and property crime.

Importance of categories of crime for predicting future violent crime among handgun purchasers in California

BackgroundProhibiting the purchase and possession of firearms by those at risk of violence is an established approach to preventing firearm violence. Prior studies of legal purchasers have focused on convictions for specific crimes, such as violent misdemeanors and driving under the influence (DUI). We broaden that line of inquiry by investigating and comparing the associations between prior arrests for most categories of crime and subsequent arrest for violent offenses among legal handgun purchasers in California.MethodsIn this longitudinal cohort study of 79,678 legal handgun purchasers in California in 2001, we group arrest charges prior to their first purchases in 2001 according to categories defined by the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Handbook. We use a gradient boosting machine to identify categories of offenses that are most important for predicting arrest for violent crime following firearm purchase. For each category identified, we then estimate the difference in risk of subsequent arrest for a violent offense using survival regression models.ResultsWe identified eight crime categories with high predictive importance: simple assaults, aggravated assaults, vehicle violations, weapon, other crimes, theft, drug abuse, and DUI. Compared to purchasers with no prior arrests, those with a prior arrest for any one of the eight important categories and no other categories were found to be at increased risk of arrest for a Crime Index-listed violent crime (murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault), with the greatest estimated risk corresponding to the simple assault UCR category (adjusted hazard ratio 4.0; 95% CI 2.8–5.9). Simple assault was also associated with the greatest risk for subsequent arrest for firearm violence (adjusted hazard ratio 4.6; 95% CI 2.4–9.0) and any violent offense (adjusted hazard ratio 3.7; 95% CI 2.7–5.0).ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that prior arrests for a broad array of crimes, both violent and non-violent, are associated with risk of subsequent violent crimes, including Crime Index-listed violent crimes and firearm violence, among legal purchasers of firearms. Current policies aimed at restricting access to firearms for individuals at increased risk of violence should be re-examined considering these findings.

Problems of Implementing the Death Penalty in the Context of Law Enforcement in Indonesia (Analysis of the Sambo Case)

The death penalty is a punishment that is still recognized as being implemented in Indonesia. The death penalty is usually applied to perpetrators of certain crimes where the crime falls into the category of extraordinary crimes. This research was conducted using the normative legal research method (normative law research) using normative case studies in the form of legal behavior products. Legal certainty regarding the death penalty can be seen in Article 10 letter a of the Criminal Code (KUHP), explaining that the death penalty is one of the basic punishments. At the same time, article 28A of the 1945 Constitution explains that "everyone has the right to live and the right to defend his life and living". Apart from that, article 28I paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution also emphasizes that "The right to life is a human right that cannot be reduced under any circumstances". Even the International Covenant, namely the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), in article 3, emphasizes that, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and safety as an individual."

Analysis and criminological variables of the etiology of personality and victims of violent criminality in family

Therefore, in the following, we will explain the notions and correlative elements of committing the acts of murder on the husband, wife or a close relative, namely: the deed and the perpetrator (murder, homicide); the specific element of the crime in the family environment (kinship); neologisms used for the scientific expression of the phrase “murder committed against a spouse or a relative”, from which we list: paricidal, filicidal, fratricidal, matricidal, patricidal, mariticidal or uxoricidal. Because in recent years, crimes considered “fashionable” (corruption, smuggling, trafficking in human beings, embezzlement, fraudulent bankruptcy, forgery and use of forgery) have received more attention from university teachers and experts in the field (prosecutors). , judges, lawyers, etc.), we consider that the crimes committed with extreme violence (murders) have not been investigated as intensely as would have been necessary in practice. Therefore, I considered it appropriate to expose scientific controversies and controversies on the crimes of violence and murder, and especially the one committed in the family environment. Regarding the chosen research area - we consider that most of the causes and conditions for crimes committed in the Republic of Moldova can be explained and analyzed in relation to the same category of crimes committed in Romania.

