Categorical Perception Research Articles

PENGARUH SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING TIKTOK TERHADAP MINAT BELI KONSUMEN PADA PRODUK SCARLETT WHITENING

This study aims to determine and analyze: (1) The effect of Entertainment, Interaction, Trendiness, Customization, and e-WOM has a partial effect on Consumer Buying Interest in Scarlett Whitening products. (2) The effect of Entertainment, Interaction, Trendiness, Customization, and e-WOM simultaneously affects Consumer Buying Interest in Scarlett Whitening products. The number of samples is 50 respondents, and the sampling technique used was purposive. The data is collected using Google form questionnaires. The analysis techniques used are quantitative descriptive, Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, and hypothesis testing through t-test and F-test, using the SPSS 22 application. The results of the descriptive analysis show that overall respondents gave a high category perception assessment of Entertainment, Interaction, Trendiness, and Customization and a very high category perception assessment of e-WOM. The results of the t-test and F-test show that partially and simultaneously, Entertainment, Interaction, Trendiness, Customization, and e-WOM have a significant effect on Consumer Buying Interest. Based on the value of Adjusted R2 the contribution of the variables Entertainment, Interaction, Trendiness, Customization, and e-WOM toward Consumer Buying Interest are 97.2%. While 2.8% was influenced by other variables outside the focus of this study.
 Keywords: Entertainment; Interaction; Trendiness; Customization; e-WOM; Consumer Buying Interest

Assessing Spontaneous Categorical Processing of Visual Shapes via Frequency-Tagging EEG.

Categorization is an essential cognitive and perceptual process, which happens spontaneously. However, earlier research often neglected the spontaneous nature of this process by mainly adopting explicit tasks in behavioral or neuroimaging paradigms. Here, we use frequency-tagging (FT) during electroencephalography (EEG) in 22 healthy human participants (both male and female) as a direct approach to pinpoint spontaneous visual categorical processing. Starting from schematic natural visual stimuli, we created morph sequences comprising 11 equal steps. Mirroring a behavioral categorical perception discrimination paradigm, we administered a FT-EEG oddball paradigm, assessing neural sensitivity for equally sized differences within and between stimulus categories. Likewise, mirroring a behavioral category classification paradigm, we administered a sweep FT-EEG oddball paradigm, sweeping from one end of the morph sequence to the other, thereby allowing us to objectively pinpoint the neural category boundary. We found that FT-EEG can implicitly measure categorical processing and discrimination. More specifically, we could derive an objective neural index of the required level to differentiate between the two categories, and this neural index showed the typical marker of categorical perception (i.e., stronger discrimination across as compared with within categories). The neural findings of the implicit paradigms were also validated using an explicit behavioral task. These results provide evidence that FT-EEG can be used as an objective tool to measure discrimination and categorization and that the human brain inherently and spontaneously (without any conscious or decisional processes) uses higher-level meaningful categorization information to interpret ambiguous (morph) shapes.

Knowledge, risk perception and uptake of COVID-19 vaccination among internally displaced persons in complex humanitarian emergency setting, Northeast Nigeria

