Categorical Analysis Research Articles

Multidisciplinary team meeting Chairs' attitudes and perceived facilitators, barriers and ideal improvements to meeting functionality: A qualitative study.

Oncology care provision by multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) is widely acknowledged as best practice. Formal team meetings, led by chairpersons, coordinate decisions on diagnosis, staging, treatment planning, and review. This study addresses a gap in meeting Chairs' perspectives on factors affecting functionality across the meeting cycle, from pre-meeting patient list triage to post-meeting dissemination of recommendations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in person with Chairs within two urban geographical regions in New South Wales, Australia as part of a larger project. Though the population of oncology MDT Chairs in Australia is small, the richness and depth of data from nine Chairs were considered to be valuable knowledge in support of extant literature on meeting functionality. An integrated deductive-inductive approach was applied to data analysis. Perceived facilitators, barriers, and ideals relating to pre-meeting, in-meeting, and post-meeting functionality were identified across five pre-determined analytic categories: the team; meeting infrastructure; meeting organization and logistics; patient-centered clinical decision-making, and; team governance. Key barriers included inadequate information technology, limited support staff, and lack of dedicated time for Chair duties. Corresponding facilitators included robust Information Technology infrastructure and support, provision of clinically knowledgeable MDT meeting coordinators, and formal employment recognition of Chairs' responsibilities and skill sets. Chairs across various tumor streams develop workarounds to overcome barriers and ensure quality meeting outcomes. With more robust support they could enhance value by sharing evidence, conducting audits, and engaging in research. The findings highlight the need for healthcare systems to support tumor stream clinical networks by allocating greater resources to prioritize multidisciplinary meetings and cancer care decision-making.

Robots as addressable non-persons: an analysis of categorial work at the boundaries of the social world

Prompted by the material turn in the social sciences and the development of novel interaction technologies, lively debates in social theory have arisen regarding the agency of non-human entities. While these debates primarily involve exchanging theoretical arguments against the background of different theoretical positions, ethnomethodological membership categorization analysis (MCA) provides an empirical approach to questions of non-human agency. The article discusses the debate on non-human agency, demonstrates how MCA can be used to investigate categorial work at the boundaries of the social, and presents the example of an encounter between two museum visitors and a humanoid robot to show how the robot is categorized in a specific way as an ‘addressable non-person.’ In this way, it becomes clear that social-theoretical debates and empirically oriented MCA can mutually inspire each other and how the ‘basic categorization apparatus’ addresses new alterities.

Ameliorating saline‐sodic soils: A global meta‐analysis of field studies on the influence of exogenous amendments on crop yield

AbstractAs the demand for food continues to rise, soil salinization and sodification pose an increasingly pressing challenge. Currently, there is a knowledge gap regarding how to effectively improve saline‐sodic soils to support sustainable agricultural production, especially the lack of systematic analysis on the effects of different amendments at a global scale. To address this gap, this study aims to explore the feasibility of using exogenous amendments to ameliorate saline‐sodic soils, conducting a global‐scale meta‐analysis based on 685 data pairs from 70 published studies. Our results showed that applying amendments to saline‐sodic soils significantly reduced electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract (ECe) by 33.0% and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) by 44.6%, while simultaneously increasing crop yield by 50.7%. Heterogeneity analysis further unveiled significant variations (p < 0.05) in the overall effect size, driven by factors such as initial soil properties (salinity and ESP levels), amendment type, climate and practical management conditions (application dose and experimental duration). The categorical variable analysis showed that, compared to soils with other salinization levels, the application of amendments in severe salinization soils was most effective in reducing soil ECe and enhancing crop yield. Considering the goals of mitigating soil salinity, sodicity, and increasing crop yield, the study suggests the application of mixed‐type amendments in practical settings. It is noteworthy that while extremely high doses (greater than 40 t ha−1) effectively increased crop yield, they also posed a risk of salt accumulation. In conclusion, this research offers critical insights for sustainable agriculture, guiding future work on soil health and food security in the context of global environmental challenges.