The extent of perceived exposure to economic crime in public and private business: Survey research in Norway

Half of all finance and insurance firms in Norway report that they are exposed to economic crime, particularly fraud, every year. On the other hand, only eighteen percent in public administration and defense perceive similar exposure to economic crime. However, the estimated fraction of unreported, non-registered economic crime in the country is ninety-four percent. These numbers are some of the results from surveys conducted in Norway in 2005, 2010, and 2023. This article applies the main economic crime categories of fraud, theft, manipulation, and corruption as used by scholars to study the survey results. The corruption category shows the largest gap between perceived exposure and police statistics. Comparison to white-collar crime research indicates higher frequency of theft at the street level and higher frequency of manipulation at the upper echelon. Comparison to future surveys in other countries is encouraged.

Does type of counsel matter? A Comparison of outcomes in cases involving retained- and assigned counsel

Existing research yields inconsistent results with regard to differences among type of counsel in criminal cases. Studies in the area generally compare the effectiveness of indigent versus retained counsel, and public defenders versus assigned counsel, and focus on broad categories of crime. The present work expands this literature through comparing case outcomes between assigned and retained counsel in the processing of criminal trespassing cases. It also contributes through measuring type of counsel in relation to the imposition of charge enhancements, a variable largely absent from the research literature. Results suggest that type of counsel does impact case outcomes, as defendants with assigned counsel were more likely to have a charge enhancement, be sentenced to jail, and spend more time in jail. Focusing on less serious offenses provides a more reflective account of what often occurs in court given that most crimes are less serious in nature.

A large-scale empirical investigation of specialization in criminal career

We use a comprehensive longitudinal dataset on criminal acts over 6 years in a European country to study specialization in criminal careers. We present a method to cluster crime categories by their relative co-occurrence within criminal careers, deriving a natural, data-based taxonomy of criminal specialization. Defining specialists as active criminals who stay within one category of offending behavior, we study their socio-demographic attributes, geographic range, and positions in their collaboration networks relative to their generalist counterparts. Compared to generalists, specialists tend to be older, are more likely to be women, operate within a smaller geographic range, and collaborate in smaller, more tightly-knit local networks. We observe that specialists are more intensely embedded in criminal networks, suggesting a potential source of self-reinforcing dynamics in criminal careers.

Implementation of Probationary Penalty Against Soldiers of the Indonesian National Army Who Are Proven to Have Committed the Crime of Insubordination with Real Actions

Insubordination is a purely military crime where the perpetrator is a military person. The purpose of the crime of insubordination is that a subordinate with real actions threatens with violence aimed at his superior or his Commander. How is the regulation of insubordination criminal offense with real action in Indonesian military criminal law? How is the criminal liability of TNI members as perpetrators of the crime of insubordination with real actions based on the decision of Military Court III-19 Jayapura number 236-K/PM.III-19/AD/XI/2021. Regulation of the Crime of Insubordination by Actual Action in Indonesian Military Criminal Law. In cases of insubordination, Military Courts and General Courts differ in the stages of resolution and the rules used tend to be different even though they both regulate insubordination. In the Criminal Code, insubordination is regulated in Articles 459-461, while the specific regulation is regulated in Articles 106-109 of the KUHPM. the decision given by the judge is relatively light, because if you refer to the provisions governing the crime of insubordination, namely in the Military Criminal Code (KUHPM) insubordination is classified into the category of serious crimes because the penalty is above 5 (five) years in prison. This research uses the Normative Juridical research method with secondary data consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The regulation of the Crime of Insubordination with Real Actions in Indonesian Military Criminal Law should be regulated by KUHPM because the Crime of Insubordination is a special crime so that the regulation must also be made special. Criminal Liability of TNI Members as Perpetrators of Criminal Acts of Insubordination by Real Judges in deciding cases of Criminal Acts of Insubordination should provide heavy verdicts in accordance with the Articles contained in the KUHPM in order to create loyalty to superiors by adhering to the joints that have been contained in the Sapta Marga and the oath of the soldier.

