Principles Of Categorization Research Articles

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR TUNNELS REGARDING THE TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS (ADR)

<p class="ABSTRACT"><span class="rynqvb"><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">EU Tunnel Directive 2004/54/EC aims to ensure a minimum level of safety for users in road tunnels in the Trans-European Road Network. EU member states are required to develop, at national level, their own detailed methodology for tunnel risk assessment. Along with that, ADR as the UN regulation in the field of dangerous good transportation by road, contains provisions concerning restrictions on the passage of vehicles carrying dangerous goods in road tunnels. Tunnel category A-E is assigned to each tunnel on the transport route, which regulate the types of dangerous goods to be allowed to go through the tunnel in order to avoid any hazards with major consequences. In this paper, basic principles of risk assessment and categorization of tunnels in accordance.</span></span></p>

Виды родства и их категоризация в разных лингвокультурах (на материале русского, кабардинского и английского языков)

The aim of the study is to identify the principles of categorization of kinship in different languacultures – Russian, Kabardian and English. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, with the involvement of the Kabardian language, a comparative analysis of the conceptualization of kinship and kinship relations in the worldviews of the languages under consideration was carried out. As a result of the study, similarities and differences were identified in the principles of understanding kinship created on the basis of the presence of common immediate ancestors (kinship by blood), as well as established as a result of marital family relations (kinship by marriage). It was revealed that in the Russian and English linguistic consciousness, kinship is conceptualized broadly, according to which the general terms designating this category (cf. ‘родство’ и ‘kinship’) simultaneously serve to nominate kinship by blood and marriage. Moreover, it was found that in the Kabardian language, there is no general term that conceptually correlates with Russian and English units, both as scientific and everyday terms. Instead, the Kabardian language has two specific terms denoting kinship by blood and marriage, respectively.

System relations in Russian vocabulary as a reflection of the mechanism of knowledge categorization

The article examines the issues of systemic semantic organization of vocabulary from the point of view of how they reflect the principles of categorization of knowledge about reality. Different principles that underlie the systemic organization of semantic paradigms of different types are shown. Some principles of categorization are reflected in the semantic structure of a single word, as well as a specific paradigm that captures the result of categorization of one fragment of reality. It is shown that the principles of knowledge categorization in this case reflect the objective features of the denotation in its perception by consciousness. Other principles of knowledge categorization are revealed when comparing different types of semantic paradigms (lexical-semantic group, lexical-semantic field, associative-semantic field, derivational-semantic field), including those that categorize knowledge about the same denotative field. The principles of categorization, identified on the basis of a comparison of interword semantic relations within the framework of paradigms of different types, are to a greater extent universal and relate to the cognition of any or many denotative areas. A comparison of relationships between lexical units in different types of semantic paradigms confirms the fact of multiple categorization of knowledge about the same reality as a principle of categorization of knowledge about the world. This conclusion follows from the picture of multiple intersections of different types of paradigms, which include the same lexical units. Comparison of systemic organization of semantic paradigms of different types more fully reveals the mechanism of systematizing activity of consciousness – categorization and conceptualization of knowledge in the world picture of linguistic community.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ПОВЕРХНІ ПОКРИТТЯ ДОРОЖНЬОГО ОДЯГУ СТАНДАРТНІ МЕТОДИ ВИМІРЮВАННЯ