BackgroundOwing to crowded and unsanitary conditions, internally displaced persons (IDPs) have an increased risk of COVID-19 infection. Adoption of COVID-19 preventive measures among this population is premised on accurate information, adequate knowledge, and risk perception. We assessed COVID-19 knowledge and risk perception and investigated the association between risk perception and COVID-19 preventive measures, including vaccination among IDPs in Northeast Nigeria.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study during July–December 2022 and sampled 2,175 IDPs using stratified sampling. We utilized a 12-point assessment tool to evaluate COVID-19 knowledge. Participants who scored ≥ 6 points were considered to have adequate knowledge. We used a 30-item Risk Behavior Diagnosis Scale to assess COVID-19 risk perception and evaluated each item on a 5-point Likert scale. Participants were divided into risk perception categories by the median of Likert scale scores. We performed weighted logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with risk perception. Pearson’s chi-squared with Rao-Scott adjustment was used to determine the relationship between risk perception and COVID-19 preventive measures.ResultsOf 2,175 participants, 55.7% were 18–39 years old, 70.9% were females, and 81.7% had no formal education. Among the IDPs, 32.0% (95% CI: 28.8 – 35.0) were considered to have adequate COVID-19 knowledge, and 51.3% (95% CI: 47.8 – 54.8) perceived COVID-19 risk as high. Moreover, 46.3% (95% CI: 42.8 – 50.0) had received one dose of COVID-19 vaccine, and 33.1% (95% CI: 29.8 – 36.0) received two doses. Adequate knowledge (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.10, [95% CI: 1.46 – 3.03]) and post-primary education (AOR = 3.20, [95% CI: 1.59 – 6.46]) were associated with risk perception. Furthermore, high risk perception was significantly associated with wearing face masks (χ2 = 106.32, p-value < .001), practicing hand hygiene (χ2 = 162.24, p-value < .001), physical distancing (χ2 = 60.84, p-value < .001) and vaccination uptake (χ2 = 46.85, p-value < .001).ConclusionsThis study revealed gaps in COVID-19 knowledge, risk perception, and vaccination uptake but demonstrated a significant relationship between risk perception and COVID-19 preventive practices. Health education and risk communication should be intensified to improve knowledge, elicit stronger risk perception, and enhance COVID-19 preventive practices.

Pragmatic effects on the sentence-final intonation of answered wh-in-situ questions in French

AbstractThe final intonation in French wh-in-situ questions is subject to much debate. Although a wide variety of final pitch movements has been observed, recent studies generally agree on a tendency for final rises. In our study, we analysed the answered wh-in-situ questions (e.g. Tu veux savoir quoi ? – Tout ! ‘What do you want to know? – Everything!’) in a corpus of eleven audio books.For our analysis, we used perceptual classifications by three annotators. Annotations included not only the perception of final intonational movement (‘rise’/‘fall’/‘plateau’), but also string-related (wh-lexeme; ‘wh-word final’/‘wh-word non-final’) and pragmatic (‘information-seeking’/‘non-information-seeking’; ‘hierarchical’/‘non-hierarchical’) features.Our results show that a) even string-identical wh-in-situ questions can be pronounced with rises as well as falls and b) pragmatics affect the final pitch movement. If the speaker is hierarchically superior to the hearer, rises are less likely, and questions that are answered by the same speaker are even associated with a non-rising default. However, our data also suggest that pragmatic functions cannot be directly mapped to pitch movement. Information-seeking questions can be pronounced with all three final intonations and speakers may even choose opposite patterns for the same interrogative in the same context.

Perceptions of surveillance with magnetic resonance imaging among women with a hereditary risk of breast cancer-A phenomenographic study.

To explore perceptions of annual surveillance with magnetic resonance imaging and perceptions of care during the examination among women with a hereditary risk of breast cancer. Phenomenography. Fourteen face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured interview guide were conducted among women undergoing surveillance in the southern region of Sweden. A seven-step phenomenographic analysis with investigator triangulation was performed. 'Considering own risk of developing breast cancer', 'Entrusting oneself to surveillance' and 'Living in a cycle' represented descriptive categories of perceptions. Family narratives introduced comprehension of own risk of breast cancer, followed by appraisal of own benefits of participating in surveillance. Entrusting oneself to surveillance included handing over management of diagnostic examinations and dealing with practical issues and diverse emotions related to surveillance. Planning life based around surveillance, struggling with fluctuating emotions, also between the examinations and questioning own identity implied the perception of living in a cycle. Surveillance for hereditary breast cancer implies living in a cycle of dealing with fluctuating emotions and planning life based around surveillance. Comprehension of one's own risk for breast cancer arises from awareness in the family. Women value the surveillance programme and trust the healthcare system. Knowledge of women's perceptions of the surveillance programme and care is vital for supporting women in their decision-making on attendance and providing person-centred care during surveillance. A gap in explorative studies from the perspective of the individual woman in the context of surveillance for breast cancer and care in magnetic resonance imaging in surveillance was addressed. 'Considering own risk of developing breast cancer', 'Entrusting oneself to surveillance' and 'Living in a cycle' represented women's perceptions of surveillance and care. The study results have implications for person-centred care among women in the surveillance programme. No patient or public contribution.