War crimes in the International Criminal and Humanitarian Law and in the Criminal Law of Ukraine: theoretical and practical aspects

The article reveals the criminal law characteristics of war crimes in the International Criminal Law, International Humanitarian Law and under the National Criminal Law. The category of “war crimes” is analysed and its Criminal Law description is made in terms of substantive, international and national components in the context of combining theoretical and applied aspects of war crimes research. A comparative analysis of war crimes in both International Criminal Law and National Criminal Law has been made, with the examples of application of Article 438 of the CC of Ukraine from judicial practice provided, and the legislative regulation of the term “war crimes” in the CC of Ukraine has been proposed, given the trend of clear separation of the category of war crimes which has been observed since the beginning of the armed conflict in Ukraine in the National Criminal Law science and in law application which remains doctrinal.
 The range of problematic issues of interpretation and enforcement of Art. 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine arising in court practice in the course of implementation of this provision has been outlined, such as the “international legal” blanket nature of the disposition of Art. 438 of the CC of Ukraine, the need for ratification of the Rome Statute and implementation of its provisions into national legislation, low sanctions for war crimes, distinguishing war crimes from other international crimes, as well as war crimes from “general criminal” offences provided for in other articles of the Special Part of the CC of Ukraine. It has been proved that courts in criminal proceedings should establish a contextual element when qualifying violations of the laws and customs of war under Article 438 of the CC of Ukraine as an independent element of war crimes, which makes it possible to distinguish them from "general criminal" offences provided for in other sections of the CC of Ukraine. The low sanction of Part 1 of Art. 438 of the CC of Ukraine has been stated and proposals have been made to strengthen it in order to establish in the Criminal Law a relevant punishment for persons who committed war crimes during the armed conflict in Ukraine, which is a requirement of today.

Big data in crime statistics: Using Google Trends to measure victimization in designated market areas across the United States

Google Trends (GT) data could potentially supplement traditional crime measurement strategies, allowing criminologists to better understand crime statistics on a macro level. This study assesses the validity of GT crime estimates. The findings indicate that GT data are reliable for estimating MVT, larceny, and rape. Additionally, we illustrate how to use GT to identify places with high rates of unreported offenses. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of leveraging open-source big data such as GT to supplement traditional sources of crime data, particularly for categories of crime with substantial underreporting rates. Results suggest the GT rape measure may be a more accurate estimate of the true incidence of rape than the measure drawn from the Uniform Crime Report (UCR). The limitations associated with the use of GT to generate estimates of crime are also discussed.

Issues of countering crimes committed using IT technologies

The subject of this study is the specifics of countering crimes committed using IT technologies. The purpose of the work is to consider and resolve certain aspects of countering IT crimes. The research methodology is based on general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition - dialectical, logical, statistical, comparative legal, formal legal. The relevance of the chosen topic has both theoretical and practical aspects of significance in modern realities. Thus, in the context of the informatization of society, it is important to protect information security from cyber threats. Unfortunately, in the modern world, information technologies are used not only by law-abiding citizens, which raises the question of ensuring national cybersecurity. To date, this type of crimes is interstate in nature due to the large number of their commission. Cybercrime is growing on a large scale, and this is confirmed by the following statistics: from 2014 to 2022, an almost fifty-fold increase in IT crimes was recorded (10 thousand against 510 thousand cybercrimes). The author of the presented article came to the conclusion that countering IT crimes should be carried out taking into account scientific and technological progress. Studying international experience, analyzing modern domestic methods of combating this category of crime, the author became convinced that it is important to use digital technologies in countering IT crimes, the use of which will help reduce both the number of commission of this kind of criminal acts and increase the percentage of detection of this category of crime. The author illustrates examples of how artificial intelligence can serve as a "faithful assistant" in the domestic practice of countering IT crimes. In addition, the priority is to improve the knowledge and skills of law enforcement officers to counteract this category of crime, at the same time it is necessary to carry out preventive measures to inform the population about the main criminal schemes of intruders.

The Current State and Legal Issues of Online Crimes Related to Children and Adolescents.

