Severity Classification Research Articles

Validation of a Fingertip Home Sleep Apnea Testing System Using Deep Learning AI and a Temporal Event Localization Analysis

Abstract Study Objectives This paper validates TipTraQ, a compact home sleep apnea testing (HSAT) system. TipTraQ comprises a fingertip-worn device, a mobile application, and a cloud-based deep learning artificial intelligence (AI) system. The device utilizes PPG (red, infrared, and green channels) and accelerometer sensors to assess sleep apnea by the AI system. Methods We prospectively enrolled 240 participants suspected of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) at a tertiary medical center for internal validation and 112 participants independently at another center for external validation. All participants underwent simultaneous polysomnography (PSG) and TripTraQ HSAT. We compared TipTraQ-derived total sleep time (TQ-TST) and TipTraQ-derived Respiratory Events Index (TQ-REI) with expert-determined total sleep time (TST) and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), based on AASM standards with the 1B hypopnea rule. Temporal event localization analysis for respiratory event prediction was conducted at both event and hourly levels. Results In the external validation, the Spearman correlation coefficients for TQ-TST vs. TST and TQ-REI vs. AHI were 0.81 and 0.95. respectively. The root mean square error were 0.53 hours for TQ-TST vs. TST and 7.53 events/hour for TQ-REI vs. AHI. For apnea/hypopnea prediction with a 10s grace period, the true positive, false positive and false negative rates in temporal event localization analysis were 0.76, 0.24, and 0.23, respectively. The four-way OSA severity classification achieved a Cohen’s kappa of 0.7. Conclusions TQ-TST and TQ-REI predict TST and AHI with comparable performance to existing devices of the same type, and respiratory event prediction is validated through temporal event localization analysis.

Menrath ulcers in cats: four cases (2014-2023).

To report the clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes of four cats diagnosed with Menrath ulcers causing significant oral haemorrhage. For all cats, data on signalment, history, physical examination, treatment and outcomes were collected by reviewing medical records. Information regarding outcomes was collected from communication logs between primary care veterinarians and owners, and the original case clinicians after discharge of the patient from the hospital. Four cats were included. All patients survived to discharge. Follow-up outcomes were available between 1 and 8.5 months post discharge. Post-operative complications were classified according to The Accordion Severity Classification of Post-operative Complications. Two of the four patients had recurrence of oral haemorrhage post-ligation originating from the major palatine artery. One classified as a severe complication, due to requiring revision surgery of the ipsilateral major palatine artery. The other classified as mild, since the patient was managed conservatively. Additionally, one patient was documented to have developed an acquired palatal defect post-operatively. This is the largest case series of Menrath ulcers to date and the first to describe post-operative complications including acquired palatal defect and recurrence of oral haemorrhage from the original ulcer despite ligation of the ipsilateral major palatine artery.

Association between burnout and quality of care in primary care

To assess the influence of burnout in family physicians on their score on the EQA index. Observational study. SITE: Study conducted in the primary care centers of the Terrassa Health Consortium, in Vallès Occidental, Catalonia. Primary care physicians with a basic care unit were included. Of the 107 family doctors working in the 8 primary care centers of the Terrassa Health Consortium, 73 professionals participated. A self-administered survey was carried out with demographic and occupational elements such as age, gender, length of service at the work center, the MBI and the last self-reported EQA value belonging to the year 2023. Sociodemographic variables were analysed; years of experience and clinical variables such as the EQA, the Maslach test and its dimensions emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal fulfilment. The Maslach Burnout Inventory test was administered. The level of statistical significance considered was 5%. Seventy-threefamily doctors took the Maslach test, 54 (74%) had burnout, of which 21.9% (16) were severe. A statistically significant relationship was found between burnout and EQA (P=.023) and between emotional exhaustion and EQA (P=.013) in the mild and severe categories (P=.003). Family physicians with burnout have a lower EQA value, which is not associated with age, sex or years of experience, but with the emotional exhaustion suffered.