Effects of an Informal Place-based Educational Program on Knowledge and Perceptions of Invasive Species Management

Invasive species can generate negative impacts environmentally, socially, and economically. The interplay between human and natural systems renders management a complex problem that must be addressed by decision-makers. Perceptions of invasive species issues varies depending on an individual’s access to information. Although invasive species and their management are often discussed in formal higher education, not all members of the population have access to a formal educational setting. Informal educational experiences may be a mechanism to reach out to community members in a more accessible and perhaps engaging way than traditional higher education classroom experiences. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an informal, place-based educational program on perceptions and knowledge of invasive species and their management within the community. Place-based education is a pedagogy connection local places with intimate knowledge of the systems, processes, and outcomes that give it meaning to human and non-human species. First, we organized and administered short walks in two central Texas, USA, parks with conversational lessons and hands-on learning experiences. Second, we administered a follow-up retrospective-reflective survey to measure participants’ knowledge and perceptions of invasive species management and postwalk/lesson changes in them. We also compared between the treatment group of participants versus a control group within the community who did not participate in the informal lessons. Fifty-two people participated in both the educational program walks and testing over the course of 1 year, and 63 people were included in the follow-up retrospective-reflective survey control group. Results indicate a statistically significant positive change in knowledge and perception categories within the treatment group. Post hoc results indicate a positive change in knowledge and perceptions in our sample as a function of treatment group members’ age and income, respectively. The methodology used in this study was simple and inexpensive. Hence, our approach could be easily replicated in other areas to educate community members.

Development of amplitude modulation, voice onset time, and consonant identification in noise and reverberation.

Children's speech understanding is vulnerable to indoor noise and reverberation: e.g., from classrooms. It is unknown how they develop the ability to use temporal acoustic cues, specifically amplitude modulation (AM) and voice onset time (VOT), which are important for perceiving distorted speech. Through three experiments, we investigated the typical development of AM depth detection in vowels (experiment I), categorical perception of VOT (experiment II), and consonant identification (experiment III) in quiet and in speech-shaped noise (SSN) and mild reverberation in 6- to 14-year-old children. Our findings suggested that AM depth detection using a naturally produced vowel at the rate of the fundamental frequency was particularly difficult for children and with acoustic distortions. While the VOT cue salience was monotonically attenuated with increasing signal-to-noise ratio of SSN, its utility for consonant discrimination was completely removed even under mild reverberation. The reverberant energy decay in distorting critical temporal cues provided further evidence that may explain the error patterns observed in consonant identification. By 11-14 years of age, children approached adult-like performance in consonant discrimination and identification under adverse acoustics, emphasizing the need for good acoustics for younger children as they develop auditory skills to process distorted speech in everyday listening environments.

Emergent communication of multimodal deep generative models based on Metropolis-Hastings naming game.

Deep generative models (DGM) are increasingly employed in emergent communication systems. However, their application in multimodal data contexts is limited. This study proposes a novel model that combines multimodal DGM with the Metropolis-Hastings (MH) naming game, enabling two agents to focus jointly on a shared subject and develop common vocabularies. The model proves that it can handle multimodal data, even in cases of missing modalities. Integrating the MH naming game with multimodal variational autoencoders (VAE) allows agents to form perceptual categories and exchange signs within multimodal contexts. Moreover, fine-tuning the weight ratio to favor a modality that the model could learn and categorize more readily improved communication. Our evaluation of three multimodal approaches - mixture-of-experts (MoE), product-of-experts (PoE), and mixture-of-product-of-experts (MoPoE)-suggests an impact on the creation of latent spaces, the internal representations of agents. Our results from experiments with the MNIST + SVHN and Multimodal165 datasets indicate that combining the Gaussian mixture model (GMM), PoE multimodal VAE, and MH naming game substantially improved information sharing, knowledge formation, and data reconstruction.

