Categorical Level Research Articles

Improving production sequencing in the age of Industry 4.0: A mathematical launching model approach

Purpose: To enhance enterprise efficiency, this study examines the pivotal role of operations management in optimizing the use of materials, technology, equipment, and personnel, especially within the transformative framework of Industry 4.0.Design/methodology/approach: This article investigates operational preparation in the context of Industry 4.0. Through questionnaires and interviews with stakeholders, problems related to operational preparation were identified. To address these problems, a launching model was developed for production systems. The model considers several parameters important for the production process, including business goals, customer needs, and environmental conditions that impact enterprise performance and profit.Findings: The model determines the importance of jobs to be performed in a certain order to optimize production sequence. The proposed parameters are included in a mathematical-algorithmic launching model based on categorical levels related to the production process, such as profit, delivery times, processing times, total number of technological operations, product types, materials, required quality, product complexity, and resource use. The model was developed based on observations and investigations conducted in Kosovo's enterprises on operations research, and it has the potential to significantly improve production efficiency and profitability in the Industry 4.0 era.Practical implications: The findings of this study have practical implications for operations management within the Industry 4.0 framework, proposing a launching model designed to optimize production processes and enhance efficiency.Originality/value: The originality and value of this research lie in the development of a mathematical-algorithmic launching model that addresses operational preparation in the Industry 4.0 context, taking into account various crucial parameters.

Probing the link between vision and language in material perception using psychophysics and unsupervised learning.

We can visually discriminate and recognize a wide range of materials. Meanwhile, we use language to describe what we see and communicate relevant information about the materials. Here, we investigate the relationship between visual judgment and language expression to understand how visual features relate to semantic representations in human cognition. We use deep generative models to generate images of realistic materials. Interpolating between the generative models enables us to systematically create material appearances in both well-defined and ambiguous categories. Using these stimuli, we compared the representations of materials from two behavioral tasks: visual material similarity judgments and free-form verbal descriptions. Our findings reveal a moderate but significant correlation between vision and language on a categorical level. However, analyzing the representations with an unsupervised alignment method, we discover structural differences that arise at the image-to-image level, especially among ambiguous materials morphed between known categories. Moreover, visual judgments exhibit more individual differences compared to verbal descriptions. Our results show that while verbal descriptions capture material qualities on the coarse level, they may not fully convey the visual nuances of material appearances. Analyzing the image representation of materials obtained from various pre-trained deep neural networks, we find that similarity structures in human visual judgments align more closely with those of the vision-language models than purely vision-based models. Our work illustrates the need to consider the vision-language relationship in building a comprehensive model for material perception. Moreover, we propose a novel framework for evaluating the alignment and misalignment between representations from different modalities, leveraging information from human behaviors and computational models.

Individual differences in categorization development: The mediation of executive functions and factual knowledge, the case of food.

Cognitive mechanisms underpinning categorization development are still debated, either resulting from knowledge accretion or an increase in cognitive control. To disentangle the respective influence of accumulated factual knowledge and executive functions (inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) on (a) the development of categorization abilities in the food domain and (b) differences in this development by child characteristics (i.e., food neophobia), we conducted two experiments. The first experiment assessed 4-6-year-old children's (n = 122) ability to taxonomically categorize food at the superordinate level of categorization. The second experiment tested 3-6-year-old children's (n = 100) ability to cross-categorize the same food according to two different relationships alternatively (i.e., taxonomic and thematic). Results indicate that accumulated factual knowledge and executive functions mediated both the effect of age and the effect of food neophobia on categorization performance. Notably, the specific executive functions involved may vary depending on the categorization abilities tested, whereas world knowledge was always a prerequisite. Overall, this research highlights the complex interplay between accumulated factual knowledge, executive functions, and child characteristics in shaping the development of categorization abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Coping model, personality traits, social support and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a post-hoc analysis of a randomized trial.