Comparison of diaphragmatic breathing exercises and incentive spirometry on the functional status of heart failure patients: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundRespiratory muscle weakness in heart failure (HF) can deteriorate its symptoms such as fatigue, dyspnea, and impaired functional status. Pulmonary rehabilitation can strengthen these muscles. This study aimed to determine the impact of breathing exercises on fatigue severity, dyspnea, and functional classification in HF patients.MethodsA three-arm single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 90 hospitalized HF patients in three 30-participant groups including diaphragmatic breathing group (DG), incentive spirometry group (SG), and control group (CG). The interventions were performed thrice daily for 10 days in DG and SG. The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Borg dyspnea scale, and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification were used before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS-20 software.ResultsAfter the intervention, the patients’ frequency with severe fatigue decreased by 30% in both DG and SG (p < 0.001); the mean dyspnea score in DG and SG respectively reduced by 0.7 and 0.9 units at rest (p < 0.001) and reduced by 2.93 and 2.73 units during activity (p < 0.001); the total patients’ frequency in functional class III and IV was significantly decreased by 30% in DG and 33.3% in SG (p < 0.001). The intervention groups were not significantly different regarding fatigue severity, dyspnea, and functional classification. While in CG these outcomes had no significant reduction after the intervention.ConclusionIn this study breathing exercises could reduce fatigue and dyspnea, and improve NYHA functional classification of HF patients which can be included in nursing care plans for respiratory rehabilitation in HF.Trial registrationThis study was prospectively registered by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/) on 14/04/2024 with registration ID: IRCT20240306061197N.

Dengue severity by serotype and immune status in 19 years of pediatric clinical studies in Nicaragua.

Dengue virus, a major global health threat, consists of four serotypes (DENV1-4) that cause a range of clinical manifestations from mild to severe and potentially fatal disease. This study, based on 19 years of data from the Pediatric Dengue Cohort Study and Pediatric Dengue Hospital-based Study in Managua, Nicaragua, investigates the relationship of serotype and immune status with dengue severity. Dengue cases were confirmed by molecular, serological, and/or virological methods, and study participants 6 months to 17 years old were followed during their hospital stay or as ambulatory patients. We enrolled a total of 15,833 participants, of whom 3,308 (21%) were positive for DENV infection. Of 2,644 cases with serotype result by RT-PCR, 559 corresponded to DENV1, 1,002 to DENV2, 760 to DENV3 and 323 to DENV4. Severe disease was more prevalent among secondary DENV2 and DENV4 cases, while similar disease severity was observed in both primary and secondary DENV1 and DENV3 cases. According to the 1997 World Health Organization (WHO) severity classification, both DENV2 and DENV3 caused a higher proportion of severe disease compared to other serotypes, whereas DENV3 caused the greatest percentage of severity according to the WHO-2009 classification. DENV2 was associated with increased odds of pleural effusion and low platelet count, while DENV3 was associated with both hypotensive and compensated shock. These findings demonstrate differences in dengue severity by serotype and immune status and emphasize the critical need for a dengue vaccine with balanced effectiveness against all four serotypes, particularly as existing vaccines show variable efficacy by serotype and serostatus.

Verification of the Impact of Changes in the Severity Classification of Proteinuria on the Prognosis of Hypertensive Patients Following the Initiation of Esaxerenone.

The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) or urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR) has been reported as predictors of cardiovascular and renal events. We aimed to evaluate the impact of changes in proteinuria severity on the prognosis of hypertensive patients post-esaxerenone initiation. Hypertensive patients who commenced esaxerenone (n=164) were classified into 3 groups according to baseline UACR or UPCR, based on the modified proteinuria severity classification: A1 (normal; n=35); A2 (microalbuminuria/mild proteinuria; n=49); and A3 (macroalbuminuria/severe proteinuria; n=80). At 6 months post-esaxerenone initiation, these patients were then reclassified into 3 groups: Á1 (n=48); Á2 (n=66); and Á3 (n=50). Á2 was further subdivided into 2 groups: Á2a (n=34); and Á2b (n=32), the latter representing patients who improved from A3. The primary endpoint was defined as the composite of cardiovascular and renal death, heart failure hospitalization, non-fatal myocardial infarction, initiation of dialysis, and estimated glomerular filtration rate decline exceeding 40%. Severity of proteinuria improved significantly after 6 months (P=0.003). The incidence of the primary endpoint was significantly higher in Á3 compared with Á1 (log-rank P<0.001); however, no significant difference was observed between Á1 and Á2b (log-rank P=0.12). Esaxerenone may ameliorate proteinuria severity and improve the prognosis of patients with macroalbuminuria or severe proteinuria.