Do consumer perceptions of a product category relate to their sensory properties? A case study on energy bars with consumers of high and low familiarity

AbstractGoods in a market are typically presented in discrete categories so that consumers can easily find their way among the myriad of products available. However, sub‐categorical distinctions are often less clear. This study aimed to explore how consumer perceptions of products within a category relate to their sensory properties. By analyzing how consumers sorted energy bars and the vocabulary used to describe the resulting clusters, we found that consumers generally agree on how they perceive bars high in protein. However, energy bar consumers with high familiarity demonstrated greater levels of differentiation between clusters compared to energy bar consumers with low familiarity. They were also more consensual in their sorting. Furthermore, sensory properties were found to play a larger role in determining product clusters for consumers with high familiarity than with low familiarity. These findings shed light on the factors influencing consumer perception of energy bars. Additionally, this approach offers a simple way to investigate consumer perception of a product category and could be useful to marketers and product developers who wish to refine their offerings to better meet consumer expectations.Practical ApplicationsThe method for category appraisal described in this paper emphasizes consumer perception of products and factors, such as sensory properties and nutrition facts, that influence these perceptions. It departs from traditional approaches that focus on individual product descriptions and instead focuses on product groupings perceived by consumers. This approach allows for deeper insights to be obtained about product categories as a whole, which can inform effective marketing strategies and efficient product development.

Categorical Perception of Lexical Tones and Stops in Mandarin-Speaking Musicians and Nonmusicians

This study investigates the perception of Mandarin lexical tones and stops to examine the degree of overlap between music and language. Eighteen musicians and 21 nonmusicians participated in a typical categorical perception task. Results showed that musicians and nonmusicians had comparable degree of categorical perception of tones and stops. Compared to nonmusicians, musicians exhibited enhanced sensitivities to within-category lexical tone stimuli. However, this improved ability was not observed in the perception of stops. These findings imply that musical experience strengthens the acuity of subtle low-level acoustic variations between within-category lexical tone stimuli without interfering with the high-level phonological representations of lexical tones, and this facilitatory effect is selective and could not readily extend to stop consonants in native language.

A study on perceptions and practices of STEAM-based education with university students

The present survey-based study was conducted with (n = 317) university students in Lucknow city of India to examine their perceptions and practices about Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) education. The data was collected from students belongingto different academic streams including Science, Economics, Arts, Engineering, Architecture, Computer Sciences, and Business and Management etc. from different higher educational institutions of the city. The snowball sampling method was adopted for the study. A tool in the form of a 5-pointer rating scale with three categories viz. Awareness, Perception and Implementation along with two dimensions in the Awareness category, four dimensions in the Perception category and one dimension in the Implementation category was constructed to collect data with a total of 23 items which were related to majorly three mentioned categories and demographic information. Frequency data analysis and the Kruskal-Wallis H test were used for analysis. The findings showed that most students hold a positive perspective towards the advantages of STEAM in their learning process. Still, despite the positive perspective, significant differences in the perception and implementation category of STEAM-based education was seen. The teaching-learning process is not planned as per STEAM education and classroom teaching lacks in in-cooperating STEAM. A significant difference was observed in the perception and implementation of STEAM-based education. The study showed that more than 70 per cent of the students believed that STEAM-based Education may enhance deeper understanding, constructivist approach, professional efficiency and critical thinking. The findings also highlighted the positive role of STEAM Education in infusing aesthetic elements and holistic approach in students.

New food production technologies’ perception: Psychological barriers to consuming nonstandard protein sources

With an increasing population, the problem of shortage of food resources is growing. Modern production and agriculture can overcome this problem through the use of biotechnology. However, the growing demand for organic products is becoming an obstacle to mass production. In order to change consumer demand, the manufacturer needs to know the characteristics of consumer perception of various product categories. So in the case of organic goods, people are willing to overpay because of the feeling of their safety and health benefits. Low awareness of modern food production methods results in consumers refusing to choose products created through biotechnology. Including people are afraid to buy alternative sources of protein. The most popular substitute for natural meat is vegetable meat. Less popular but promising protein sources include insects, cultured meat, and 3D printed meat. Neophobia and aversion are barriers to the consumption of alternative protein sources. These barriers can be broken down through positive customer awareness of the product.

