Categories Of Conditions Research Articles

Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Adolescents with Mental Health Conditions: A Systematic Review of the Research Literature

Although research investigating Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) for adults has increased exponentially, the evidence of the effects of MBIs on adolescents with mental health problems is only beginning to emerge. Our aim is to systematically review the current state of the MBI research literature across the range of mental health conditions in adolescents, and to identify some key research questions yet unanswered. MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Scopus were searched, as well as the references of retrieved articles. Of 754 articles, 17 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, only a few studies implemented a manualized intervention for adolescents, five featured interventions adapted from the classical Mindfulness models (MBSR and MBCT), while the remaining studies used a combination between these models while incorporating also other components. In terms of research design, only three of the studies were RCTs, seven pilot studies, five design studies and the rest were feasibility studies. Moreover, only three of the seventeen studies used validated measures of mindfulness in gauging the impact of the interventions. We identified the following four categories of mental health conditions in studies of MBIs among adolescents: Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Disorders; Mood and Anxiety Disorders; Substance Abuse Disorders, and Heterogeneous Disorders. The evidence so far suggests that MBIs are both feasible and well accepted, although study populations and methods varied so much that precise estimates of impact on clinical outcomes needs further research. Guided by our systematic review, we summarize ways to adapt MBIs for adolescents with mental health problems.

Judging homicide defendants by their brains: an empirical study on the use of neuroscience in homicide trials in Slovenia.

This paper presents a study that analyses all available homicide trials in Slovenia between 1991 and 2015 for neuro-evidence. Almost every fifth case discusses neuroscience. The most prevalent type of neuro-evidence is neuro-psychological testing, less common are structural neuroimaging and electroencephalography, while we discovered no use of functional neuroimaging. The two largest categories of neurological conditions suffered by defendants are traumatic brain injury and brain damage due to long-term alcohol and drug abuse. When presented, neuro-evidence affected courts’ decisions in 85% of trials (15% of all tried homicide cases) and had an impact on the criminal sentence or another outcome of the trial in 79% of cases. By far most often neuro-evidence affects decisions regarding criminal capacity, ie insanity and (substantially) diminished capacity, which, in turn, strongly reflects in criminal sanctions. Neuroscience information is typically used to mitigate or even reduce the sentence, but never as an aggravating circumstance. It is also frequently utilized to support decisions about medical security measures (compulsory psychiatric treatment). This study further suggests that the double-edged sword of neuroscience is an elusive concept and that the mechanism by which neuroscience affects courts’ decisions in civil-law systems is different from the one in common-law jurisdictions.

Multimorbidity Frameworks Impact Prevalence and Relationships with Patient-Important Outcomes.

To explore how different frameworks and categories of chronic conditions impact multimorbidity (defined as two or more chronic conditions) prevalence estimates and associations with patient-important functional outcomes. Baseline data from a population-based cohort study. National sample of Canadians. A total of 51 338 community-living adults, aged 45 to 85 years. Chronic conditions from three commonly recognized frameworks were categorized as: (1) diseases, (2) risk factors, or (3) symptoms. Estimates of multimorbidity prevalence were compared among frameworks by age and sex. Separate weighted logistic regression models were used to explore the impact of the different frameworks and categories of chronic conditions on odds ratios (ORs) for multimorbidity for four patient-important functional outcomes: disability, social participation restriction, and self-rated physical and mental health. One framework included diseases and risk factors, and two frameworks included diseases, risk factors, and symptoms. The prevalence of multimorbidity differed among the frameworks, ranging from 33.5% to 60.6% having two or more chronic conditions. Including risk factors in frameworks increased prevalence estimates, while including symptoms increased prevalence estimates and associations with most patient-important outcomes. The two frameworks that included symptoms had the largest ORs for associations with disability, social participation restriction, and self-rated physical health but not self-rated mental health. Similar results were found when we compared ORs for patient-important outcome for multimorbidity based on three subframeworks: one including diseases only, one including diseases and risk factors, and one including diseases, risk factors, and symptoms. Including risk factors appeared to increase only the prevalence of multimorbidity without significantly altering relationships to outcomes. The inclusion of symptoms increased prevalence and associations with patient-important outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of considering not only the number, but also the category, of conditions included in multimorbidity frameworks, as simply counting the number of diagnoses may reduce sensitivity to outcomes that are important to individuals. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1632-1640, 2019.