Abstract. The texture of a road pavement surface and its skid resistance which concerns its ability to resist the vehicle wheel skidding have been accepted worldwide as the road safety criterion. These characteristics are interconnected in that the texture affects the skid resistance. The goal of the paper is to carry out the comparative analysis of valid road safety and performance parameters and its dependence on the road pavement surface texture and the comparative analysis of international and regional standard methods of road surface texture and skid resistance measurements covering methods acceptable for the road network survey. The main principles of the road pavement surface texture categorization were analyzed with its ranging as micro-, macro- and megatexture where the microtexture parameters sufficiently influence adhesion between pavement and tire especially in wet conditions. It was stated also that the macro- and megatexture parameters govern the rolling resistance and dynamic effect where the last is attributable to the comparable dimensions of the megatexture wavelength and the tire footprint and also affects the increase in loading that may be equal to the additive ESALs up to 40 %. The high-range wavelength roughness exceeding λ = 500 mm should be viewed as the road surface unevenness, as the feature negatively governing the vehicle road-holding ability. Also the contemporary high-performance techniques and methods for the road pavement surface skid resistance determination were reviewed and it was shown that these method and the according equipment should be divided as performing the longitudinal friction measurements or the side-way force measurements to be carried out under conditions that allow the investigators to distinguish the contribution made by the road pavement surface characteristics to the friction force. The possibilities of the usage of the results of the mathematical analysis of the road surface profile survey were analyzed separately and it was shown that the power spectral density can be accepted as a valid parameter for non-direct estimation of the road surface texture through international roughness index IRI. Keywords: road pavement, surface texture, profilometer, skid resistance, slid angle, friction coefficient, international roughness index.

A Morpho-Syntactic Analysis of Gender-Fair Language in Advertisements of Cosmetic Products in Ghana

Gender-fair language challenges and dismantles prevailing societal gender preconceptions. Cosmetic advertisements have been criticized for unfair language choices that perpetuate gender stereotypes. This study is a morphosyntactic examination of gender-fair language in cosmetic advertisements. The social constructionist theory underpins the study. Thirty (30) product packages and labels for the Ghanaian market were used in this qualitative descriptive survey. Gendered terms were analyzed on the morphological level using Quirk et al.’s (1985) functional principle of word categorization. The data collected revealed that Gender-unfair language is prevalent in cosmetic advertisements. Product names, descriptions and claims often use gendered nouns, pronouns, adjectives, phrases of different types and imperative clauses. This reinforces the idea that certain beauty concerns and products are exclusively tailored to specific genders. Gender-unfair language in cosmetic advertisements results in a limited representation of beauty ideals and practices. The use of inclusive language and representations that challenge gender stereotypes and promote diversity was recommended for cosmetic advertisers. The paper provides insight into academic discourse and practical approaches in gender, communication and marketing studies. Keywords: Advertisements, Cosmetics, Gender-Fair Language, Stereotype, Morphosyntactic

Классификация наук в контексте постнеклассической рациональности

The present article addresses the science classification problem in the context of modern postnonclassical in-tellectual culture. The aim of the article is a brief philosophical analysis of approaches to the classification of sciences and characterization of their application for solving applied problems of systematization of modern science. In the first part of the article using the material of classical systems of scientific knowledge proposed by Aristotle, F. Bacon, G.W. Leibniz, the fundamental principles of categorization of sciences are considered, assuming the reflection of the ontological structure of the surrounding world. Since postnonclassical science is a dynamic system, a combination of analytical (a priori, theoretical) and synthetic (posteriori, empirical) ap-proaches is proposed to solve modern applied problems of science systematization. The second part of the article discusses some shortcomings and practical recommendations for the compilation of scientific classifica-tions. The main emphasis is stressed on the need to reflect interdisciplinary research. To sum up, conclusions dwells upon the fact that in the context of postnonclassical rationality universal classification of sciences is un-attainable, but there is a need for philosophical search of techniques for realization of applied tasks of modern sciences classification.

Domestic – Foreign – Intercultural: Pragmatics of Translation (On the Material of the Texts Devoted to S. Diaghilev’s Artworks)

The article deals with the linguistic representation of the linguoculturological triad "domestic – foreign – intercultural" as part of the theory of reflective and translation turns developed by D. Bachmann-Medick. Globalization has transformed the principle of binary categorization and mapped out the possibility of their synthesis and formation of a third space of communication. The purpose of the study is to analyze and describe translation strategies and techniques used for the transfer of intercultural meanings that create a third space in the perception of the global recipientt, where neither basic, nor adaptive culture markers are preserved. The empirical basis of the study is represented with the original and translated texts of international artistic festivals, memoirs of Russian and foreign artists, as well as the verbal content of news online platforms dedicated to the 150 th birth anniversary of S.P. Diaghilev. As a result of the analysis, three key strategies for the translation of linguistic-and-cultural units have been identified: domestication, foreignization and intercultural mediation. They are interchangeably used in the process of translating the Russian texts under consideration. However, owing to the communicative task of original texts – to convey the specifics of Russian culture and include national art in the world cultural fund, the strategy of intercultural mediation is the most frequently used one. This strategy is implemented through the use of Gallicisms in translated English and German texts, international vocabulary, and elimination of national and cultural specifics. It has been shown that a translator's individual style is imposed on the systemic and cultural specifics of natural languages.

