List Of Categories Research Articles

Scalable CNN Synthesis for Resource-Constrained Embedded Platforms

State-of-the-art convolutional neural networks are designed to identify numerous object classes. Inference using such complex networks is fairly resource intensive, prohibiting their deployment on resource-constrained edge devices. In this context, we make two observations: First, the ability to classify an exhaustive list of categories is excessive for the demands of most IoT applications. Furthermore, designing a new custom-designed CNN for each new IoT application is inefficient. The observations motivate us to consider if one can utilize an existing optimized CNN model to automatically construct a competitive CNN for a given IoT application whose objects of interest are a fraction of categories that the original CNN was designed to classify, such that the model&#x2019;s inference resource requirement is proportionally scaled down. We use the term <i>resource scalability</i> to refer to this concept, and develop a methodology for automated synthesis of resource scalable CNNs from an optimized baseline CNN. The synthesized CNN has sufficient learning capacity for handling the given IoT application requirements, and yields competitive accuracy. The proposed approach is fast, and unlike the presently common practice of neural network design, does not require iterative rounds of training trial and error to find an optimal architecture. Experimental results showcase the efficacy of the approach, and highlight its complementary nature with respect to existing model compression techniques, such as pruning and quantization.

Process Evaluation of Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgeries in Five Dutch Hospitals: A Qualitative Analysis.

Background and Objectives: Only limited qualitative research concerning instrumented spine surgeries has been published, despite the increasing number of these surgeries and the evident importance of qualitative analysis of the processes surrounding these complex interventions. Current qualitative research is mainly limited to the experiences, emotions and expectations of patients. Insight into the full process, including experiences from the perspective of informal caregivers and healthcare professionals, remains scarce. Materials and Methods: Data were gathered by means of semi-structured face-to-face interviews. In total, there were 27 participants, including 11 patients, 7 informal caregivers and 9 healthcare professionals. The interview process was audiotaped, and each interview was transcribed verbatim. To systematically analyse the gathered data, software for qualitative analysis (NVivo) was used. After immersion in the raw data of transcripts and field notes, a list of broad categories for organising the data into meaningful clusters for analysis was developed. All interviews were coded by the first author, and 25% was independently assessed by the second author. Results: The results of our study describe several promoting and limiting factors concerning the process of lumbar fusion surgery from the perspective of patients, informal caregivers and healthcare providers. The most frequently mentioned promoting factors were: information and opportunities to ask questions during consultations; multidisciplinary consultations; good communication and guidance during hospitalization; and follow-up appointments. The most frequently mentioned limiting factors were: lack of educational material; lack of guidance and communication prior to, during and after hospitalisation. Conclusion: Overall, participants were satisfied with the current healthcare-process in lumbar fusion surgery. However, we found that lack of educational material and guidance during the process led to insecurity about complaints, surgery and recovery. To improve the process of lumbar interbody fusion and to increase patient satisfaction, healthcare providers should focus on guiding and educating patients and informal caregivers about the pre-operative trajectory, the surgery and the recovery. From the healthcare providers’ perspective, the process could be improved by multidisciplinary consultations and a dedicated spine team in the operation room. Although this study focusses on lumbar fusion surgery, results could be translated to other fields of spine surgery and surgery in general.

Nursing minimum data sets: Findings from an umbrella review.

This study explores the evidence available on Nursing Minimum Data Sets (NMDSs) by summarising: (a) the main methodological and reporting features of the reviews published in this field to date; (b) the recommendations developed and published in such reviews regarding the NMDSs, and (c) the categories and items that should be included in the NMDSs according to the available reviews. An Umbrella Review was performed. A search of secondary studies published up to November 2021 that were focused on NMDSs for adult hospitalised patients was conducted using MEDLINE (via PubMed), CINAHL and Scopus databases. The included studies were critically evaluated by using the Checklist for Systematic Review and Research Syntheses. The full review process was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and the Meta-Analyses statement. From the initial 1311 studies that were retrieved, a total of eight reviews published from 1995 to 2018 were included. Their methodological quality was variable; these reviews offered four types of recommendations, namely at the overall, clinical, research and management levels. Additionally, seven NMDSs emerged with different purposes, elements, target populations and taxonomies. A list of categories and items that should be included in NMDSs have been summarised. Nurses are daily involved in the nursing care documentation; however, which elements are recorded is mainly defined at the local levels and relies on paper and pencil. NMDS might provide a point of reference, specifically in the time of health digitalisation. Alongside other priorities as underlined in available recommendations, and the need to improve the quality of the reviews in this field, there is a need to develop a common NMDS by establishing its core elements, deciding on a standardised language and identifying linkages with other datasets.