Cardiac conditions in pregnancy and the role of midwives: A discussion paper.

AimThis paper provides an overview of the two broad categories of cardiac conditions observed in pregnancy (congenital and acquired). It also identifies the midwives' role in the childbirth continuum and includes assessment, track and trigger systems and management during labour and delivery.DesignDiscussion paper.MethodsData were collected by reviewing international evidence and by searching computerized databases.ResultsResearch has identified that women with associated risk factors of a cardiac condition who delay pregnancy have an increased risk of experiencing cardiovascular complications in pregnancy with poorer outcomes. The Three Ps in a Pod clinical initiative in the United Kingdom highlights working as a team in multidisciplinary programmes to improve mothers' care and save lives. Midwives play a key role during pregnancy and need to be appraised in relation to cardiovascular disease observed in pregnancy, its potential risks and anticipated problems and within the continuum of care.

Evolution of service-dominant logic: Towards a paradigm and metatheory of the market and value cocreation?

We explore S-D logic's development in the direction of a unifying paradigm that can provide the foundations for a general theory of the market and value cocreation. The evolution of S-D logic can be grouped into three periods: a formative period, spanning 2004 to 2007, that provided an alternative perspective of markets and marketing; a refinement period from 2008 to 2011, that clarified and broadened S-D logic's narrative; and an advancement period (2012 onwards), which has seen the emergence of S-D logic's paradigmatic status. Drawing on three categories of conditions (metaphysical, sociological and artefacts), we analyze the extent to which S-D logic meets the conditions of a paradigm. Our findings indicate that while S-D logic aligns with most of the metaphysical and sociological conditions for a paradigm, further development is needed for S-D logic to meet the conditions for an artefact. S-D logic references many different theories and methodologies, a situation that implicitly assumes different philosophical perspectives or orientations, notably objective, subjective and inter-subjective. To further develop S-D logic we offer a variety of ontological, epistemological and methodological questions. We also outline research directions that have the potential to move S-D logic towards a unifying paradigm.

Visual hallucinations associated with multimodal hallucinations, suicide attempts and morbidity of illness in psychotic disorders

BackgroundVisual hallucinations (VH) are a common, but understudied symptom of psychosis, experienced by individuals across diagnostic categories of psychotic and neuropsychiatric conditions. There are limited data on VH and associated clinical phenotypes in adult idiopathic psychotic disorders, which are needed to elucidate their relevance to psychotic illness paradigms. MethodIn this cross-sectional study, we examined clinical risk factors for VH in a well-characterized sample of 766 patients with adult psychotic disorders across diagnostic categories of schizophrenia (n = 227), schizoaffective disorder (n = 210), and bipolar I disorder (n = 329). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR was used for diagnosis and symptom measurements. ResultsThe prevalence of VH was 26.1% (200/766). Multivariate logistic regression showed that VH were independently associated with the presence of hallucinations in other modalities, including auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory hallucinations. History of a suicide attempt and catatonic behavior were also associated with VH. In addition, specific delusions were associated with VH, in particular, delusions of control, and religious, erotomanic and jealousy delusions. Diagnosis, negative symptoms, and family history of psychosis were not independent predictors of VH. ConclusionsResults showed the clinical and disease relevance of VH as they were associated with severe morbidity of illness, including suicide attempts and catatonic behavior. Findings also suggest a phenotype associated with hallucinations in other modalities and specific types of delusions. Based on our findings, VH may be a significant factor in assessing for suicidality and illness severity, warranting clinical attention and further study of underlying mechanisms.