Functional genotype classification groups distinguish disease severity in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a genetic disorder due to pathogenic variants in the COL7A1 gene. In this study we determined the association between different categories of COL7A1 variants and clinical disease severity in 236 RDEB patients in North America. Published reports or in-silico predictions were used to assess the impact of pathogenic variants in COL7A1 on type VII collagen (C7) protein function. Three impact categories were postulated: genotypes that would likely cause a low impact on C7 function (splice B/missense, missense/missense), medium impact [premature termination codon (PTC)/splice B, splice A/splice B, PTC/missense, splice A/missense, splice B/splice B] and high impact (PTC/PTC, PTC/splice A, splice A/splice A). Splice A variants are predicted to cause downstream PTCs while splice B variants cause in-frame exon skipping and are therefore less deleterious. Severity of functional impact was significantly associated with history of gastrostomy tube placement, esophageal dilation, hand surgery, anemia, renal disease, chronic wounds, diffuse skin involvement and history of squamous cell carcinoma. Odds of death were 3.25 (1.24-8.50, p=0.02) higher in the high vs medium impact group. High impact group patients had worse clinical outcomes. Functional genotype categories are a feasible approach to risk stratify patients based on predicted C7 function.

Proximal Median Nerve Conduction Velocity Slowing in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: An Observational Retrospective Study.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy, characterised by compression of the median nerve at the wrist. Traditional understanding views CTS as a distal compression issue, but recent evidence suggests potential proximal involvement. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of proximal median nerve conduction velocity (CV) slowing in CTS patients and examine its association with CTS severity. In this retrospective observational study, data were analysed from 80 CTS patients and 40 controls from the Electrophysiology Lab at a tertiary care institute. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) evaluated the median nerve's conduction velocity and latency. Patients were classified by CTS severity, and nerve conduction parameters were statistically compared between groups. CTS patients exhibited significantly prolonged distal motor latency (DML) (5.2 ± 0.8 ms) and reduced forearm motor conduction velocity (MCV) (55.3 ± 4.1 m/s) compared to controls (P < .01). Approximately 27.45% of CTS hands showed proximal median nerve slowing. The severity classification showed that Grade 3 CTS was the most prevalent (47%), followed by Grade 2 (23%) and Grade 1 (10%). There was a negative correlation between distal latency and forearm conduction velocity, suggesting that as distal latency increases, forearm conduction velocity decreases. Post-operatively, significant improvements were observed in distal latency (mean decrease: 1.2 ± 0.5 ms, P < .01), but median nerve conduction velocity remained unchanged. While there was a trend towards improvement in CMAP amplitude, the difference did not reach statistical significance. A subset of CTS cases exhibits reduced proximal median nerve conduction velocity, which correlates with CTS severity. This suggests retrograde degeneration may contribute to CTS pathology, challenging the traditional view of CTS as a purely distal compression disorder.

Redefining the severity of orofacial tissue damage caused by noma: a novel classification approach.

Noma is a severe orofacial disease with high mortality and morbidity. Although severity scales exist, they fail to fully capture the extent of damage caused by the disease. This study analysed 404 photos of 260 noma cases from Facing Africa (n=228) and Project Harar (n=32) to create a new severity classification system. Photos were displayed on a large screen for better visualization. Tissue damage was assessed in terms of width, depth and surface area using the American Burn Association's grading system. A mathematical formula was also developed to quantify the extent of noma-induced orofacial damage. Fifteen orofacial anatomical units vulnerable to noma were identified, leading to the development of a new severity classification system that enhances the assessment of noma. This system evaluates tissue damage qualitatively as minor, moderate or major and quantitatively using a purpose-built mathematical formula. Current classification systems inadequately capture noma severity due to vague definitions and limited consideration of the affected anatomical units. The new approach addresses these gaps by considering all tissue damage, including dentition, and allows for precise qualitative and quantitative assessment of disease severity. Continued research and validation are essential to refine this method, improving its clinical and research applications and enhancing outcomes for noma patients worldwide.