Visual Perception-Driven Renewal Design and Preservation of Traditional Industrial Heritage

Abstract Traditional industrial heritage is a non-renewable resource with significant research value. In this paper, the features in traditional industrial heritage images are fused based on the YOLOv5s method driven by computer visual perception. The visual perception speed is improved by adjusting the scaling factor in the attention mechanism module of normalized weights, and the model is further enhanced by designing the lattice loss function. Furthermore, the research employs the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to investigate the level of public visual perception of traditional industrial heritage. The results show that the frequency of public perception of the characteristic street category and macro-scale industrial heritage is higher, 25.38% and 40.11%, respectively, and there is a significant difference in terms of the public’s impression of traditional industrial heritage among different permanent residences (p=0.015&lt;0.05). The military-affiliated public had the highest mean perception score of 3.87 for traditional industrial heritage. The analysis of the public’s visual perception preference for industrial heritage sets the foundation for the renewal design of traditional industrial heritage and promotes the conservation process.

Students’ perception on preventive archaeological research in Timisoara

The research that has been carried out in recent years in the historical area of Timisoara constituted the context for conducting a sociological study regarding the perception of permanent residents and visitors of Timisoara, on these studies, both in terms of the legislative framework in which preventive archaeological investigations are carried out, their way of organization, but especially regarding their impact on the cultural heritage of the city. A separate category of subjects, individualized within the target group of the research, are the students. Our analysis follows the perception of 360 students, highlighting both their level of information and knowledge regarding the archaeological research carried out in Timisoara, but also their opinions regarding the impact and usefulness of this type of investigation for the cultural heritage and for the city of Timisoara. After analyzing the results, we could find that most students expressed themselves in favor of this type of archaeological investigation, perceived as necessary and useful, with an impact especially on local history, which should be restored and valued. The conclusions of the study are important in our opinion, as they reflect the perception of a significant category of the population, namely students (mostly young people, aged between 18-28).

Additional splint therapy has no superiority in myogenic temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Purpose Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are frequent stomatological disorders. However, their treatment is controversial. Therefore, we compared the efficacy of combination therapy (splint therapy along with physiotherapy, manual therapy, and counseling) with physiotherapy, manual therapy, and counseling alone. The extent of mouth opening and pain perception were the outcomes.Study selection Systematic searches for English publications were performed using four major literature databases (Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science). We included randomized controlled trials. We calculated mean differences with 95% confidence interval (CI) for pain perception and maximum mouth opening (MMO) for the two groups. The Hartung-Knapp adjustment was used for cases comprising at least five studies.Results Six articles were included in the pain perception category, and four were reviewed for MMO at baseline. Four articles assessed pain perception, and two assessed MMO at 1 month. Five articles were analyzed upon comparing pain perception at baseline and 1-month follow-up. The mean difference was -2.54 [95% CI: -3.38; to -1.70] in the intervention group and -2.33 [95% CI: -4.06; to -0.61] in the control group. Two articles were analyzed upon comparing MMO at baseline and 1-month follow-up. The mean difference in the intervention group was 3.69 [95% CI: -0.34; 7.72], whereas that in the control group was 3.62 [95% CI: -3.43; 10.67].Conclusions Both therapies can be used in the management of myogenic TMD. Due to the marginal differences between the baseline and 1-month values, our results could not confirm the efficacy of combination therapy.

Climate Optimization in Greenhouses Using the NARMA-L2 Model: An Advanced Integration of Environmental Variables

Agricultural systems, such as greenhouses, can be used to control environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, to increase output by employing traditional automation techniques. The advancement of science has resulted in the utilization of mathematical models to understand the behavior of data by analyzing its variability. The objective of this project is to validate a method for controlling temperature and humidity in controlled experimental environments using artificial intelligence and Neutrosophy. The transfer functions obtained from temperature and humidity readings gathered via a SCADA system are utilized. Neutrosophic numbers are used to adjust the temperature and humidity values based on the experimental conditions of the greenhouse, indicating the optimal, important, and sensitive ranges. The control system being investigated employs NARMA-L2 neural networks that belong to the multilayer perception category. This facilitates efficient system administration and showcases outstanding performance in simulations conducted across several temperature and humidity scenarios. The observed errors consistently remain below 5% and any instances of exceeding this threshold are insignificant.