(221) Proposal to add a new Recommendation after Article 38, with the advice to report local/indigenous vernacular names (if available) of new taxa and to use such names, if appropriate, in scientific nomenclature

Vernacular names and ethnobiological classifications of plants, fungi and other organisms form a valid ethnobotanical/ethnobiological system that is independent of, but at the same time complementary to, the system of scientific biological nomenclature (see Berlin, Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of Categorization of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies. 2014; Heenan & al. in New Zealand J. Bot. 59: 291–322. 2021; McGlone & al. in New Zealand J. Bot. 60: 215–226. 2022; and references therein). However, many scientific (Latin/latinized) names of organisms are based on or derived from ancient Greek or Latin vernacular names (Stearn, Bot. Latin, ed. 3. 1983), while some other scientific names use vernacular names of organisms in other languages. Wright & Gillman (in Taxon 71: 6–10. 2022; see also Gillman & Wright in Commun. Biol. 3: 609. 2020) proposed to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018) by allowing the retroactive replacement of scientific names and/or epithets of plants and other organisms in favour of “indigenous names”, meaning vernacular names used by indigenous peoples. These ideas received much public attention and were discussed or criticized in several publications (see Knapp & al. in Taxon 69: 1409–1410. 2020; Heenan & al., l.c.; Palma & Heath in Bionomina 22: 32–38. 2021; McGlone & al., l.c.); see also detailed, critical comments by Mosyakin (in Taxon, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12837, and references therein). However, we understand that for many people the recognition of traditional knowledge of plants, fungi, and algae and the reflection of local/indigenous vernacular names of those organisms in scientific nomenclature is indeed important. In partial response to these sentiments and concerns, we propose the following new Recommendation to be added after Art. 38. “38F.1. When describing new taxa that have existing local or indigenous vernacular names, authors are advised to report these names and associated information on traditional knowledge in the protologue and, if appropriate and feasible, to use the local or indigenous vernacular names in forming the scientific names of new taxa.” The present proposal does not encourage any rejection or replacement of existing legitimate names with “indigenous” ones (as suggested by Wright & Gillman, l.c. and Gillman & Wright, l.c.). We strongly believe that Art. 51.1 of the Code, stating that “A legitimate name must not be rejected merely because it, or its epithet, is inappropriate or disagreeable, or because another is preferable or better known (but see Art. 56.1 and F.7.1), or because it has lost its original meaning”, should remain in full force. We are grateful to Nicholas J. Turland (Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany) for his valuable advice and editorial improvements.

Principles of Categorization: A Synthesis

The present article explores the nature of categorization and its role in shaping our relationship with reality. Drawing on Jens Mammen's distinction between sense categories and choice categories, and Eleanor Rosch's principles of categorization, I examine how our attitudes and modes of engagement with categories can reveal important insights relevant not only to psychology but other scientific fields as well. Furthermore, I argue that the connection between sense and choice categories can be traced by examining atypical instances and non-basic-level categories, which highlight the role of subjects embedded in particular situations. In general, categorization is an active process, influenced by our interests and commitments, even though it does not always appear as such. By correcting biases in our treatment of concepts and categories, we can ultimately correct our biases in scientific practices, thus revealing the entanglement of categorization with broader epistemological issues.