Carrying out dialysis at home brings non-medical factors, including social support, or caretaker relationship, and internal features relevant to personality into the forefront. Inthis study, we aimed to explore the relationship between coping strategies of patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and health outcomes. Our post-hoc analysis was based on one previous randomized controlled trial that enrolled 150 incident patients who started CAPD from December 2010 to June 2016. All patients were followed until withdrawal from PD or May 4, 2023. Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire (MCMQ) was examined, evaluating the dominant method of coping (avoidance, acceptance-resignation, or confrontation) demonstrated by patients, in addition to Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Among the three mechanisms of coping, avoidance, at both the continuous and categorical variable levels, was significantly predictive of all-cause mortality. This relationship remained unchanged after adjustmentfor clinical covariates. Meanwhile, the high tertile of acceptance-resignation and other scores of confrontation independently predicted lower death risks after adjustment of the aforementioned variables. Avoidance and confrontation levels also independently predicted first-episode peritonitis. No associations between coping modes and transfer to hemodialysis were observed. Social support and personality were found to be confounders for the predictive effect of coping on all-cause mortality and first-episode peritonitis. Coping models were independently related to all-cause mortality and first-episode peritonitis among CAPD patients, confounded by their associations with social support and personality. Our findings strengthen the need to integrate coping strategies into the practice of patient-centered care.

Diagnostic accuracy and clinical impact of renal biopsy cytology.

The role of fine needle biopsy cytology in the workup of renal mass lesions remains controversial. With advances in imaging technology and clinical management for renal masses, a critical reevaluation of the role of renal biopsy is needed. This study was designed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the performance and clinical impact of fine needle biopsy in patients with renal masses. A 5-year retrospective study of ultrasound or computer tomography (CT)-guided fine needle biopsies of renal masses diagnosed via cytopathology was conducted. Overall diagnostic rate, sensitivity, and diagnostic accuracy were calculated. Further analysis of the impact of fine needle biopsy cytology on clinical management was performed. A total of 227 cases of fine-needle aspiration and/or biopsy (FNA/B) of renal masses were identified, including 76 with subsequent nephrectomies. Complications were rare (<1%). The diagnostic rate and sensitivity of FNA/B were 83.3% and 89.5%, respectively. Diagnostic accuracy was 98.7% at the major categorical level and 94.7% at the tumor subtype level. Subsequent clinical actions were associated with a definitive cytologic diagnosis of malignancy/neoplasia (p < .05) and were affected by tumor subtype (p < .05). This study demonstrates that FNA/B of renal masses is a safe and reliable minimally invasive diagnostic tool with excellent accuracy in confirmation of malignancy and subclassification of tumors. Diagnoses made on FNA/B play a key role in guiding a personalized clinical treatment plan.

Incidence of post-operative delirium increases as severity of frailty increases.

The surgical population is ageing and often frail. Frailty increases the risk for poor post-operative outcomes such as delirium, which carries significant morbidity, mortality and cost. Frailty is often measured in a binary manner, limiting pre-operative counselling. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between categorical frailty severity level and post-operative delirium. We performed an analysis of a retrospective cohort of older adults from 12 January 2018 to 3 January 2020 admitted to a tertiary medical center for elective surgery. All participants underwent frailty screening prior to inpatient elective surgery with at least two post-operative delirium assessments. Planned ICU admissions were excluded. Procedures were risk-stratified by the Operative Stress Score (OSS). Categorical frailty severity level (Not Frail, Mild, Moderate, and Severe Frailty) was measured using the Edmonton Frail Scale. Delirium was determined using the 4 A's Test and Confusion Assessment Method-Intensive Care Unit. In sum, 324 patients were included. The overall post-operative delirium incidence was 4.6% (15 individuals), which increased significantly as the categorical frailty severity level increased (2% not frail, 6% mild frailty, 23% moderate frailty; P < 0.001) corresponding to increasing odds of delirium (OR 2.57 [0.62, 10.66] mild vs. not frail; OR 12.10 [3.57, 40.99] moderate vs. not frail). Incidence of post-operative delirium increases as categorical frailty severity level increases. This suggests that frailty severity should be considered when counselling older adults about their risk for post-operative delirium prior to surgery.

Advancing projections of crown-of-thorns starfish to support management interventions