Quality Requirement Documentation Guidelines for Agile Software Development

In agile software development (ASD), where minimal documentation and rapid delivery are the focus, Quality requirements (QRs) are often underspecified and not documented. Guidelines supporting QR documentation task are scarce. The study developed the Agile QR-Doc QR documentation guidelines, which aim to support QR documentation in ASD. We applied a design science research methodology (DSRM) to build the Agile QR-Doc. We used a survey questionnaire and open discussion with ten software practitioners, from two ASD companies to validate the Agile QR-Doc. The practitioners evaluated the guidelines in terms of usefulness, relevance, understandability, and coverage of important aspects for supporting QR documentation and their impact on the agility of the software development process. Agile QR-Doc list 12 recommendations that are grouped into two categories. The first category introduces three recommendations that focus on raising awareness about the significance of QRs, their documentation and related challenges. The second category lists nine recommendations that introduce artifacts, practices and important aspects for documenting QRs. The validation reveals the relevance, understandability and usefulness of the guidelines to support QR documentation in ASD. It also indicates that the guidelines consider important aspects for documenting QRs and that they do not negatively affect the agility of the software development process. Practitioners can utilize the practices, artifacts and knowledge from the guidelines to support QR documentation in ASD. Researchers can benefit from the knowledge on QR documentation in ASD, and application of DSRM in building artifacts.

Nominal subject with a verb predicate in the 1st person plural (Russian Odni baby zhivem)

The grammatical category of person is a powerful shifter tool: it contributes to the organization of a speech act, distributes roles among its participants and regulates their speech behaviour. Means of the category of person are primarily verbal inflections and personal pronouns. At the same time, there are relations of additional distribution between the pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person and substantives: where it is possible to use forms of the 1st and 2nd person, it is impossible to use nouns. This is the fundamental difference between the 1st and 2nd persons, which serve to designate the participants in the speech act, and the 3rd person as a ?minus sign? that serves the purposes of the referential nomination. However, the material of the Slavic languages provides additional facts that require explanation. Professor Predrag Piper drew attention to Slovenian constructions in which a noun in the subject position is combined with a predicate in the form of the 1st person plural of the verb: Slovenci dobro smucamo. Similar constructions can be found in the modern Bulgarian language: ??????? ?? ????????, ?????? ????????? ???, ? ?????? ??????, etc. Rarely are such instances to be found in Russian texts: ???? ???? ?????. As prerequisites and typological background for explaining these phenomena, the article considers the following grammatical features of the Slavic languages: a) personal pronoun ellipsis, b) formation of a special concept of a collective (plural) subject, c) addition of the list of hidden grammatical categories, d) weakening of syntactic links between the constituents of the sentence, e) the breadth of the meaning of the 1st person plural form.

Zakonski tretman i iskustva u praksi povodom monitoringa kvaliteta vazduha za grad Novi Sad

Air quality is a very important parameter both for one human and for all living beings on earth. Adequate protection and improvement of the environment and air is the area of a great importance on which Republic of Serbia has to work continuously. Tracking (or monitoring) the state and quality of the environment includes a series of actions aimed at obtaining the reliable data on the condition of the environmental pollution. By the Regulation of establishing the List of air quality categories according to zones and agglomerations on the territory of Republic of Serbia for the year 2018, it was determined that air quality in the agglomeration "Novi Sad" is in the first category, which means that the air is clean or slightly polluted (pollutant substances did not cross the limit values). Bearing in mind the importance of the topic, at the very beginning of this article, the problem of air pollution is more closely defined with reference to the legal treatment of protection and the improvement of the environment in general and air as a separate category. This article is primarily focused on the analysis of practical experiences regarding air quality monitoring for the City of Novi Sad.

