Categories Of Victims Research Articles

VICTIMOLOGICAL RISKS FOR ROAD USERS AS AN ELEMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH

The aim: This article aims to analyze the statistics of road accidents victims in Ukraine in general and the level of criminal offenses’ against traffic safety and transport operation victims, in particular, to consider the main victimological risks for road users and provide them with a public health approach. Materials and methods: The theoretical basis of the article is specialized literature on law, economics, and sociology. The empirical basis of the research was the materials of generalization of more than 1,000 criminal proceedings under Art. 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the results of a survey of Ukrainian citizens on the state of road safety in Ukraine. Results: According to the results of an empirical study, in terms of role, pedestrians clearly predominate among the victims (59.6%), while every fourth victim is a passenger of a vehicle. Driver victims are only 14.6% of the total number. Victimological risk on the roads is the probability of becoming a victim and suffering damage to one’s life and health from criminal offenses against traffic safety and operation of transport. For each of the categories of victims there are both general and specific victimological risks. The causes of accidents can be grouped by the source of danger in the triangle “person – mechanism – road”. Conclusions: The most dangerous and widespread victimological risks for road users in Ukraine are speeding and maneuvering, drunk driving, parking violations, poor road infrastructure, physiological and psychological characteristics of road users, low professional skills of drivers, etc.

THE NATURE OF PSYCHO EMOTIONAL DISORDERS IN WOMEN, EXPOSED DURING THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT

The accident at the 4th Power Unit of the Chernobyl NPP on April 26, 1986 is estimated worldwide as one of the most severe disasters in the history of nuclear energy, which resulted in the irradiation of various population categories. Pregnant women represent a special category of victims, since external and internal radiation affected not only the female body, but also the developing fetus. The study of such irradiation consequences is extremely important, since long-term monitoring of the state of health will make it possible to find out the main mechanisms of post-radiation effects on female and children. The aim of this work was to assess the psycho-emotional characteristics in 2 women groups. The first group is women who were irradiated due to the incorporation of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland in April-May 1986 and were at different pregnancy stages. The second group was analyzed as a control, identical in basic parameters to the first, except that at the time of radiation exposure to iodine-131 they have not been pregnant. The severity of post-traumatic stress disorder was analyzed using a self-reporting technique using the PCL-S questionnaire. The psychological distress degree was determined using the K-6 questionnaire. The analysis of the relationship of post-traumatic stress disorder and psychological distress was carried out, the factor structure with the assessment of the contribution of latent factors, as well as inter-factor relationships were studied. A relationship between most factors of posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological distress was revealed, which may indicate the possibility of a causal relationship between the psychological status of women and the risk of somatic pathology in them. It was revealed that radiation is the direct cause of psychological maladaptation in studied women.

Victim, litigant, activist, messiah: the child in a time of climate change

In this article, I identify and examine four framings of the child in regard to climate change issues, including activism and policy reform. My focus is on the extent to which children are moving beyond the category of victim and assuming a disparate role and distinctive voice in various climate discourses: as litigant, as activist and as messiah. I explore the changing role of the child as a political, legal and social phenomenon, and consider the extent to which writers of climate and other forms of fiction have anticipated and contribute to these different framings of the child.

Epidemiology of Cyber Dating Abuse Victimization in Adolescence and Its Relationship With Health-Related Quality of Life: A Longitudinal Study

There is currently no evidence of the relationship between cyber dating abuse (CDA) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), especially from a longitudinal perspective. The objectives were: a) to analyze the point and period prevalence, incidence, and score changes over time of victimization by CDA; b) to compare HRQoL in the different categories of victims of CDA (nonvictims, new, ceased, intermittent, and stable victims). A three-wave longitudinal study was carried out over 13 months. The final sample was composed of adolescents who had a partner in the 6 months before the measurements: 341(W1), 357(W2), and 416(W3). The prevalence of CDA was 31.1% (W1), 32.8% (W2), and 18.1% (W3). The girls had higher prevalence in victimization by control than the boys in all waves. The period prevalence was 23% (20% for control, 15% for direct aggression) and the cumulative incidence was 15%. Stable victims had the lowest HRQoL scores.