Basic Level Categorisation and the Law

This article probes the usefulness of the notion of basic level categorisation for legal theory. Basic level categorisation is the central part of the vertical dimension of Eleanor Rosch’s prototype theory. It addresses the question about the various levels of abstraction at which humans can categorise the world. Extensive anthropological, psychological and linguistic research has proven that there is a preferable level of abstraction, namely the basic level, at which primary categorical cuts of the perceived world are made. Three areas of legal theory are identified when applying these findings. The first is the area of visualisation of legal rules. The notion of basic level categories addresses some of the known problems of discrepancies between the visualisation of a rule and its verbal description. The second is the area of statutory interpretation. Many famous cases of interpretive doubts are resolved around superordinate categories in statutory language. Categories of this level of abstraction are less contrastive than basic level categories, thus resulting in more potential for borderline cases and more reliance on functional methods in their classification. The third is the area of legislative drafting. The way in which the law categorises the world often invalidates two principles of categorisation identified by Rosch, namely cognitive economy and perceived world structure. In order to successfully enhance the comprehensibility of legal texts, it is necessary to go beyond the purely linguistic level and address the problem of legal categorisation.

The Emergence of Cultural Attractors: How Dynamic Populations of Learners Achieve Collective Cognitive Alignment.

When a population exhibits collective cognitive alignment, such that group members tend to perceive, remember, and reproduce information in similar ways, the features of socially transmitted variants (i.e., artifacts, behaviors) may converge over time towards culture-specific equilibria points, often called cultural attractors. Because cognition may be plastic, shaped through experience with the cultural products of others, collective cognitive alignment and stable cultural attractors cannot always be taken for granted, but little is known about how these patterns first emerge and stabilize in initially uncoordinated populations. We propose that stable cultural attractors can emerge from general principles of human categorization and communication. We present a model of cultural attractor dynamics, which extends a model of unsupervised category learning in individuals to a multiagent setting wherein learners provide the training input to each other. Agents in our populations spontaneously align their cognitive category structures, producing emergent cultural attractor points. We highlight three interesting behaviors exhibited by our model: (1) noise enhances the stability of cultural category structures; (2) short 'critical' periods of learning early in life enhance stability; and (3) larger populations produce more stable but less complex attractor landscapes, and cliquish network structure can mitigate the latter effect. These results may shed light on how collective cognitive alignment is achieved in the absence of shared, innate cognitive attractors, which we suggest is important to the capacity for cumulative culturalevolution.

The Arabic Root and the Peculiarities of Its Language Categorization (Structure and Inflection)

This article discusses the peculiarities of the Arabic root, its phonemic structure, and morphological categorization. The pure appearance of the Arabic root in language categorization allows you to separate the onomatopoeic feature of inflectional structure and phonetic rules of the Arabic language by which the root is categorized. This phenomenon of meaningful consonant phonemes in the Arabic roots makes the theory of onomatopoeia practicable not just only in Arabic but also in other Semitic languages. Moreover, the first consonant of an Arabic root usually contains the word's primary, essential meaning, and the second and third lookup. Also, in this work, it is noted that the grammar of the Arabic language has many features aimed at preserving the “purity” of the language and ensuring its continuity. It means that Arabic grammar is working as a trusted keeper of Arabic; therefore, the rules of this phenomenon are well prepared by old Arab grammarians. The Arabic root can show very useful organized peculiarities making Arabic so easy to understand and makes the Arabic words formed systematically. The article reveals “the Arabic law of language self-defense” and its basic rules, such as the principle of progressive language categorization.

From reversible programming languages to reversible metalanguages

During the past decade reversible programming languages have been formalized using various established semantics frameworks. However, these semantics fail to effectively specify the distinct properties of reversible languages at the metalevel, even including the central question of whether the defined language is reversible. In this paper, we build a metalanguage foundation for reversible languages from categorical principles, based on the category of sets and partial injective functions. We exemplify our approach by a step-by-step development of the full semantics of an r-Turing complete reversible while-language with recursive procedures. The use of the metalanguage leads to a formalization of the reversible semantics. A language defined in the metalanguage is guaranteed to have reversibility and inverse semantics. Also, program inverters for this language are obtained for free. We further discuss applications and directions for reversible semantics.