Основания рассмотрения дел в упрощенном порядке

The article highlights the new russian model of legal regulation of simplified proceedings in the civil process, also notes the incompleteness the reform of the civil procedure legislation (begun in 2016), which having negatively affects. In this research, the author focuses on the controversial aspects of the simplified procedure for considering individual civil cases, which based on the provisions of the legislation, on the established principles of judicial practice and the conclusions of doctrinal research. Also the author research of these materials, using by general scientific and special legal methods, including systemic, materialistic, formal legal methods and etc. A brief description of the grounds for considering civil cases in a simplified manner is given, the acceptability of currently allocated in Art. 232.2 Chapter 21.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation of categories of cases, as well as gaps in legal regulation that should be eliminated. The corresponding judicial practice is presented, the analysis of which leads to disappointing conclusions. It is noted that the study of this issue is due, among other things, to the lack of clarity in the relationship between the order, simplified and claim proceedings. In parallel, the relationship between the grounds for considering cases in a simplified procedure and legal norms regulating other aspects of the simplified procedure (making a court decision, accepting a statement of claim for consideration according to the rules of simplified proceedings) is substantiated, the integral legal regulation must comply with the essence of the requirements considered in the civil process. A legal assessment is made of the legislative identification of mandatory and dispositive grounds for considering a case in a simplified manner for compliance with the fundamental principles of civil procedure. The admissibility of limiting the principle of dispositiveness in the simplified production of the civil procedure is substantiated, which is a consequence of the desire to achieve a balance between public and private interests. Recommendations have been developed for the further improvement of civil procedural norms on simplified proceedings in terms of the list of categories of cases to be considered in accordance with the rules of Chapter 21.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation.

Assessing Sample Number Requirements for Municipal Solid Waste Composition Studies

Solid waste decision makers use waste composition studies in sustainability planning and as metrics to measure their environmental benefits (e.g., recycling rates). In many of these studies, there are varying waste components and number of samples assessed. Often, studies will rarely determine whether the number of samples sorted was actually sufficient to be statistically representative. We collected 24 US studies and assessed whether their material categories were statistically representative at a 90% confidence level and 10% precision following current standards. For each study and each material category, we calculated the number of samples required to be representative and compared it with the number of samples conducted by the study. Of the 24 studies, 17 had one to seven representative material categories, where 12 had one or two representative materials out of the average 44 original materials assessed per study. Nonrigid plastic film and food waste were most frequently statistically representative. Each study's original category list was condensed into 12 categories, and the analysis was repeated. Two studies that originally had no categories representative now had at least one. With the condensed materials, the mixed paper, mixed plastic, and food categories were most representative. The findings can be used by decision makers to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the importance of data quality analysis since most materials were not statistically representative; two approaches to being more representative are to sort more samples or condense the material list.

The Function of the Correlate in Peirce's Early Writings

Many scholars believe “On a New List of Categories” is a metaphysical or transcendental deduction. The present essay will argue that Peirce derives the categories by induction and validates their order by prescision. Then the article shall solicit aid from Peirce’s early and later writings to explain how the new way to list the categories can serve as a genealogy of signification: how the different types of term, proposition, and argument emerge in the process of reasoning as the different types of signs. Thus, the genealogy of signification would then qualify as a phenomenology of logic as a science of semiotics. Such a science of semiotics will have three types of comparison corresponding to the sign-relation in illation: namely, uniparance, diaparance, and comparance. Then the three types of comparison will occasion three types of relative in different types of propositions: namely, concurrents, disquiparants, and equiparants. Finally, the three types of relative will occasion the different types of sign corresponding to the different types of term: namely, icons, indices, and symbols. With this classification, there is then an explanation of how the process of reasoning is a semiotic process with three forms of valid argument: namely, hypothesis, induction, and deduction.

Ethnomedicinal survey among Kani Tribes and traditional healers in Selected Tribal populations of Trivandrum district

Indian tribes constitute around 8.3% of the total population. The health problems of tribal communities are influenced by the interaction of various socioeconomic and political factors. An attempt is made to document the traditional knowledge of the Kani tribes in the floristically rich Peringamala panchayath of Thiruvananthapuram district. The investigation revealed that the Kani tribes were using 127 species of ethnomedicinal plants, belonging to 57 families. The most cited family was Fabaceae and leaves were the most frequently used plant parts for the treatment of various diseases. Some medicinal plants used by Kani tribes which are included in the list of rare and endangered categories, such as Aristolochia tagala, Holostemma adakodien, Entada scandens, Anaphyllum beddomeii, decalepsis arayalpathra which are vanishing from the tribal settlement areas. So special attention should be given to cultivate and conserve these rare medicinal plants by making them available for mass cultivation, either through conventional methods or other non-conventional methods like micropropagation. The study showed that the Kani tribes have good knowledge about medicinal plants that have been passed orally from generation to generation. Current healers may be the final generation of Kani tribal healers. Due to rapid socio-economic and cultural changes, there is a possibility of losing the treasure of tribal knowledge in near future. The wealth of this tribal knowledge would lead to a greater potential for the Indian system of medicine towards new drug discovery and development.