Associations between Insomnia Severity, Perceived Stress, Mental Toughness, Dark Triad Traits, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Cadets of the Swiss Armed Forces

ABSTRACT Background Compared to the general population, military personnel are at increased risk for insomnia and poor psychological well-being. The present study: (1) compared categories of insomnia severity between cadets of the Swiss Armed Forces (SAF) and previously published norms and (2) investigated the associations between insomnia and psychological well-being related to perceived stress, mental toughness, dark triad traits, and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Methods A total of 216 cadets of the SAF (mean age: 20.80 years) completed self-rating questionnaires covering sociodemographic information, insomnia, perceived stress, mental toughness, dark triad, and organizational citizenship behavior. Data on insomnia sum scores and categories of historical samples (862 young adults and 533 police and emergency response service officers) were used for comparison. Results Cadets of the SAF reported higher insomnia sum scores and insomnia severity categories, compared to young adults and police officers. Higher scores for insomnia were associated with higher scores for stress, dark triad traits, and with lower scores for mental toughness and OCB. Categories of low, medium, and high stress moderated the association between insomnia and dark triad traits. Conclusions Compared to norms of the general population, cadets of the SAF reported a higher insomnia severity. Given that standardized treatment programs for insomnia, mental toughness, and above all for coping with stress are available, such interventions might be promising avenues to improve a cadet’s overall sleep, psychological well-being, and behavior.

Prevalence of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms and barriers to mental health services among medical students at Jazan University, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study

Medical students represent the future of the healthcare workforce. However, the demanding nature of medical education places them at an increased risk of mental health issues. Ensuring their mental well-being is crucial for maintaining a competent and compassionate healthcare system. This study aims to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress, along with barriers to accessing mental health services among medical students. A cross-sectional self-administered online survey conducted among medical students of Jazan University, Saudi Arabia, from September 2023 to March 2024. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted using International Business Machines Corporation Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 27.0.1 (Chicago). The study included 390 participants. Median scores for depression, anxiety, and stress were 14.00, 12.00, and 16.00, respectively, with interquartile ranges of 4.00 to 22.00, 4.00 to 20.00, and 6.00 to 24.00. Depression severity categories showed that 38.2% were normal, while 11.5%, 31.8%, 13.6%, and 4.9% experienced mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe symptoms, respectively. Anxiety severity classifications revealed 37.4% as normal, with 6.2%, 17.4%, 10.0%, and 29.0% falling into mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe categories, respectively. For stress, 49.2% were normal, while 11.0%, 16.7%, 14.1%, and 9.0% experienced mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe levels, respectively. Barriers to accessing mental health care included a preference for self-management, confidentiality concerns, societal judgment, and fears of career-related repercussions. This study highlights a high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students at Jazan University, with notable gender differences and symptom severity. Addressing barriers to mental health care, such as confidentiality concerns and societal stigma, is essential to improving service utilization and student well-being.

From Pathophysiology to Personalized Treatment Strategies for Psoriasis

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory and proliferative skin disorder characterized by redness and elevated patches covered in scaly, silvery-white skin. The National Psoriasis Foundation categorizes psoriasis into mild, moderate, and severe, impacting 2% to 5% of the global population. This article explores the types, development, and severity categories of psoriasis, delving into its pathophysiology. It also reviews both conventional and herbal topical therapies and their marketed formulations. Aim: The study aimed to contribute to the development of personalized treatment approaches for individuals with psoriasis. Objectives: This article explores the types, development, and severity categories of psoriasis, delving into its pathophysiology. It also reviews both conventional and herbal topical therapies and their marketed formulations. Methods: The article relies on a comprehensive review of existing literature and research studies on psoriasis. Information on types, severity categories, pathophysiology, and available treatments, both conventional and herbal, is gathered and analyzed. Results: The results highlight the potential advantages of incorporating herbal therapies into treatment plans for individuals with psoriasis, especially for those with severe cases. Conclusion: In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of individualized treatment plans for managing psoriasis. Both conventional and herbal topical formulations can be viable options, particularly for severe cases. By considering the safety profiles, side effects, and biological activities associated with these treatments, healthcare experts can collaborate with patients to create personalized and effective strategies for addressing the complexities of psoriasis management.