Somatic (personal) rights: conceptual and categorical principles

In the context of the research topic, the author focused on the conceptual and categorical apparatus. The focus is on the issues of "somatic" and "personal" categories in the context of human rights. It is established that there is no consensus on the content and terminology of such rights. Moreover, the terminological aspect seems to us no less important, because semantic unambiguity in law is a necessity that avoids contradictions between the definition of the term and its legal essence, difficulties in interpreting the laws. Violation of the requirement of uniformity in definitions leads to the emergence of "terminological polysemy".
 It is noted that despite a number of scientific approaches to the problem of personal rights, diversity of opinion and radically different understanding of the purposes of recognition of these rights by morals, ethics, religion, politics, studied in terms of law and philosophy, it follows that these rights are different close connection with fundamental rights and the physiological essence of man, dependence on progress in biomedicine, is the product of modern society, require an appropriate mechanism of legal support and, undoubtedly, is a large group of human rights. Personal (somatic) rights need to determine a worthy place in the human rights system and the system of Ukrainian and international law.
 The author considers it appropriate to use the term "somatic rights" and not "personal", first, because of the explanation of the danger of possible pluralism in socio-humanitarian knowledge and the terminological similarity of the definition of "personal" rights with "personal" human rights and, according to -second, due to the fact that substantiating the legal scientific nature of the term "personal" rights, the main semantic load is precisely the word "personality"; these are rights that have an individual, "purely personal character."

СПЕЦИФИКА ЯЗЫКОВОГО ОФОРМЛЕНИЯ КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНОГО СОДЕРЖАНИЯ РЕФЕРЕНТНОЙ ОБЛАСТИ «СЛЕДСТВЕННЫЕ ДЕЙСТВИЯ» В РУССКОМ И АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ УГОЛОВНО-ПРОЦЕССУАЛЬНОГО КОДЕКСА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ И ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫХ ПРАВИЛ УГОЛОВНОГО СУДОПРОИЗВОДСТВА СОЕДИНЕННЫХ ШТАТОВ АМЕРИКИ)

The article elicits the results of the study of nominative units pertinent to the reference zone “Investigative actions” in Russian and English from the perspective of dominant nomination mechanisms, syntagmatic models of expanding the structure of nominal and verbal phrases within complex nominatives, word-formation methods characteristic of the units under study. The language aspects manifesting themselves in both languages are singled out in the articles of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure of the United States of America devoted to the order of investigative actions. These aspects are determined by the selectivity of the language means used in the legal sphere of communication. The differences are also shown as determined by the specific structure of Russian and English. The nominative items are considered under the functional-role principle of categorization within the conceptual field “Investigative actions”...

Transgender Athletes and Principles of Sport Categorization: Why Genealogy and the Gendered Body Will Not Help

ABSTRACT This paper offers a discussion of the rationale for the creation of sports categorization criteria based on sporting genealogy and the gendered body, as proposed by Torres et al. in their article ‘Beyond Physiology: Embodied Experience, Embodied Advantage, and the Inclusion of Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sport’. The strength of their ‘phenomenological’ account lies in its complex account of human experience; but this is also what makes it impractical and difficult to operationalize. Categorization rather requires simplicity and practicability, if it is to be applied to all athletes (and not exceptionally to transgender athletes). This discussion helps us to formulate three general principles for the process of categorization of athletes, relating to fairness, verifiability and practicability.

TERMINOLOGICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE «ВЛАДА» (“POWER”) CONCEPT: FRAME BASED ANALYSIS

The concept of power is absolutely central to any understanding of society and human relations. Most people have an intuitive notion of what it means. But what about scientists? How is the power defined in politology? What is the political term влада used for? What are the features of this concept? The present study is aimed to answer, how the concept of power is represented in the scientific language of politologists, which language means are used to represent this notion in the Ukrainian terminology. The research of the concept “power” is carried out from the standpoint of cognitive terminology. It is based on several complementary methods and theoretical approaches, including, but not limited to the frame semantic theory and the theory of conceptual metaphor. Extensive lexical material was used for the investigation. The linguistic data of the study has been obtained from multiple sources such as Ukrainian terminological dictionaries, encyclopedias and scientific texts (monographs, dissertations and scientific articles). The structure of the politological concept “power” is modeled with the help of the frame. It consists of the following basic components (slots): “getting / loosing”, “control”, “subject”, “object”, “instrument” and “result”. All of the slots are represented in the semantic structure of lexical units used to nominate or describe the concepts. The peculiarities of their verbal representation are described. The results obtained in the research may prove to be useful in a much broader context of studies – the inquiry into the principles of human categorization and conceptualization