Lifetime poly-victimization and psychopathological symptoms in Mexican adolescents

BackgroundThere is a lack of research on the impact of poly-victimization on mental health in Mexico. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between poly-victimization and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms, in a community sample of Mexican adolescents. The starting hypothesis of this study was that poly-victimization would be a better predictor of internalizing and externalizing symptoms than individual categories of victimization (conventional crimes, caregiver victimization, peer and sibling victimization, sexual victimization, witnessing victimization, and electronic victimization). Participants and settingsThe sample comprised 1068 adolescents from public schools in Morelia city (Western Mexico). Adolescents completed the Mexican version of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire and the Latin version of the Youth Self Report. MethodsHierarchical regression analyses were conducted to determine the contributions of victimization and poly-victimization in predicting internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. ResultsPoly-victimization accounted for more variability in scores of externalizing and internalizing symptoms than a single type of victimization. Even when poly-victimization was considered, conventional crimes contributed to predicting both internalizing and externalizing symptoms, caregiver victimization was a predictor of internalizing symptoms and witnessing victimization was a protective factor for internalizing symptoms and total problems. ConclusionsThis is the first study in Mexico analyzing the psychological impact of poly-victimization. Our results should be taken into consideration by clinicians and those who design public policies. Conventional crimes need to be specifically addressed when assessing Mexican adolescents.

The Effects of Social and Cultural Factors on Child Poly-victimization in Hong Kong.

Study Questions Child victimization is a major public health concern across the globe. Many previous studies have focused on separate categories of child victimization and health correlates, paying less attention to children affected by multiple forms of violence. Studies encompassing families' residential mobility and social support in the context of child poly-victimization are limited. This study examines the prevalence of child poly-victimization in Hong Kong and the associations between family structure, residential mobility, social support, and child poly-victimization. Subjects and Methods The analysis employed data from a cross-sectional, school-based survey in Hong Kong. A two-stage stratified sampling procedure was employed to maximize the representativeness of the sample. All children born in Hong Kong and receiving education in the sampled schools were included as eligible participants. A total of 5,567 children and their caregivers from 107 schools (kindergartens, primary schools, and secondary schools among 18 districts in Hong Kong) were randomly recruited in the study. Findings A total of 32.2% of the children experienced one-to-three types of victimization and 23.1% reported experiencing four or more types of victimization in the preceding year. Child victimization and its various aspects were negatively associated with family support, positively correlated with the number of times the child had moved house, and the number of siblings at home. The strongest association appeared to be between child maltreatment and family, while a relatively weaker but still significant connection was found between peer and sibling victimization and family support. Major Implications Successful family functioning and social stability are key to protecting children from victimization. This study provides insights into the importance of supporting families as a whole in preventing child poly-victimization. It also highlights family structure and social support in reducing the negative impacts of child victimization.

Durchfall, Auschwitz’s Unwritten Story: Filth and Excremental Violence in Tadeusz Borowski’s Postwar Fiction

Abstract As an author central to postwar literature on the concentration and death camp experience, Tadeusz Borowski chose to depict the relatively taboo subject of excremental violence. Borowski’s documentary fiction depicted an aspect of history that was, especially in 1946 after his own incarceration and survival, both raw and controversial. Writing in Polish as part of a collective work, Borowski was intent on speaking in his native language to a shattered Polish nation. This article analyzes how Borowski drew attention to human rights violations by writing about excremental violence. It further examines how Borowski eschewed oversimplified postwar categories of perpetrators, victims, and resisters. Instead, drawing upon his own experiences in Auschwitz, Dautmergen, and Dachau, his works articulate the powerlessness of those in the camps and the dehumanizing conditions they faced, thus challenging any misleading narratives regarding heroic agency.