Outbreaks of corallivorous Crown of Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster spp.; CoTS) cause substantial coral mortality throughout the Indo-Pacific, particularly on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Refining CoTS population density modelling and understanding the disparities between real-world observations and model predictions is crucial for developing effective control strategies. Using a spatially explicit ecosystem model of the GBR, we compared CoTS density model predictions to observations and incorporated a new zone-specific mortality rate to account for differences in predation of CoTS between fished and protected reefs. We found high congruence between predictions and observations: ∼81 % of categorical reef level CoTS densities matched or only differed by one category. However, underpredictions increased with higher observed densities. Zone-specific CoTS mortality reduced severe underpredictions from 7.1 % to 5.6 %, which is critical for managers as underpredictions indicate missing outbreaks where targeted culling is necessary, but also lead to underestimated coral loss attributed to CoTS outbreaks. Reef protection status affected prediction accuracy, highlighting the importance of further research on in situ CoTS mortality rates. The location of a reef inside or outside the “initiation box”, a speculative area of primary outbreaks (i.e., initial abrupt population increases) on the GBR, also influenced accuracy, with exact predictions more likely outside. Accurately modelling initiation box dynamics is challenging due to limited empirical data on CoTS outbreaks, highlighting the need for focussed research on outbreak dynamics to enhance predictive accuracy. Spatial factors, such as region and shelf position, contributed to the variance between observations and predictions, underscoring the importance of the spatial-temporal context of each observation. Observations of CoTS can help refine model predictions, guide targeted control measures, and contribute to effective ecosystem management for the long-term resilience of the GBR and other reefs targeted by CoTS throughout the Indo-Pacific.

Marine litter weight estimation from UAV imagery: Three potential methodologies to advance macrolitter reports

In the context of marine litter monitoring, reporting the weight of beached litter can contribute to a better understanding of pollution sources and support clean-up activities. However, the litter scaling task requires considerable effort and specific equipment.This experimental study proposes and evaluates three methods to estimate beached litter weight from aerial images, employing different levels of litter categorization. The most promising approach (accuracy of 80 %) combined the outcomes of manual image screening with a generalized litter mean weight (14 g) derived from studies in the literature. Although the other two methods returned values of the same magnitude as the ground-truth, they were found less feasible for the aim.This study represents the first attempt to assess marine litter weight using remote sensing technology. Considering the exploratory nature of this study, further research is needed to enhance the reliability and robustness of the methods.

Statutory Interpretation and Levels of Conceptual Categorisation: The Presumption of Legal Language Explained in Terms of Cognitive Linguistics

AbstractThis article probes the usefulness of selected theories from Cognitive Linguistics in the context of statutory interpretation. The presumption of legal language is a well-established rule of statutory construction in Polish legal practice that comes from the internationally recognised theory by Jerzy Wróblewski. It rests on a controversial assumption that there are different levels of generality in legal language (i.e. the language of statutes) and a single term may be given different meanings depending on the level of generality that is referred to. The authors use the notion of basic level categorisation from the cognitive theory of prototypes to explain this mechanism. Legal concepts, not unlike ordinary concepts, form hierarchical taxonomies. A single term may denote concepts that are situated at different levels in different conceptual taxonomies. In the absence of special circumstances, a legal term should be given the meaning that resides at a higher level of categorisation in the respective legal taxonomy. This way, the presumption of legal language is found to be justified on both linguistic and psychological grounds.

Race/Ethnicity and Social Determinants of Health and Their Impact on Receiving Appropriate Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer.

Despite the heightened understanding and improved treatment for colorectal cancer in the United States, social determinants of health (SDH) play a significant role in the colorectal cancer outcomes. We sought to investigate the relationship between SDH and appropriate utilization of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage III colon cancer. For this retrospective study, we utilized data from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB). Descriptive statistics are reported, including means and 95% confidence intervals for continuous variables and frequency and proportions for categorical variables. Univariate hypothesis testing to identify categorical level factors associated with treatment used Wilcoxon rank sum or Kruskal-Wallis tests, with multivariate analyses performed using regression analysis. Significant differences were as follows: Metro-non-Hispanic White patients received treatment less frequently (69.7%) when compared to Metro-non-Hispanic Black patients (73.4%) (P < .001). Increasing age was a negative predictor of likelihood to receive with those over 65years old having an 83% decrease in likelihood to receive chemotherapy when compared to those under 65 (P < .001). Medicaid patients were 47% less likely and Medicare patients were 40% less likely to receive chemotherapy when compared to those with private insurance (P < .001). Rural patients were statistically more likely to receive chemotherapy (OR 1.42, 1.32-2.52, P < .001) as were urban patients, (OR 1.26, 1.20-1.31, P < .001) when compared to patients residing in metro areas. Age, living in a Metro area, and government insurance status at diagnosis are negatively correlated with the likelihood of receiving chemotherapy. Race was not associated with differences in receiving chemotherapy.