THE ESSENCE AND STRUCTURE OF EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FORMATION OF PARTNERSHIPS OF ADOLESCENTS

The successful formation of partnerships of adolescents is conditioned by certain factors and elements of educational environment, contributing to the formation of motivational-value, cognitive and operational-activity components of personality development of children of this age category. The peculiarities of the influence of this environment have a certain specificity associated with the conditions of formation of its structural components. Due to the action of these elements of the educational environment, certain age characteristics of adolescents are formed, which are necessary to ensure the effective principles of partnership, which will affect personal development and further development of academic achievement. Taking into account the importance of considering the theoretical aspects of determining the characteristics of the educational environment of adolescents, which determines the formation of their partnership, the study of this issue is considered relevant and will ensure the development of scientific thought. The purpose of the article is to systematize the approaches to defining the essence of the concept and structure of the educational environment of adolescents as a sphere of development of their partnership. Research methods applied: a systematic approach, which is used to systematize the provisions of scientific views related to the evaluated issues; comparative method used to compare the approaches of scientists. The study presents a systematization of approaches to defining the essence of the concept and structure of the educational environment of adolescents, which contributes to the development of their partnerships. It is proved that the main essential features of the concept of educational environment of adolescents, which contributes to the development of their partnerships include: structural feature (in the interpretations of the authors, mainly determined by reference to certain components of this phenomenon), performance feature (emphasis on areas of influence - behavior, development of value beliefs, etc.), organizational feature (indication that the subjects of the environment provide active assistance in the development of certain skills, qualities of adolescents), subject-oriented feature, which involves the formation and development of the educational environment of adolescents in the context of subject-subject direction (humanistic approach ). The composition of the conditions for the formation of this phenomenon is determined, which include general categories, in particular: objective, specially (artificially) created, static, dynamic. The interpretation of the studied concept is formulated, which is based on taking into account the list of basic essential features and categories of conditions of formation of the educational environment, which promotes the development of their partnership.

An ICF-based assessment schedule to facilitate the assessment and reporting of functioning in manual medicine – low back pain as a case in point

Purpose This paper outlines the first steps toward developing the ICF-based assessment schedule for manual medicine with a focus on low back pain (LBP). It reports on the results of a consensus process to develop the default and optional versions of the set of ICF categories (ManMed Set) the assessment schedule should cover, and gives insight in expert input toward building a toolbox of instruments for assessing the ManMed Set categories. Methods A scoping review and qualitative study were conducted, each resulting in a list of ICF categories. These categories, along with the categories of the ICF Generic-30 Set, Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP, and from an existing Delphi study, served as the starting point for an established consensus process to decide on the ManMed Set. Results After alternating plenary and working group sessions, an iterative ranking process and cut-off calculation, the multi-professional and international group of 20 experts in manual medicine included 23 categories in the default ManMed version (16 + the ICF Generic-7 Set categories) and 25 in the optional version. Conclusions Their development is a major step toward developing an assessment schedule that can be employed in standardizing the assessment and reporting of functioning in manual medicine, initially of LBP patients. Implications for rehabilitation The ICF assessment schedule for manual medicine has potential use in supporting rehabilitation practice, such as for planning interventions, defining rehabilitation goals, and measuring and documenting functioning outcomes. It can be used to promote interdisciplinary coordination of care and facilitate communication between members of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team within manual medicine and beyond. The ICF assessment schedule for manual medicine can facilitate rehabilitation and manual medicine research by providing evidence for optimizing rehabilitation practice.

Етичні кодекси міських рад як важливі засоби регулювання службової поведінки депутатів та посадовців

Виокремлено основні відмінності кодексів поведінки та етики. На основі аналізу змісту та структури окремих кодексів етики депутатів та етичної поведінки посадовців, ухвалених міськими радами, виявлено їх переваги та недоліки. Наголошено на потребі удосконалення порядку розгляду повідомлень про порушення депутатами та посадовцями норм поведінки та акцентовано на необхідності запобігання проявам неетичної поведінки шляхом організації регулярних тренінгів на етичну тематику, спрямованих на формування очікуваних стандартів поведінки.