Victims of crime and harmonization of the legal regulation of their rights in the EU and the Czech Republic

Summary This study reflect the international sources of law and documents relating to the protection and support of crime victims from the global and European point of view following the global and European Union concept and the importance of the Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the European Council of 25 October 2012. Establishing minimum rules on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime. This study will also introduce the most important sources of law and international context related to the victims of crime as an existing category of victims in general. The EU member states are obliged to reflect the views and needs of victims, to respect human dignity and the right to privacy, enable the possibility to receive fair compensation from the perpetrator or other sources, and to provide victims with material, medical, psychological and social assistance from state and non-governmental organizations. Concerning the other documents, what is also essential for victims to access their rights and influenced national Victims of Crime Acts is especially the Council Directive 2004/80/EC of 29 April 2004, relating to compensation to crime victims and Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime to be mentioned.

Carceral lock-in: How organizational conditions stymie the development of justice alternatives in a rape crisis center

Many perpetrators of sexual violence are themselves victims of similar crimes. Such “complex victims” do not fit neatly into the dichotomous categories of victim and perpetrator essential to the functioning of the adversarial criminal-legal system. How anti-rape activists attempt to incorporate complex victims into their work illustrates challenges they experience when wrestling with the carceral state more broadly. In this article, I draw on 32 months of participant observation and 40 in-depth interviews to show how organizational conditions—departmental silos and physical infrastructure—prevent activists’ treatment of complex victims. Building on the concept of path dependence from organization theory, I argue that carceral understandings of harm become “locked-in” despite activists’ anti-carceral attitudes. This article identifies barriers to the treatment of complex victims, further explains feminist activists’ simultaneously contentious and coalitional relationship with the carceral state, and introduces the concept of carceral lock-in to help understand impediments to justice alternatives.

«ИЗОБРАЖАЯ ЖЕРТВУ»: ПАФОС ОБЛИЧЕНИЯ И МУЧЕНИЧЕСТВА В СОЧИНЕНИЯХ ИВАНА ГРОЗНОГО И АНДРЕЯ КУРБСКОГО

The article explores changes in the use of the categories of victim and sacrifice in political literary artefacts in the second half of the 16th century: namely, the correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Andrey Kurbsky and Kurbsky’s History of the Grand Prince of Moscow. The study shows that the writers of this time used the literary topoi of victim in a fundamentally different way to earlier authors in medieval Russia. The article defines the main means of poetics and rhetoric in the works of Ivan the Terrible and Andrey Kurbsky. The methods for updating the topos of victim for both authors are similar. Each of them desacralizes a high Christian idea and uses it and a topos for subjective and, as a rule, ideological purposes. Such changes are possible due to the mixing of earthly (profane) and heavenly (sacred) logic when dealing with the categories of victim and sacrifice, which is typical for this time. If, for Kurbsky, the people killed by the tsar are new martyrs, then for Ivan the Terrible, they are justly punished traitors. The tsar believes that subjects should be ready to sacrifice their lives for him. Kurbsky does not deny the necessity of willingness to sacrifice, but he consistently proves that the tsar’s personality does not correspond to Christian ideas about the ideal monarch, so he convinces the reader of the possibility of confronting the tsar. At the same time, both authors characterize themselves as a person affected by the actions of the other and use the literary topoi of victim.