The role of cerebral-cognitive reserve in the birth of a child with Alzheimer’s in late-life individuals

IntroductionThe modern understanding of AD allows us to consider it through the constructs of “vulnerability” and “stability” of the brain in relation to the pathological effects of neurodegeneration. To describe the resistance of the brain to a developing lesion due to a pathological process, the concept of “reserve” is proposed.ObjectivesA systematic review of scientific studies was conducted.MethodsThe review includes an analysis of full-text literature sources.Results Resilience models based on reserves are described, which can be broadly divided into cerebral and cognitive reserve models. The quality of the brain substrate underlies the cerebral reserve. Its role and power are determined by the ratio of healthy/affected neurons, the integrity of synaptic connections, and the size of the brain/ It seems to us that the conditions that promote or hinder the functioning of the brain should also be taken into account when characterizing the cerebral reserve. Cognitive reserve is determined by the phenomena of mental processes and functions. It includes the individual’s involvement of the individual in various cognitively stimulating activities throughout life. Cognitive reserve plays a decisive role when it comes to determining the effectiveness of the activation of additional areas or the implementation compensatory strategies, behaving more flexibly and dynamically than the passive threshold. Brain and cognitive reserve models cannot be considered mutually exclusive. They reflect different categorical levels: substrate and functional. The cerebral reserve system is the morphological basis of the cognitive reserve. In fact, we can talk about a single cerebral-cognitive reserve.ConclusionsThe reserve concept states that there are individual differences in the adaptability of the functional processes of the brain that allow some people to cope with age-related and disease-related brain changes better than others. The reserve plays a protective role, postponing clinical manifestations and ensuring that adequate cognitive functioning is maintained. There is a transition from the protective role of the reserve to the compensatory function. Even after anatomical signs of brain damage are observed, the time to clinical conversion can be modulated depending on the volume of the reserve. The protection mechanisms underlying the reserve concept are partially controllable, which allows building strategies for correcting cellular homeostasis, brain functions, behavioral and cognitive patterns. Understanding the mechanisms of aging and the determinants of life expectancy will help reduce age-related morbidity and promote healthy aging.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Diabetes in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The co-occurrence of hormonal changes during menopause and the risk of cardio-metabolic disorders has been well studied. We explored the association of circulating levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) with diabetes (DM) among postmenopausal women. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Epistemonikos, and Cochrane Library up to September 2023. Risk of bias was assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Pooled estimates of mean differences in FSH levels were compared between postmenopausal women with and without DM. Correlations between FSH and fasting blood glucose (FBG)/insulin/homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) as well as pooled effect sizes with their 95% CIs for risk of DM were calculated. In this study, 14 articles, including 7878 postmenopausal women, met eligibility criteria. Most of the included studies had a low/moderate risk of bias. Women with DM had significantly lower FSH levels than those without DM (standardized mean difference [SMD] -0.751 [95% CI, -1.129 to -.372], I2 = 82.46%, n = 1416). The pooled effect size for diabetes was 0.861 (95% CI, 0.740-1.001; I2 = 80.11%). The pooled risk estimate for DM based on the categorical FSH levels (high vs low) was (HR = 0.550; 95% CI, 0.356-0.850, I2 = 0). The significant inverse correlation was found between FSH levels and glycemic parameters: FBG (r= -0.285 [95% CI -0.441 to -0.113]; n = 1229), HOMA-IR (r = -0.241[-0.378 to -0.0924]; n = 1229) and insulin (r = -0.337 [-0.434 to -0.232]; n = 959)]. There were no statistically significant differences between estradiol levels among diabetic and nondiabetic groups; however, the SMD for luteinizing hormone was similar to that reported for FSH. The available data indicated an indirect association between FSH levels and glucose disturbances among postmenopausal women, notwithstanding heterogeneity among included studies, and the complexity of various influential factors needs to be considered. Further efforts should be made to clarify the underlying mechanisms.

The Main Issue of Political Economy as an Integral Part of Marxism

The article examines the fundamental problem associated with the definition of the initial category of political economy as an integral part of Marxism. The study of this issue is necessary for a holistic materialistic understanding of history. The author associates the solution of this problem with the formation of an integral theoretical system of a humanistic society. The author considers "man" as the generic "beginning" of this science. This allows us to rethink the logic of socio-economic development of society, to form at a strict categorical level its holistic scientific concept in a humanistic dimension. The paper examines in detail the discussions of the political economy of socialism in the Soviet period, which allows us to identify the main contradictions and form generalizing conclusions.