Numerical assessment of portal pressure gradient (PPG) based on clinically measured hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) for liver cirrhosis patients.

Portal hypertension (PH) is the initial and main consequence of liver cirrhosis. Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement has been widely used to estimate portal pressure gradient (PPG) and detect portal hypertension. However, some clinical studies have found poor correlation between HVPG and PPG, which may lead to the misdiagnosis of portal hypertension. In this study, we provided a method to evaluate patients' PPG based on clinically measured HVPG with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Twenty-five patients who underwent HVPG measurement were recruit for analysis. Results show that HVPG significantly correlates with PPG (R=0.7499, P<0.0001), with an accuracy to distinguish clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) as high as 92%. However, PH severity classification was underestimated for 36% patients, especially for patients with hepatic venous collateral formation and presinusoidal portal vein occlusion. It is concluded that HVPG is a relatively reliable diagnostic method for PH when PPG cannot be directly measured. For patients who have clinical symptoms of PH but their HVPG are within a normal range, numerical evaluation of PPG with CFD is an excellent way for their diagnosis.

Detection and severity classification of ataxia using gait features and a hybrid model

Ataxia, a neurological disorder characterized by impaired coordination and unsteady movements, presents significant challenges for accurate diagnosis and classification. traditional machine-learning (ML) and deep-learning (DL) models often struggle to achieve high accuracy in predicting and classifying this complex condition. This study addresses these limitations by introducing a novel hybrid model, XGBoost-multi-layer-perceptron (XGB-MLP), specifically designed to enhance the accuracy of ataxia prediction and classification. The objective of this research is to develop a more reliable and precise diagnostic tool that outperforms existing ML and DL approaches. The methodology involved integrating the strengths of XGBoost, known for its powerful gradient boosting, with the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network, creating a robust hybrid model. The proposed XGB-MLP model was rigorously tested against conventional models like random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), MLP, and standalone XGBoost. The findings reveal that the XGB-MLP model achieves outstanding accuracy rates of 98.91% for ataxia prediction and 97.91% for classification, significantly surpassing the performance of the traditional models.

Spatial drought occurrences and distribution using VCI, TCI, VHI, and Google Earth Engine in Bilate River Watershed, Rift Valley of Ethiopia

Drought is a major natural hazard in Ethiopia, posing significant challenges and severe consequences. This research aimed to assess the occurrence and distribution of drought in the Bilate River Watershed (BRW) using the Vegetation Health Index (VHI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), and Temperature Condition Index (TCI), along with the Google Earth Engine platform. Vegetation products (MOD13Q1) and LST products (MOD11A2) were selected from May to October each year, covering the period from 2000 to 2022. The VCI, TCI, and VHI maps were generated, identifying extreme and severe drought events with extensive spatial coverage in 2002, 2009, 2015, and 2022, which were the major drought years. According to the VHI, the watershed experienced extreme, severe, and moderate drought classes in May and October, affecting 62% and 70% of the area, respectively. The years 2009 and 2015 were particularly devastating in terms of drought. . The spatial autocorrelation analysis demonstrated significant positive autocorrelation of drought, as indicated by the values of Moran’s I and z scores, which ranged from 0.23 to 0.79 and 8.66 to 24.64, respectively. The correlation analysis findings showed strong positive relationships among the vegetation indices and rainfall, while showing negative associations with temperature and land surface temperature. The frequency analysis also revealed a significant occurrence of drought in the southern portion of the watershed. Therefore, these results hold practical significance for decision-makers and practitioners involved in drought management planning within the BRW.