Moved by fire: Green criminology in flux

The destructive bushfires in Australia 2019–2020 resonate with similar trends around the world as bushfire seasons are becoming longer and more pervasive. Yet, criminological analyses of bushfires are limited and tend to focus on the individual criminal subject and the act of arson, the crime of intentional fire starting. Encouragingly, green criminology, the criminological perspective dealing with environmental crimes and harms, is expanding the categories of offenders and victims of harm by, for example, highlighting non-human victims and harms perpetrated by the capitalist system. Nonetheless, even this perspective is inadequate to deal with the complex and ultimately mobile events of fire and their far-reaching consequences. This article brings green criminology in flux by drawing from the ‘new mobilities paradigm’, emphasising motion, temporality and the mobility of contemporary life. The new mobilities paradigm, or the ‘mobility turn’, has a lot to offer green criminology as is demonstrated here by way of scrutinising the mobility of fire. A mobile green criminology will help trace fire beyond static categories of offenders and victims and open up for more flexible and mobile categories of environmental harms as constructed, complex and unstable processes. Finally, a mobile analysis allows for a more complex and meaningful reading of criminological space, demonstrated by the relationship between social, aesthetic and cultural values of land, politics, power and fire-related behaviours, such as fire suppression or Aboriginal peoples’ cultural burning practices. It is argued here that in order to understand the complex nature of fire, green criminology must attune to the intersections between fire, space, mobility and meaning.

Victimization and Poly-victimization in a National Representative Sample of Children and Youth: The Case of Chile

ABSTRACT In Chile, there is a little information about child and youth poly-victimization in a national representative sample. The aim of this study was to investigate the lifetime prevalence of victimization and poly-victimization in a large Chilean community sample of children and youth aged 12– 18 years. The sample consisted of 19,648 children and youth (M = 14.72, SD = 1.52), 49.7% males, and 50.3% females, recruited from 699 secondary schools in 15 regions from Chile. The Spanish version of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire was applied, assessing six aggregate categories of childhood victimization (conventional crimes, caregiver, peer and sibling, witnessed and indirect, sexual, and electronic victimization). Descriptive analyzes were conducted to establish the prevalence of six types of victimizations and poly-victimization. Odds ratios were used to estimate differences between the genders and age groups. A total of 91.8% males and 93.8% females reported at least one type of victimization in their lifetimes. Females were generally more exposed to victimization than males and older youth were more exposed to victimization than early youth. Results indicated that exposure to multiple types of victimization was very common, indeed, the most victimized group (polivictims) reported 14 or more types of victimization in their lifetimes. This study provided a more general view of the child and youth victimization in Chilean population and new information on the epidemiology of victimization in the international context.

El concepto de violencia obstétrica: observaciones sobre la asistencia médica a la mujer en período gestacional en el Ecuador.

En revisión de la violencia obstétrica, se analizó la acción de incumplimiento,ya que aún no se halla tipificada como delito en la Ley Orgánica Reformatoria al Código Orgánico Integral Penal ecuatoriano. La metodología, con base en el paradigma cuali-cuantitativo, sigue las condiciones necesarias para saber cuál fue la utilidad para los propósitos requeridos en una investigación de alcance explicativo analítica. Se observaron prácticas prescindibles que confluyen en abusos y agresiones a las embarazadas al comparar 5 categorías de víctimas entre edades desde la minoridad hasta la adultez mayor. La problemática declarada con base en la gravedad ante la imposibilidad de denuncia por parte de la mujer supeditada a incapacidad, derivada de la mal praxis médica-obstétrica.

¿Pueden hablar las «víctimas» de trata? Una etnografía multisituada sobre la construcción del silencio y su confrontación en la trata de mujeres nigerianas con fines de explotación sexual

The trafficking of Nigerian women for the purpose of sexual exploitation is a phenomenon that has been visible in Spain since the 2000s. Access to the protection system is linked to their identification as “victims of trafficking” by Spanish law enforcement authorities. Such identification requires the women to narrate their life stories, having to overcome the silences (narrative and bodily) that are imposed on them. From a multi-sited feminist ethnographic research, we have analyzed, with them, how these silences (on which Nigerian trafficking is based) are constructed in the different stages of the journey, as well as confronted. Results show that, far from being anchored in the victim category as passive and disempowered subjects, participating women have been a fundamental part of the construction of situated knowledge on the phenomenon. © 2020, Asociacion de Antropologos Iberoamericanos en Red.