There are two categories of online crimes related to children and adolescents: those committed by adolescents and those committed against children and adolescents. While recent trends in criminal law show consensus on strengthening punishment in cases of crimes against children and adolescents, there are mixed stances in cases of juvenile delinquency. One perspective emphasizes strict punishment, whereas the other emphasizes dispositions aligned with human rights. While various forms of online crime share the commonality in that the main part of the criminal act occurs online, they can be categorized into three types: those seeking financial gain, those driven by sexual motives, and those engaged in bullying. Among these, crimes driven by sexual motives are the most serious. Second-hand trading fraud and conditional (sexual) meeting fraud fall under the category of seeking financial gain and occur frequently. Crimes driven by sexual motives include obscenity via telecommunication, filming with discrete cameras, child and adolescent sexual exploitation material, fake video distribution, and blackmail/coercion using intimate images/videos ("sextortion"). These crimes lead to various legal issues such as whether to view vulgar acronyms or body cams that teenagers frequently use as simple subcultures or crimes, what criteria should be applied to judge whether a recorded material induces sexual desire or shame, and at what stage sexual grooming becomes punishable. For example, sniping posts, KakaoTalk prisons, and chat room explosions are tricky issues, as they may or may not be punished depending on the case. Particular caution should be exercised against the indiscriminate application of a strict punishment-oriented approach to the juvenile justice system, which is being discussed in relation to online sexual offenses. In the punishment case of online crime, juvenile offenders with a high potential for future improvement and reform must be treated with special consideration.

Incest in Iraq and the Legal View of the Act

Objective: Shedding light on the dimensions of the crime of incest to contribute to developing solutions to combat this type of crime before it becomes a widespread phenomenon in society. Incest causes great harm to the individual and leads to an insult to the family entity with the consequent imbalance in the social structure. Methodology: A descriptive and analytical study of a phenomenon that remained silent in a society. This article reviews the problem of incest, its impact on an important aspect of people's lives, and the most important factor in the disintegration of the family and the insult to its dignity. Highlighting the definition of the problem, explaining the reasons for falling into it, explaining the preventive means and its treatment, the legislative philosophy of a group of Arab countries, with some cases existing in society, all of which would contribute to reaching success. Result and discussion: The law criminalized the perpetrator of this crime by setting punitive laws against the perpetrators and placing it in the category of crimes against public morals. However, most of the perpetrators of these crimes do not receive the necessary and deterrent punishment because they hide for fear of scandal, shame and stigmatization of society. Society may unconsciously contribute to these crimes, by stigmatizing the victim socially and blaming her for what happened to her, making the matter of complaining or revealing the truth about these deviations very difficult. Conclusions: These issues must be addressed socially, by imposing the law and passing deterrent laws, to get rid of these phenomena that destroy society. The need to enact new legislation or amend existing legislation is represented in the Penal Code No. 111 of 1969. In Articles 393/2b, Article 369 Paragraph 2, and Article 397, the law stipulates that incest crimes are considered criminal offenses like all other crimes. Without allocating a specific chapter for them, and that the law added only two years or more to the punishment, and this is considered a defective treatment of a sensitive and serious.

Premeditated, Organized and Impactful: Dating Violence as a Method of Committing Hate Crimes Against LGBTQ People in Russia

PurposeThe purpose of the research is to identify and analyze the cases of dating violence among the hate crimes against LGBTQ people in Russia. Dating violence (attacks on LGBTQ people with the use of dating services) became a common method of committing hate crimes in Russia in the late 2010s and was enabled by the discriminatory policies of the state.MethodThis research is part of a bigger project on anti-LGBTQ violence. The project generated a database of more than 1000 cases of such violence between 2010 and 2020 using court rulings as a primary source of data The current research is a continuation of this effort, it is looking into a specific category of hate crime – premeditated attacks in order to analyze the cases of dating violence.ResultsThe research established that most of the cases in the category of premeditated attacks are cases of dating violence (239 out of 347). Most of those crimes (209) are cases of collective violence (committed by different anti-LGBTQ hate groups). There is evidence of the community impact in the incidents and in the agendas of the hate groups.ConclusionsThe research adds to the theoretical model of the progression of prejudice and argues that dating violence represents a more developed form of violence against LGBTQ people. This is due to the three distinguishing features (premeditation, collective form, and community impact) that are present in the cases.