Strength of predicted information content in the brain biases decision behavior

Prediction-for-perception theories suggest that the brain predicts incoming stimuli to facilitate their categorization.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 However, it remains unknown what the information contents of these predictions are, which hinders mechanistic explanations. This is because typical approaches cast predictions as an underconstrained contrast between two categories18,19,20,21,22,23,24-e.g., faces versus cars, which could lead to predictions of features specific to faces or cars, or features from both categories. Here, to pinpoint the information contents of predictions and thus their mechanistic processing in the brain, we identified the features that enable two different categorical perceptions of the same stimuli. We then trained multivariate classifiers to discern, from dynamic MEG brain responses, the features tied to each perception. With an auditory cueing design, we reveal where, when, and how the brain reactivates visual category features (versus the typical category contrast) before the stimulus is shown. We demonstrate that the predictions of category features have a more direct influence (bias) on subsequent decision behavior in participants than the typical category contrast. Specifically, these predictions are more precisely localized in the brain (lateralized), are more specifically driven by the auditory cues, and their reactivation strength before a stimulus presentation exerts a greater bias on how the individual participant later categorizes this stimulus. By characterizing the specific information contents that the brain predicts and then processes, our findings provide new insights into the brain's mechanisms of prediction for perception.

Dissociative Effects of Age on Neural Differentiation at the Category and Item Levels.

Increasing age is associated with age-related neural dedifferentiation, a reduction in the selectivity of neural representations, which has been proposed to contribute to cognitive decline in older age. Recent findings indicate that when operationalized in terms of selectivity for different perceptual categories, age-related neural dedifferentiation and the apparent age-invariant association of neural selectivity with cognitive performance are largely restricted to the cortical regions typically recruited during scene processing. It is currently unknown whether this category-level dissociation extends to metrics of neural selectivity defined at the level of individual stimulus items. Here, we examined neural selectivity at the category and item levels using multivoxel pattern similarity analysis (PSA) of fMRI data. Healthy young and older male and female adults viewed images of objects and scenes. Some items were presented singly, while others were either repeated or followed by a "similar lure." In agreement with recent findings, category-level PSA revealed robustly lower differentiation in older than in younger adults in scene-selective, but not object-selective, cortical regions. By contrast, at the item level, robust age-related declines in neural differentiation were evident for both stimulus categories. Additionally, we identified an age-invariant association between category-level scene selectivity in the parahippocampal place area and subsequent memory performance, but no such association was evident for item-level metrics. Lastly, category- and item-level neural metrics were uncorrelated. Thus, the present findings suggest that age-related category- and item-level dedifferentiation depend on distinct neural mechanisms.

A comparison of stimulus fading and stimulus shaping on perceptual category learning.

Errorless learning strategies such as stimulus fading and stimulus shaping are commonly used to teach complex skills like categorisation and concept formation. Despite widespread use, very few studies have explored the comparative effectiveness of these procedures in well-controlled analyses. The vast majority of existing studies have been undertaken with clinical populations and have involved small numbers of participants (e.g., Single-case designs). The present study sought to compare stimulus fading, stimulus shaping, and trial-and-error learning in a perceptual categorisation task. In Experiment 1, we found robust benefits of stimulus shaping when compared to stimulus fading or trial-and-error learning on measures of initial acquisition of discrimination and one measure of stimulus generalisation. These findings were replicated in a second experiment in which the dimension of fading/shaping was changed from a modification of the comparison stimuli (S-) to a modification of the target stimulus (S +). We discuss the implications of our findings for the selection of errorless learning strategies in clinical settings.

Persepsi Siswa terhadap Metode Mengajar Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam pada Siswa SMPN 3 Tanjung Medan

This research aims to determine students' perceptions of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers' teaching methods for students at SMPN 3 Tanjung Medan. This research method uses descriptive quantitative methods. The population of this study was 81 students who were Muslim at SMPN 3 Tanjung Medan. The sampling technique uses Total Sampling, therefore the population and sample have the same number, namely 81 students. Data were collected using an open questionnaire and a scale of students' perceptions of the teacher's teaching methods which were measured using a Likert scale. The data analysis method used is descriptive analysis. Based on the results of data analysis, the research results show that students' perceptions are in the categories of 32.1% dissatisfied, 30.8% satisfied, 27.2% very dissatisfied, and 9.9% very satisfied. Therefore, it can be concluded that the most dominant student perception is dissatisfied at 32.1% and the lowest perception category is very satisfied at 9.9%.