Domestic Violence: The Situation Assessment of Crimes Victims with Disabilities

The aim of this article is to reveal situation and level of the victimization of persons with disabilities in Lithuania, also to present the victimology characteristics of victims with disabilities and to formulate proposals, recommendations for the development of help and support system. The article presents an analysis of victims’ statistics, still very fragmental data on the violent victimization of victims with disabilities, its prevalence, and dynamics for 2013–2019 years. The victimological discourse presents and analyses the victimization of victims, their risk and the likelihood of becoming victims. The emphasis is put on the situation of women with disabilities, which requires a review of the scope, specialization, and accessibility of services provided to victims. The research shows that the current practice of law enforcement institutions does not focus on the assessment of the situation of victims with disabilities, they remain unidentified, and so the latency of their victimization processes is extremely high. This is evidenced by the comparison of statistical data with international victimological research. Thus, there is an emphasis on the extremely high vulnerability of victims with disabilities, which should lead to more attention for this category of victims by identifying them, investigating and ensuring their protection, providing quality services and support.

ПАМ’ЯТЬ ПРО ГОЛОКОСТ У СИМВОЛІЧНОМУ ПРОСТОРІ ДНІПРА (ДНІПРОПЕТРОВСЬКА)

Ця стаття має на меті продемонструвати ключові трансформації, які відбулися на місцях Голокосту в Дніпрі (колишній Дніпропетровськ) від кінця нацистської окупації до сьогодні. Досліджено, наскільки ці місця стали місцями вшанування Голокосту, та описано механізми та особливості включення такого вшанування у міський простір міста. Автор аналізує основних ініціаторів і прихильників вшанування Голокосту, щоб оцінити, наскільки ефективно представлена ​​історія винищення євреїв у міському просторі Дніпра та наскільки це відповідає його сучасному образу.
 Стаття, заснована на існуючій історіографії, описує події у трьох основних місцях Голокосту в Дніпропетровську (Дніпро), де відбувалися найбільш масштабні акти винищення єврейського населення - біля Ботанічного саду (Красноповстанська Балка), єврейське кладовище (парк Писаржевського), село Верхнє (перехрестя вулиць Янгеля та Енергетича). Достатній обсяг досліджень дає досить надійні докази того, що відбувалося у вищезгаданих місцях під час нацистської окупації. Важлива особливість, яка згодом вплинула на поминання цих місць як в радянський, так і в пострадянський періоди полягало в тому, що в першому місці, тобто в Краснопівстанській балці (яр), страчені були виключно євреями, а в інших двох місцях страчували різні категорії нацистських жертв , включаючи значну кількість євреїв звісно.
 У 1960-1980-х рр., у період вшанування історії Великої Вітчизняної війни, пам'ятники, встановлені для вшанування пам’яті жертв, мали лише написи, характерні для радянської влади. Ці написи не згадували про етнічне походження жертв, розчиняючи їх у евфемістичних формулюваннях, таких як "цивільні особи", "радянські громадяни" тощо. Після розпаду СРСР було знято старі табу та заборонені раніше історичні факти та розповіді, включаючи ідентичність національних груп, які претендують на своє місце в історичній свідомості, почала формуватися. У цій статті проаналізовано різні комбінації меморіальних дискурсів - радянських та єврейських / радянських та пострадянських / єврейських, радянських та українських - та те, як вони співвідносяться (взаємодіють / конфліктують / не спілкуються) у зазначених місцях.
 На основі свого аналізу автор робить висновок, що єврейська громада міста була головним ініціатором і прихильником збереження пам’яті про Голокост, що призвело до високого ступеня фрагментації вшанування Голокосту в Дніпрі. Тим не менше, завдяки співпраці та несистематичній спільній діяльності єврейських організацій, а також громадських та урядових установ Дніпра, пам’ять про Голокост поступово вписується та займає все більш помітне місце в міському просторі.