Examining the spatially varying effects of factors on PM2.5 concentrations in Chinese cities using geographically weighted regression modeling

Whilst numerous studies have explored the spatial patterns and underlying causes of PM2.5, little attention has been paid to the spatial heterogeneity of the factors affecting PM2.5. In this study, a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was used to explore the strength and direction of nexus between various factors and PM2.5 in Chinese cities. A comprehensive interpretive framework was established, composed of 18 determinants spanning the three categories of natural conditions, socioeconomic factors, and city features. Our results indicate that PM2.5 concentration levels were spatially heterogeneous and markedly higher in cities in eastern China than in cities in the west of the country. Based on the results of GWR, significant spatial heterogeneity was identified in both the direction and strength of the determinants at the local scale. Among all of the natural variables, elevation was found to be statistically significant with its effects on PM2.5 in 95.60% of the cities and it correlated negatively with PM2.5 in 99.63% cities, with its effect gradually weakening from the eastern to the western parts of China. The variable of built-up areas emerged as the strongest variable amongst the socioeconomic variables studied; it maintained a positive significant relationship in cities located in the Pearl River Delta and surrounding areas, while in other cities it exhibited a negative relationship to PM2.5. The highest coefficients were located in cities in northeast China. As the strongest variable amongst the six landscape factors, patch density maintained a positive relationship in part of cities. While in cities in the northeast regions, patch density exhibited a negative relationship with PM2.5, revealing that increasing urban fragmentation was conducive to PM2.5 reductions in those regions. These empirical results provide a basis for the formulation of targeted and differentiated air quality improvement measures in the task of regional PM2.5 governances.

The Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms of Congenital Hyperinsulinism.

Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a heterogenous and complex disorder in which the unregulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells leads to hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. The severity of hypoglycaemia varies depending on the underlying molecular mechanism and genetic defects. The genetic and molecular causes of CHI include defects in pivotal pathways regulating the secretion of insulin from the beta-cell. Broadly these genetic defects leading to unregulated insulin secretion can be grouped into four main categories. The first group consists of defects in the pancreatic KATP channel genes (ABCC8 and KCNJ11). The second and third categories of conditions are enzymatic defects (such as GDH, GCK, HADH) and defects in transcription factors (for example HNF1α, HNF4α) leading to changes in nutrient flux into metabolic pathways which converge on insulin secretion. Lastly, a large number of genetic syndromes are now linked to hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. As the molecular and genetic basis of CHI has expanded over the last few years, this review aims to provide an up-to-date knowledge on the genetic causes of CHI.

Fault Detection for Non-Gaussian Processes Using Multiple Canonical Correlation Analysis Models and Box-Cox Transformation

Although the canonical correlation analysis (CCA)-based method has been successfully applied to Gaussian processes, the methods cannot obtain good results for the non-Gaussian processes. Meanwhile, due to the different operating conditions of the systems in actual operation, the data generated under different operating conditions is greatly different, which makes the fault detection more difficult. To deal with these problems, a fault detection method based on multiple canonical correlation analysis models and Box-Cox transformation is proposed. The method divides all conditions into some categories of conditions and builds the switching rules. Then the current condition is determined and switched in real time through real-time status data and switching rules. Since the systems are the non-Gaussian processes, the quadratic statistic established by the CCA for each condition is non-negative and non-Gaussian distributed variable. So, Box-Cox transformation is used to convert quadratic statistic into Gaussian distributed variables, such that the properties of Gaussian distribution can be employed to determine the ranges of the quadratic statistic corresponding to different health conditions. Finally, the fault detecting thresholds of the models are established based on a 99.7% confidence interval of the Gaussian distribution. The proposed method is applied to the process of monitoring of the suspension system. The application results indicate that the proposed approach can give higher fault detection rate and lower false positive rate and improves the detection ability.

Experimental and numerical investigation of transversal damage in carbon fiber reinforced composites using X-FEM analysis

Damage modelling along with crack behavior carbon fiber resin reinforced composites under tensile and three-point bending loading were simulated in this study for different variables and cases. Extensive experimentation was performed for carbon fiber composites by grouping them into different categories of layup, orientations and boundary conditions accordingly. The specimen dimensions and the loading conditions were evaluated in the mentioned categories for the transversal damage as a primary objective of the study. The composite models for single layer and multilayer were modelled in extended finite element method (XFEM) module in ABAQUS software, and interaction subroutines were included for the mentioned models and experimental behavior and response were studied. The damage progress was investigated and then the criteria of stress-strain as well as stress distributions/intensity factor in the fiber and matrix were the outputs. The purpose of the study was to validate the numerical and simulation outputs with experimental results for XFEM as a framework for the crack initiation, propagation along an arbitrary, mesh-independent, solution-dependent path, which is being widely used. The key parameters and critical aspects of convergence of the results, while carrying out damage and fracture analysis when using numerical simulation in comparison with the experimentation setup, required precise and accurate understanding towards modelling the above-mentioned cases. The study offers novel methodology and pre-development of framework for crack modelling from single to multi-crack for carbon fibers. The study started with the results from previous studies of both transversal cracks and delamination followed by the study of fracture in the material. Different specimens were studied and tested, and the results were in close convergence between experimental and numerical data for multiple cases.