Bi-level binary coded fully connected classifier based on residual network 50 with bottom and deep level features for bearing fault diagnosis

Among the existing bearing fault diagnosis algorithms, the diagnosis time of algorithms with high accuracy is relatively long, and the accuracy of some lightweight methods is low compared to other methods. This work proposes a bi-level binary coded fully connected classifier based on residual network 50 with bottom and deep level features (Bi-BUR) for bearing fault diagnosis, enabling both high accuracy and high-speed characteristics. The Bi-BUR has two levels of classifiers. The first level begins with a signal-to-picture method based on integer binary coding to convert the bearing fault signals into binary pictures; then, the first classification of the converted pictures is performed by the underlying feature extraction-residual network 50, which can extract both the underlying and the advanced features. The second level performs modal decomposition of the signals that are not classified successfully in the first level, performs the second classification with a fully connected classifier inserted into the underlying feature extraction module, and exports the final classification results after weighted summation of the results of each type. The Bi-BUR is simulated on the Case Western Reserve University motor, the self-priming centrifugal pump, and the axial piston hydraulic pump bearing failure datasets. All three experiments achieved more than 95% accuracy in the first level of categorization and 100% diagnosis after the second level of categorization. And the Bi-BUR is faster than other high-accuracy methods.

On some categories of structured sets

Given an arbitrary set Ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Omega $$\\end{document}, we consider the collections SS(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{SS}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document}, SR(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{SR}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document} and SO(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{SO}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document} of all the set systems, the binary set relations and the set operators on Ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Omega $$\\end{document}. We introduce the notion of linking map on Ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Omega $$\\end{document} as any map whose domain and codomain may be chosen between the above collections. After providing a descriptive overview useful for framing the notion of linking map in a broad non-specialized context, we explain how linking maps occur in a very natural way in two specific results. The first of these results concerns the classic identification between the subfamily EQ(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{EQ}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document} of all the equivalence relations on Ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Omega $$\\end{document} and the subfamily SP(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{SP}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document} of all the set partitions on Ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Omega $$\\end{document}. Starting from it, we introduce a new subfamily ESO(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{ESO}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document} of closure operators on Ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Omega $$\\end{document} and four linking maps whose restrictions to the subfamilies EQ(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{EQ}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document}, SP(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{SP}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document} and ESO(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{ESO}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document} are bijections. The second result concerns the identification between the subfamily CSO(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{CSO}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document} of all closure set operators on Ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Omega $$\\end{document} and the subfamily CSS(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{CSS}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document} of all closure set systems on Ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Omega $$\\end{document}. Starting from it, we introduce a new subfamily DSR(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{DSR}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document} of binary set relations and four linking maps whose restrictions to the subfamilies CSO(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{CSO}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document}, CSS(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{CSS}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document} and DSR(Ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{DSR}\\hspace{0.55542pt}(\\Omega )$$\\end{document} are again bijections. In an attempt to extend in a natural way the above linking maps to categorical isomorphisms, after fixing a nonnegative integer k, we introduce three categories SSk\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbf{SS^k}$$\\end{document}, SRk\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbf{SR^k}$$\\end{document} and SOk\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbf{SO^k}$$\\end{document}, whose detailed study mainly occupies the first part of the present work. Objects and arrows of these three categories are obtained by means of k-iterations of the powerset functor , and they generalize the notions of set systems, set relations and set operators, respectively. In the second part of the paper, we extend the linking maps previously described at a categorical level in terms of isomorphisms between specific categories of set systems, binary set relations and set operators generalizing the occurring collections introduced before, and also prove numerous other results concerning the main properties of all these categories, such as completeness, cocompleteness and Cartesian closedness.

A deep learning dataset for sample preparation artefacts detection in multispectral high-content microscopy

High-content image-based screening is widely used in Drug Discovery and Systems Biology. However, sample preparation artefacts may significantly deteriorate the quality of image-based screening assays. While detection and circumvention of such artefacts could be addressed using modern-day machine learning and deep learning algorithms, this is widely impeded by the lack of suitable datasets. To address this, here we present a purpose-created open dataset of high-content microscopy sample preparation artefact. It consists of high-content microscopy of laboratory dust titrated on fixed cell culture specimens imaged with fluorescence filters covering the complete spectral range. To ensure this dataset is suitable for supervised machine learning tasks like image classification or segmentation we propose rule-based annotation strategies on categorical and pixel levels. We demonstrate the applicability of our dataset for deep learning by training a convolutional-neural-network-based classifier.