FRAILTY STATUS AND CATHETER ABLATION THERAPY FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN REAL-AF: A MULTICENTER CLINICAL REGISTRY

Abstract There has been increasing interest in understanding if frailty assessment could improve clinical decision-making related to catheter ablation therapy (CAT) for atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. This prospective study assessed acute hospital complications, AF recurrence and AF-related hospitalization within 12 months after CAT according to frailty status pre-CAT. Study subjects (n=3,406) were patients in Real-AF, a multicenter clinical registry in the US, who underwent CAT with 12-month outcome data (2018-2022). Frailty scores were derived using the cumulative health deficit approach (deficits count divided by the total number of health indicators), and categorized: Fit (≤.12), Intermediate (.12–.24), and Frail (≥0.25). Cross-tabulations, trend tests, and logistic regression were performed. Mean age± SD of study subjects was 65.2± 11.0; males were 59.0%. Among patients who underwent CAT, 24.5% met criteria for Frail (score≥0.25). Frailty scores were correlated weakly with age (r=0.09; p&amp;lt;.01). Fit (1.2%) and Frail (1.3%) had similar acute in-hospital complication rates. Increasingly higher probability of AF recurrence (18.2% vs. 19.8% vs. 22.6%; p=.02), and AF-related hospital admission (2.1% vs. 3.4% vs. 4.6% vs. 5.4%, p=.02) within 12 months after CAT were observed across increasing frailty severity categories. Frailty remained associated with AF recurrence and hospitalization in age- and sex-adjusted models; e.g., odds of hospitalization post-CAT were 2.3 (95%CI: 1.0-5.0, p=.039) times higher in Frail than in Fit. Despite adverse trends with frailty, absolute 12-month risks after CAT, even among Frail, was low. Implementation research is warranted to establish the clinical value of frailty assessment for CAT-related decision-making in AF patients.

Hybrid Significant Stroke Feature: A Novel Stroke Feature Analysis Approach for Stroke Severity Classification of EEG Signals Based on Time Domain, Frequency Domain, and Signal Decomposition Domain

Hybrid Significant Stroke Feature: A Novel Stroke Feature Analysis Approach for Stroke Severity Classification of EEG Signals Based on Time Domain, Frequency Domain, and Signal Decomposition Domain

Parkinson's disease detection and stage classification: quantitative gait evaluation through variational mode decomposition and DCNN architecture

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, debilitating neurological movement disorder that affects the person's muscle control, movement, speech, cognition and dexterity. For diagnosing PD in a clinical setting, in addition to the neurological examinations, clinicians use the unified Parkinson disease rating scale (UPDRS) to assess the motor and non-motor impairments. Such a clinical assessment highly depends on the experience and expertise of the clinicians, and it may result in biased evaluation. Hence, to assist the clinicians, we put forward a gait analysis-based deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) framework which leverages the potentials of variational mode decomposition (VMD) technique with the recurrence plots (RP) to enhance the PD severity classification performance. Specifically, transforming the VMD modes of vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) time series data into two-dimensional texture images to capture the temporal dependency, this work trains the DCNN classifier through recurrence images for its ability to extract the discriminative features among the PD severity levels. For evaluation, this study utilises the VGRF dataset of 93 PD subjects and 73 healthy controls from Physiobank for three different walking tests. Consequently, utilising VMD, RP and DCNN in a unified framework, this investigation shows that the PD severity rating can be significantly enhanced through DCNN model that is trained using RP of dominant intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). The novelty of the proposed framework lies in identifying the prominent gait biomarkers through dominant IMFs from power spectral analysis for reducing the computational burden of DCNN. Moreover, to handle the data over-fitting issue in the classifier, L2 regularisation technique, which penalises the weight parameters of the nodes, is used in combination with the dropout layer. Experimental results underscore that the proposed VMD-RP-DCNN architecture can address the spectral overlapping issue in VGRF decomposition and achieve an average PD severity prediction accuracy of 98.45%.

Correction: Estimation of Transition Probabilities from a Large Cohort (&gt; 6000) of Australians Living with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) for Changing Disability Severity Classifications, MS Phenotype, and Disease-Modifying Therapy Classifications

Correction: Estimation of Transition Probabilities from a Large Cohort (&gt; 6000) of Australians Living with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) for Changing Disability Severity Classifications, MS Phenotype, and Disease-Modifying Therapy Classifications

Application of the IOC Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) Clinical Assessment Tool version 2 (CAT2) across 200+ elite athletes

ObjectiveThis cross-sectional retrospective and prospective study implemented the 2023 International Olympic Committee Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) Clinical Assessment Tool version 2 (CAT2) to determine the current severity of...