Research on image perception of Guilin tourism destination based on network text analysis

This article taking the travel notes of the ant mafengwo.com and Ctrip.com as a sample, using the content analysis method and ROST CM6 to analyze the visitors’ perception of the Guilin tourism destination image, through the analysis of the high-frequency vocabulary and the semantics of the network notes, and the spindle coding, From eight categories of humanistic attraction, natural attraction, tourism transportation, special food, accommodation conditions, overall impression, tourism consumption and service level, It is found that the tourists’ perception of Guilin tends to be positive. The basic information characteristics, cognitive image, emotional image and willingness to travel are comprehensively explored. The image of Guilin is proposed from the improvement of hardware elements, the innovation of tourism image marketing methods and the improvement of software image elements.

THROMBOCYTOSIS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 573 DOGS (2016-2017)

Abstract Thrombocytosis refers to the increase in number of platelets per microliter (µL) of blood. Platelet counts greater than 1,000,000/µL may be associated with clinical signs of bleeding or thrombosis. Previous studies on underlying causes of thrombocytosis have aroused the interest of researchers about its clinical importance in dogs. The objective of this study was to analyze the blood cell counts in dogs in order to define the main diseases or clinical conditions that were associated with thrombocytosis, from 2016 to 2017. This was done to determine the incidence of thrombocytosis, and categorize the increase in platelet count with respect to severity. Of the 12,676 blood samples analyzed, 4.5% presented thrombocytosis (n = 573). Similar mean platelet counts were observed in all diagnosis or different categories of clinical conditions (neoplasms; gastrointestinal, endocrine, and ophthalmological diseases; trauma and surgery; dermatological, cardiac, neurological, infectious, respiratory, genitourinary, idiopathic, and multiple diseases; and pregnancy) with no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05). The disorders most commonly associated with thrombocytosis were gastrointestinal diseases, followed by neoplasms. Furthermore, increased platelet counts were observed in dogs treated with glucocorticoids and vincristine drugs. As for the degree of severity, extreme thrombocytosis occurred more frequently in the presence of gastrointestinal diseases.

Diagnosis Prevalence and Comorbidity in a Population of Mobile Integrated Community Health Care Patients.

Frequent calls to 911 and requests for emergency services by individuals place a costly burden on emergency response systems and emergency departments (EDs) in the United States. Many of the calls by these individuals are non-emergent exacerbations of chronic conditions and could be treated more effectively and cost efficiently through another health care service. Mobile integrated community health (MICH) programs present a possible partial solution to the over-utilization of emergency services by addressing factors which contribute to a patient's likelihood of frequent Emergency Medical Services (EMS) use. To provide effective care to eligible individuals, MICH providers must have a working understanding of the common conditions they will encounter. The purpose of this descriptive study was to evaluate the diagnosis prevalence and comorbidity among participants in the Queen Anne's County (Maryland USA) MICH Program. This fundamental knowledge of the most common medical conditions within the MICH Program will inform future mobile integrated health programs and providers. This study examined preliminary data from the MICH Program, as well as 2017 Maryland census data. It involved secondary analysis of de-identified patient records and descriptive statistical analysis of the disease prevalence, degree of comorbidity, insurance coverage, and demographic characteristics among 97 program participants. Diagnoses were grouped by their ICD-9 classification codes to determine the most common categories of medical conditions. Multiple linear regression models and chi-squared tests were used to assess the association between age, sex, race, ICD-9 diagnosis groups, and comorbidity among program enrollees. Results indicated the most prevalent diagnoses included hypertension, high cholesterol, esophageal reflux, and diabetes mellitus. Additionally, 94.85% of MICH patients were comorbid; the number of comorbidities per patient ranged from one to 13 conditions, with a mean of 5.88 diagnoses per patient (SD=2.74). Overall, patients in the MICH Program are decidedly medically complex and may be well-suited to additional community intervention to better manage their many conditions. The potential for MICH programs to simultaneously improve patient outcomes and reduce health care costs by expanding into larger public health and addressing the needs of the most vulnerable citizens warrants further study.ScharfBM, BissellRA, TrevittJL, JenkinsJL.Diagnosis prevalence and comorbidity in a population of mobile integrated community health care patients.Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(1):46-55.