The effect of categorization levels on semantic access: eye-movement evidence from unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals

The effect of categorization levels on semantic access: eye-movement evidence from unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals

Efficient defective cocoon recognition based on vision data for intelligent picking

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;Cocoons have a direct impact on the quality of raw silk. Mulberry cocoons must be screened before silk reeling can begin in order to improve the quality of raw silk. For the silk product sector, the cocoons' level of categorization and sorting is crucial. Nonetheless, the majority of mulberry cocoon production facilities in use today choose the cocoons by hand. The accuracy and efficiency of mulberry cocoon plucking can be significantly improved by automatic methods. To increase efficiency, mulberry cocoons must be sorted automatically and intelligently using machine vision. We proposed an effective detection technique based on vision and terahertz spectrum characteristics data for distinguishing defective cocoons, including common and thin shelled defective cocoons. Each mulberry cocoon with a defect had its spatial coordinate and deflection angle computed so that grippers could grasp it. With 3762 photos in our dataset, our approach could detect mAP values up to 99.25% of the time. Furthermore, the GFLOPS of our suggested model was only 8.9 G, and its Parameters were only 5.3 M, making it appropriate for use in real-world application scenarios.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Ukrainian Translation of English Lexicalized Constructions: A Case of BBC News and BBC News Ukraine Headlines

Drawing on the headlines from the BBC News and BBC News Ukraine websites, the paper seeks to identify the patterns of translating English lexicalized constructions consisting of fixed and non-fixed elements. The fixed component is considered to be a stable island of reliability that has a phonological form unchanged in different contexts, while the non-fixed component is dependent and selected according to the communicative situation. The paper is the first study finding that English lexicalized constructions in BBC News headlines are translated on the BBC News Ukraine website according to four semantic patterns: re-perspectivation, generalization or specification of the meaning of the Ukrainian components of the English lexicalized constructions, as well as grammaticalization. The implementation of the re-perspectivation pattern involves shifting the focus of attention from one feature of a referent in the original to a different one in the translation with the help of adjectives or nouns. Within the generalization translation pattern of English lexicalized constructions, the semantics of their components shifts from the basic categorization level, associated with the speakers’ perceptual experience, to the superordinate level involving generalization. According to the specification pattern, the semantics of the English lexicalized constructions’ components shifts in translation from the basic to the subordinate categorization level, focusing on the specific features of referents. The shifts in the categorization levels, characteristic of the generalization and specification translation patterns, results from the peculiarities of the British and Ukrainian worldviews brought about by the nations’ histories and lifestyles. The grammaticalization patterns render the English lexicalized constructions into Ukrainian by the prepositional structures denoting CONTAINER and by the relative structures specifying the features of referents.

Сравнительно-сопоставительный категориальный анализ терминосистем «Судостроение» и “Shipbuilding”

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the categories derived by the authors in the terminology systems ‘Судостроение’ and ‘Shipbuilding’. These terminology systems are historically established vocabulary strata in the corresponding languages and, at the same time, they are actively developing. During crosslingual professional communication, there arises an acute problem of inconsistency between terminology systems of the same subject area existing in different languages. It is often difficult to select an equivalent term while translating in shipbuilding area from English into Russian and vice versa or during international communication between naval engineers and shipbuilders. This problem requires a comprehensive linguistic analysis to be solved. The novelty of the study resides in the fact that terminological asymmetry is revealed by means of comparative-and-contrastive analysis, through which the phenomenon of the asymmetry of the terminology systems ‘Судостроение’ and ‘Shipbuilding’ is described as a complex issue. The methods used during the research include the following: definition analysis, categorical analysis, context analysis, quantitative analysis, logical- and-conceptual analysis, comparative-and-contrastive analysis. The study was conducted in five stages, starting with the selection of material, i. e., Russian and English shipbuilding terms, and the collection of statistical data for quantitative analysis, then proceeding to the categorical analysis of the collected material (at the third and fourth stages) and finally concluding with a comparative analysis of the categories and with the description of the identified terminological asymmetry. The structure of the terminology systems ‘Судостроение’ and ‘Shipbuilding’ revealed significant similarity, but the final stage of the study found discrepancies at a lower hierarchical level of categorization of the considered terminology systems.