The Estrangement Effect in Three Holocaust Narratives: Defamiliarising Victims, Perpetrators and the Fairy-Tale Genre

Holocaust literature has often been described as producing disruption and estrangement. As the Holocaust challenges traditional forms of expression, writers have used alternative techniques, sometimes blurring genres and registers. This is the case with Holocaust narratives that rewrite fairy tales or use fairy-tale motifs and structures: they produce an estrangement effect in that their intertexts are defamiliarised as a strategy for opening up the possibilities of representation. This article focuses on three works of this kind, by authors Lisa Goldstein, Louise Murphy and Rachel Seiffert. Specifically, it considers how they constitute an alternative to the sanctioned metanarrative of the Holocaust, which is victim centred and facilitates the reader’s empathy. Indeed, the works discussed here complicate the categories of victim and perpetrator, thus problematising our engagement with the characters in a way that furthers the abovementioned estrangement effect. Attention is paid to the role played by secrecy in each narrative, as I contend that it is the secret and its effects in the diegesis that keep the characters at a distance, “estranged” from the reader. This distance precludes easy identification and invites critical discussion on the limitations of familiar categories and binaries, such as the victim/victimiser opposition and the public/secret dichotomy.

Populism, historical discourse and foreign policy: the case of Poland’s Law and Justice government

This article analyses how, in Poland, the populist political orientation of the ruling party (Law and Justice—PiS) has coloured the historical discourse of the government and has affected, in turn, its foreign policy and diplomatic relations. We argue that the historical discourse of the PiS government is a reflection of the party’s reliance on populism as a political mode of articulation in that it seeks to promote a Manichean, dichotomic and totalizing re-definition of the categories of victim, hero and perpetrator—and of Poland’s roles in this trinity. The article details the direct and indirect repercussions of PiS populist-inspired historical posture on Poland’s foreign policy by analysing its policies towards—and relations with—Ukraine and Germany. As such, the article sheds light on the under-explored links between populism and historical memory and makes a contribution to the nascent scholarship on the foreign policy of populist governments.

Blue Lives Matter and Hate Crime Law

The Blue Lives Matter movement began in 2014 as a rejoinder to accusations of police racism in the United States. Blue Lives Matter advocates for the expansion of hate crime statutes to include police and other first responders as protected victim categories. Four US states have enacted such reforms: Louisiana, Kentucky, Mississippi and Texas. With some minor exceptions, this is the first time that hate crime laws have been extended to a victim category that represents an authoritative arm of the state. This article examines the social significance of these laws. Drawing on the results of a critical discourse analysis of legislative debates surrounding the enactment and attempted enactment of blue hate crime laws, the article argues that these laws pit police and Black citizens against each other. In situating new legal protections for police within hate crime statutes, blue reforms contain an implicit attempt to reframe the history of police brutality toward Black Americans by claiming that police are a subjugated and targeted minority at the hands of a Black community of dangerous and biased perpetrators: a new black/blue relation of power.

Female survivors’ experiences of authorities’ actions in cases of partner stalking

Previous studies have shown that civil authorities fail to understand the nature of stalking and the harmful consequences it causes victims. The aim of this study was to investigate how the victims of partner stalking had perceived the actions of civil authorities and the stalking investigation process. The data were drawn from conversations among members of an internet-based peer support group for female victims of partner stalking. We identified four main categories of victims’ experiences pertaining to authorities’ actions and the investigation process: authorities’ problems in dealing with stalking, dissatisfaction with the investigation process, trust in the authorities and expectations of future actions by the authorities. Negative experiences were clearly foregrounded in the data. The results indicate that civil authorities continue to have problems in dealing with stalking. Authorities, especially the police, representatives of the justice system and child protection personnel should be offered more comprehensive education to enable them to deal more effectively when encountering female stalking victims.