Investigation of tensile and in-plane shear properties of carbon fiber reinforced composites with and without piezoelectric patches for micro-crack propagation using extended finite element method

The smart materials are capable to integrate the remarkabale active functions into a traditional structure of the composites. There is a wide research possibility towards the embedded patches into a composite primary structure. This particular study aims to investigate the effect of the embedded smart materials in a conventional composite laminate. Carbon fiber reinforced composite (CFRC) specimens with and without PZT piezo elements embedded in the structure are studied for Tensile, In-plane Shear and three point bending properties. Previously researched mechanical behaviour and the operational influence of the piezo sensors are sequentially analysed, particularly for the electric capacitance during all the categories of testing. The limitations have also been studied into the comparison of the structure with and without the piezoelectric material patches. The extended finite element (XFEM) modelling approach has been applied to study the sensorized damage model for the numerical and experimental study. This study also presents simplified and understandable techniques and offers a new direction for the experimental and computational modelling design for the progressive damage, based on the principles of extended finite element method (XFEM). The extensive experimentation and numerical modelling for interlaminar and intralaminar crack of CFRCs materials are studied, with and without piezoelectric patches. The experiments and simulations are designed and grouped into categories of load, boundary conditions and types arranged accordingly for fracture, delamination, fiber breakage and matrix crack towards the damage evolution. The dimensions of the specimens and the effects are also studied regarding lengths, thickness and width in multiple categories. The loading cases of tension and the inplane shear are studied for multiple cases for numerical as well as experimental investigation having different orientations and dimensions. The delaminated and fractured mode I and mode II specimen were analysed for the expected and the real time values of strength to figure out the precise values of trends to predict the composite properties.

Review of the international evidence on support for unpaid carers

Globally and locally, ongoing demographic, sociocultural and economic changes have implications for unpaid carers. For those who provide unpaid care, particularly at higher intensities, there is substantial evidence of negative effects on employment, health and wellbeing, with associated individual and societal costs. For these reasons, there is increasing policy emphasis on supporting unpaid care in the UK, mirrored, and in some cases exceeded, internationally. This paper aims to provide an overview of the international evidence on effective support for unpaid carers. This evidence synthesis finds an extensive literature on a wide range of potentially effective interventions to support unpaid carers under the broad categories of indirect support (services for the care-recipient), direct support (such as psychological therapies), work conditions, and combinations of these. However, there are significant gaps in the evidence base with regards to interventions, outcomes and types of caring situation studied, with a dearth of evidence on cost-effectiveness and few evaluations of key recent policy initiatives. Evidence is strongest and most consistent for formal care services for people with care needs (so-called ‘replacement’ or ‘substitution’ care); flexible working conditions; psychological therapy, training and education interventions; and support groups. In many cases it may be that a combination of interventions is most effective. These findings have implications for social care policy and practice which aims to support carers, particularly in the context of the changing landscape of global macro-level processes and recent policy, legislative and funding changes for local authority and voluntary sector providers of support and services for carers in the UK.

Relationship Quality among Chronically Ill Children and their Parents

The present study examined the quality of parent–child relationships as reported by 383 parents of chronically ill children. The medical condition category, child’s mobility, education type and childcare assistance were examined. Parents answered the Parent–Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI). In addition, 45 parents of chronically ill children were interviewed. The results indicated a significant difference in most aspects of the PCRI (limit setting, promotion of autonomy, communication, satisfaction and involvement) across medical condition categories. Further child variables (mobility, assistance and education type) had an effect on the PCRI subscales as well. Interview analysis revealed a difference in the reported quality of parent–child relationships between medical conditions categories. Parents of mentally ill children primarily felt anger and guilt in their relationship with their ill children, whereas parents of children with cancer and autoimmune disease primarily felt depressed. Our results suggest the need for further study of parent–child relationships in and between different chronic childhood medical conditions in an attempt to address parents’ and children’s needs in an optimal way.

Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for Prevention of Central Venous Catheterization-Related Thrombosis in Children.

Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for Prevention of Central Venous Catheterization-Related Thrombosis in Children.

Patient Perspectives on the Use of Categories of Conditions for Decision Making About Genomic Carrier Screening Results

(Abstracted from Am J Med Genet 2018;176A:376–385) Rapid, affordable genome sequencing in reproductive medicine continues to increase in availability and popularity, with some commercial laboratories now offering expanded carrier panels for all patients. This trend presents clinicians with new challenges in presentation and supporting patients’ decisions as they decide whether to receive expanded, genome-scale carrier screening.

PDB20 - Polypharmacy Use Among Patients with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study

Patients with diabetes are at high risk for polypharmacy (i.e. use of multiple classes of medications) for treatment of diabetes, associated comorbidities, and other co-existing conditions. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of polypharmacy and factors associated with polypharmacy among adult patients with diabetes. A cross-sectional retrospective observational study of adults with diabetes, who visited the outpatient clinic of a tertiary teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia, was conducted. Data were extracted from the Electronic Health Record (EHR) database for a period of twelve-month (January to December 2016). Polypharmacy was defined as the cumulative use of five or more medication classes. Polypharmacy among adults with diabetes was measured by calculating the average number of medication classes prescribed per patient. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine the factors associated with polypharmacy after adjusting for age, sex, marital status, nationality, and co-existing chronic conditions. A total of 8,932 adults with diabetes were included in this study. Of these, nearly 78 % had polypharmacy, which was more likely among women as compared to men and more likely among the elderly (age > 60 years) as compared to the adults. Also, polypharmacy was two times as likely among patients with coexisting cardiovascular disease (AOR=2.89; 95% CI: 2.54-3.29), respiratory disease (AOR=2.42; 95% CI: 1.92-3.03), and mental health conditions (AOR=2.19; 95% CI: 1.74-2.76), and three times as likely among patients with co-existing musculoskeletal disease as compared to those without these co-existing chronic conditions categories. Polypharmacy is common among patients with diabetes, with an even higher rate in the elderly patients. Health care providers can help in detecting polypharmacy and in providing recommendations for simplifying medication regimens and minimizing tablet-counts to enhance the outcome of diabetes care.

Risk Communication in Reducing Flood Risk in Jakarta

Jakarta is an area that is frequently facing flood. With its condition which is located in low plain, surely it will be a reception area of water flowing from upper plain around Jakarta. Human may strongly have a contribution in causing flood. Therefore, it needs a strategic effort to increase the awareness of Jakarta’s people to keep their environment from the danger of flood which in this case is the authority of BPBD DKI Jakarta (Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah/Regional Disaster Management Agency). This research base on communication sciences’ perspectives, especially the study of risk communication. Researchers use qualitative- descriptive approach. Interview and observation as primary data. While literary review and documentation as secondary data. To validate the data, the researchers use the technique of triangulation of method. The results of this research are that there are several steps in risk communication planning in reducing flood risk in Jakarta. The first step is to determine the purpose and objectives of saving lives, minimizing the impact and damage that may result from anticipation of flooding; Make the people of DKI Jakarta to know, be able, and do related to their awareness of flood risk. Next is to analyse the audience. All citizens of DKI have the right to get the same information. The third step is to build messages. In implementing communication messages to reduce flood risk, any information submitted must be clear, logical, and easy to understand. The fourth step is to determine the right method. BPBD DKI Jakarta divides into two categories of conditions. First, the method used to create communication messages during normal conditions. Secondly, the method used when the flood has occurred. The fifth step is setting the schedule. Regarding the schedule arrangement, BPBD DKI Jakarta refers to Law No. 24 Year of 2007 on Disaster Management. Schedule setting is done once a year by doing contingency plan which is in sub district level. The final step is to evaluate the risk communication effort. The evaluation is correlated with the contingency plan. This means that annual evaluations are carried out to determine whether flood mitigation and flood risk management are better or worse.