The Impact of Gamified Instruction on Students’ Learning Outcomes: Systematic Review of Experimental Studies

This systematic review critically explores the intervention design and findings of the experimental studies that were published between January 2012-December 2020 in a number of digital libraries and databases and had the effect of a gamified instruction on students’ learning outcomes in their focus, with the aim of identifying what constitutes success or the lack thereof in the given context. The found effect(s) of gamified instruction on students’ learning engagement and achievement are discussed in relation to the a) intervention design, its flaws and their potential impact on reported outcomes and b) prevalent practice in gamification research. The discussion is structured around data collection sources, sample size, and intervention duration, but also the characteristics of learning technology, learning approach, course content, type of games and game elements. This study proposes a list of categories to be included in the description of a study context so that it is possible to a) systematically organise research findings, b) filter the variety of findings via means of replication studies. c) recognise the variant effect on different sub-populations, and d) suggest the way forward when designing and implementing gamified instruction within specific conditions. Furthermore, the study highlights the necessity of approaching the topic through a mixed-method approach involving a more intensive tracking schedule with new assessment instruments and a larger number of participants that are longitudinal or at least of a longer duration in order to obtain more comprehensive findings.

“The Other Side of the Brocade”: Translating Fashion Blogs and Data Mining

This article takes both a literal and figurative approach to dress and translation. With the breakthrough of social media, microblogging has become an influential medium for marketing fashion brands and products online. The article reports on the findings of a three-year research project that studied ten Irish and ten Chinese fashion microblogging influencers’ blogs using Text Mining and Netnography. The author first designed a digital tool for data mining that allows the simultaneous translation of Chinese microblogs into English and vice-versa, also enabling visualizations of most frequent words through word clouds, and displaying the context in which they were used through collocations. These linguistic and visual translations became the basis to elaborate a typology of blogging strategies. Second, using the metaphor of translation as “the other side of a brocade,” the author compares the strategies followed by the Chinese and the Irish micro-bloggers as if they were the two sides of a single work, given that they are all arranged around the same list of categories. The article thus provides empirical and visual evidence on the use of translation to understand fashion blogging and the values there expressed, across cultures.

The needs of older persons undergoing heart surgery: unveiling a nursing intervention through focus groups

Abstract Background The progressive ageing of the population, the prevalence of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and heart disease with surgical indication, have a significant expression, either with a curative objective or to increase quality of life. Waiting for surgery is often a period of anxiety and fear. Preoperative waiting time can be used to better prepare these patients for surgery. Purpose The purpose of this research was to identify the needs of older people waiting for heart surgery. Methods A qualitative exploratory approach was used to gain an understanding of the participants' perception of what are the needs of older persons waiting for heart surgery. Focus Groups were used to collect information. Three interviews were conducted with: a group of nurses with experience in cardiothoracic care, individuals submitted to heart surgery (≥65 years) and individuals waiting for heart surgery (≥65 years); enrolling up to 17 participants from October 2019 to January 2020. Qualitative data analysis was conducted using the interactive model, at first similar data chunks were categorized by codes, allowing further analysis of data. Condensing data enabled us to retrieve the most significant material, further condensing it into smaller number of categories. The MaxQDA software, and EQUATOR COREQ guidelines were followed. Results Three categories emerged: (i) Information focused on facilitating health promotion and self-care, information regarding the hospital stay and granting access to information; (ii) Emotional support described patient's feelings towards the upcoming surgery and the need to keep them calm, involving their families and caregivers; (iii) Access to care, patients should be kept involved and engaged in managing self-care. Conclusion A preoperative intervention is necessary to support older persons waiting for heart surgery and the education provided should be focused on patients' needs. Caring for individuals awaiting heart surgery may be challenging due to the barriers imposed by physical distance and emotional distress. The identified needs of individuals awaiting heart surgery allow health professionals to deepen their knowledge regarding the patient's care. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Listing of categories and sub-categories