Financial policy regarding the categorization of individual investors in Russia and the area of protecting their interests

Development of modern economy and financial market is impossible without involving the mass investor in investment processes. This is the goal of the state's financial market policy. The need to preserve savings in the face of a reduction in the key rate, and therefore a decrease in interest, encourages individuals to invest more actively in securities. New investors come to the securities market, but they are not always able to adequately assess the risk of investing in securities. To reduce the risks of individual investors, there is used a categorization mechanism, which divides them into qualified and unqualified investors, but requires improvement. Based on the analysis, it is proved that the categorization of investors cannot be limited by the regulation of the criteria for their differentiation and requires specifying the areas of protection of the interests and rights of investors. The study is based on the pragmatic Solow-Williamson methodology and a systematic approach. The indicators of investor activity and indicators characterizing the degree of investor protection in the Russian securities market are analyzed. As a result, the problems of modern categorization of individual investors in the Russian Federation are identified and analyzed. The main areas of protection of investors' interests and rights are identified, including: the choice of a financial instrument; ensuring ownership of financial instruments; transactions with financial instruments; protection from misseling; disclosure of information by issuers and professional subjects of financial markets; illegal actions of professional subjects of financial markets in relation to financial risks and protection tools. Areas of protection of investors' interests and rights are correlated with risks and protection tools. There were defined basic principles of categorization of investors-individuals.

METHODOLOGY ENSURING BALANCED DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES ON THE PRINCIPLES OF COMPLIMENTARILY

Topicality. The one main task of Ukrainian industrial enterprises is to increase their efficiency and balanced development. That task encourages industrial entrepreneurs to constantly search for reserves and ways to improve efficiency use resources under their control. Essence problem ensuring balanced development of industrial enterprises is it balanced development is still a complex process that is achieved through continuous provision of expanded reproduction productive capital, which cannot be done without realizing need for complimentarily use available reserves in financial, material and innovation subsystems. Aim and tasks. The aim of article is researched and developed methodology ensuring the balanced development of an industrial enterprise on the principles of complimentarily. Research results. Author presents the results study on the definition of the categorical apparatus, functions, principles and methodological approaches methodology balanced development of the industrial enterprise on the principles of complimentarily. Conclusion. Any industrial enterprise is a production socio-economic system. Ensuring the balanced development of this system is not possible without compliance with the principles of complimentarily - the basic rules that allow reproduction expanded production capital of industrial enterprises and are manifested in coherence, complimentarily, interaction and interdependence of financial, material, labor and innovation components. Balanced development of an industrial enterprise, in contrast to equilibrium functioning and stable development, is a process of successive change of states of this system, each of which is better than the previous one in such interdependent, interacting, complementary and coordinated financial, material, labor and innovation components to ensure the continuity of expanded reproduction of its productive capital. Complimentarily in context balanced development involves use of reserves, rather than the potential of one component of the industrial enterprise other component, which focuses on the absolute use of the whole system to maximize the implementation of balanced development (achieving expanded reproduction).

A step forward in understandingpas: the post-verbal negator in Old Occitan from the perspective of communication and rhetorical strategizing

AbstractIn recent years, within the cognitive linguistics approach there has been a trend of scholarly research committed to exploring the motivation for language change. The way in which people use language in communication, together with principles of human categorization, are the locus where language change and innovations are to be found. Interactional contexts in particular, seen as playing a crucial role in bringing about syntactic change (Traugott 2010b), have figured prominently in recent contributions on diachronic micro-changes, bringing to the fore the role played by dialogue as both the manifestation of the participants’ own voices and the realization of the constant negotiation that characterizes human communication. Against this background, this contribution focuses on a particular use of the Occitan post-verbal negatorpasin negative rhetorical questions, which was very productive in fifteenth-century collections of religious theatrical texts. It is claimed that these dialogic contexts allowed a polyphonic use ofpas, crucially restricted to this post-verbal negator, which is key to identifying the reasons behind the eventual establishment ofpasas the generalized sentential negator in the modern language.