Developing ClinFIT COVID-19

Introduction: Health systems worldwide are challenged to address the health-care needs of persons with COVID-19. After the immediate need to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 and scale up relevant health-care capacities, one major challenge has emerged – scaling up rehabilitation to address the functioning limitations experienced by COVID-19 patients/survivors. To meet this challenge, the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (ISPRM) endeavors to develop a tool for the assessment and reporting of functioning of COVID-19 patients/survivors – “ClinFIT COVID- 19” to assist health professionals to optimally address patients' health-care needs. The first step in the development process is identifying the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) categories that ClinFIT COVID-19 should cover for acute, postacute, and long-term settings. Methods: The multistep process to develop the ClinFIT COVID-19 category list involved the development of a proposed list of ICF categories, a survey of ISPRM members worldwide about the proposed category list, and a postsurvey consultation with the ISPRM ClinFIT Task Force. Results: The final category list for the acute care context contains the seven categories provided to the survey participants (energy/drive functions, sleep, emotional functions, pain, exercise tolerance functions, carrying out daily routine, and walking) plus six categories related to respiration, mobility, and cognition. The postacute and long-term care versions also contain the seven categories plus additional categories relevant for the specific context. The postacute version contains 15 categories and the long-term 16 categories. Conclusions: To advance the next steps, the leaders of ISPRM and the Task Force call national and international societies of rehabilitation professionals to join this coordinated effort.

Inclusion of Gender Views for the Evaluation and Mitigation of Urban Vulnerability: A Case Study in Castellón

The inclusion of gender views in every field and, especially, in urbanism, has become crucial for urban planning. Considering both men’s and women’s interests in an integrated gender equality perspective provides better results that improve the quality of public spaces and engenders a more sustainable society. However, to realize such benefits, efforts are required not only to understand the needs and preferences of urban residents but also to shape policies and develop strategies to mitigate vulnerability with population involvement. In order to help decision makers at the urban level evaluate vulnerability with the inclusion of gender views, this study proposes a model that incorporates the specificities of urban fabric users that face adverse conditions. The model is based on a structured and standardized checklist of key topics that could be applied to any urban development. From this checklist, a list of categories, subcategories, and indicators were proposed and validated using the inter-judge agreement technique. To illustrate this model, this paper presents the case study of Castellón (Spain) in which deprived neighborhoods were analyzed, updating a previous model intended only to detect vulnerability. The results help link policy making to social vulnerability and indicate strategies to reach inclusive neighborhoods via a gender equality approach.

A RIPPLE EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON SHORTAGE OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS AND ITS IMPACT ON PATIENT CARE

Objective: Shortages of medicinal products are complex global problems. Drug shortages remain a significant public health issue. Global shortages of medical products have a potential effect on patient health and total healthcare costs. Countries worldwide, especially those affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is experiencing a rapid increase in drug shortage, which causes several complications for physicians, health care provider, patients, health institutes and health regulatory bodies. Methods: To carry out the study of shortages, several efforts have been taken by the regulators and industries. Prominent amongst these include FDA's research the needs and the reforms made in the regulations about shortages. We also searched for electronic databases (PubMed, Science direct, Web of Science) using the terms (COVID-19 and shortage) or (medicine and COVID-19) for articles in periods of 2019 to 2021. Results: On assessment based on the report, the number of shortage drugs in 2020 is 835; Anesthesia drugs are highest during the COVID-19 outbreak data indicate the number of shortages is 143 in USA. It was found that generic products were mostly in short supply, with antimicrobial agents (63%) topping the list of therapeutic categories of medicines with interrupted supply, followed by oncology medicines (47%) and then anesthetic agents (38%) during COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Many steps have been taken to reduce the impact of a shortage of health care. Agencies like the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) has established guidelines and works with manufacturers and other partners to help prevent shortages. This article aims to the analysis the root cause of medicinal product shortages, their effects on the patient outcome, medication error, which occurs due to the substitution safe and effective therapies with alternative treatments, identify possible solutions and policies established to manage medicinal product shortages.

Intergenerational Messages as Sign of Wisdom of Active Polish and Czech Older Learners

The goal of the paper is to identify the message in letters written by Polish and Czech seniors. The letters were subject to qualitative analysis. The method used was the analysis of the inspired texts—letters written by older people to the younger generation, which may become a didactic tool for the younger generations to learn from the biographies of seniors. The result of the analysis is a list of categories reflecting the main aspects dominating in the letters. These categories are: message addressed to a younger generation, important events and people in individual life story, reflection upon the meaning of life and concerns and challenges in the course of life. All the seniors express their affirmation of family, share ethical reflections on their relationships with other people and on passing. Thus, the main message of the letters is a call to cherish family relationships, nurture relations with other people and show respect to others.