Formal, informal, and non-formal learning as analytic categories for research in music education

Formal, informal, and non-formal learning as analytic categories for research in music education

Indigenous bodies, gender, and sexuality in the Jesuit Missions of South America (17th–18th centuries)

Many studies tend to apply categories of gender and sexuality to indigenous peoples in the same way as they are used in the West. This ignores the fact that indigenous peoples have their own notions of people, which are often at odds with Western binary standards. The issue at stake in this article is the inclusion of the analytical categories of gender and sexuality in South American communities, starting with the Jesuit Missions that spread across present-day Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay during the 17th and 18th centuries. To this end, it uses as historical sources a set of 1212 Jesuit writings, including manuscripts and books, as well as architectural, sculptural, and pictorial remains. Using techniques specific to paleography to read manuscripts, the project’s methodology makes use of ethnohistory guided by Content Analysis, thus producing a reading that starts from contemporary indigenous problems in order to build an Indigenous History. The study’s discussion considers that indigenous bodies, once produced by village collectives made up of extended families, were forged in the Jesuit missions according to the parameters of the colonial project. The article therefore demonstrates the genealogy of the bodies of indigenous men, indigenous women, and abject indigenous people, concluding that the current scenario of gender and sexual violence in South America has its origins in the colonial process, and not in indigenous cultures.

Motivation and recovery in sports: systematic review

Abstract - Aim Adequate levels of motivation and recovery seem to be associated aspects in the sports context and could contribute to sports participation. Thus, how can athletes’ motivation and recovery be associated in the sport context? The aim was to conduct a systematic review to identify studies investigating a possible relationship between motivation and recovery. Method: Searches were performed between 12/18/2020 and 01/04/2021 and were done in Embase, Portal BVS, PsycNET, PubMed/Medline, SciElo, and SPORTDiscus databases with terms that are specific to each database in three languages. Studies that included athletes in their samples and investigated motivational regulations and recovery states were included. Review studies and those that investigated recovery between sets of exercises or motivation as an incentive to exercise were excluded. Descriptive and analytical data were extracted using a previously prepared form. The synthesis of the relationships between motivational regulations and recovery states were allocated into analytical categories. Results: From the 4,051 studies identified in the databases, 7 met the inclusion criteria and were assessed and analysed. The extraction and summary of analytical data allowed the identification of categories where motivation and recovery were associated with a) psychophysiological outcomes and sports participation and b) readiness to perform the sports task. Conclusion: The studies included in this review suggest that motivational regulation and recovery could be critical in the sports context and could be related to psychophysiological outcomes and sport participation.

INTERDISCIPLINARY DICTIONARY: MEETING OF HUMAN PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE WITH PSYCHOLOGY

Relevance. The authors present the encyclopedic edition of 2022 - an interdisciplinary dictionary that intersects research fields and methodological approaches of a number of humanities. In this case, such sciences are philosophical anthropology, philosophy of culture and cultural studies, as well as psychology. Methodology. The basic heuristics of the categorical analysis of the concepts and philosophical practices presented in the dictionary is the author's original metaanthropological approach, which involves a level interpretation of the phenomenology of existing and new terms and techniques of working with the client. Among the main ones, the dictionary includes such terms as "psyche", "psychoanalysis", "philosophical psychoanalysis", "androgynous analysis", "philosophical art therapy", "aphorism therapy", etc. Results. In the context of psychological understanding, the reader may be most interested in dictionary articles devoted to philosophical psychoanalysis and androgynous analysis. The term "philosophical psychoanalysis" describes the modern domestic direction of psychoanalysis, which developed thanks to the efforts of the authors based on the original methodology of philosophical anthropology as meta anthropology. Its essence consists in the specialist's organization during psychotherapeutic work of a special psycho developmental practice of a consistent transition of the client from the everyday worldview to the personal one and further - from the personal one to the philosophical one, which actualizes constructive material changes in a person. From the standpoint of metaanthropological vision, the text also presents the understanding of human immortality and beauty and the practice of androgynous analysis. Androgynous analysis (from the Greek Andros – man, gin – woman) is the theory and practice of research and deep correction of the existence of the individual and relationships between people through the use of the strategy of interaction of the existential dimensions of masculinity and femininity as spirituality and spirituality.

Сoncept of the draft normative-legal act аs a law-making phenomenon

In the article, the author focuses on the relevance of the conceptual and categorical analysis of any phenomena and processes of legal reality, especially the phenomenon of the concept, which is today the basis of improving the functioning of jurisprudence. It was noted that due to constant changes in the socio-economic situation, technological progress, as well as foreign policy factors, it is important to adapt the legislation to new realities. Understanding and studying various concepts of the development of legislation, as well as their impact on legal practice, allows you to effectively analyze and improve the country's legal system. This approach helps to ensure legal stability, protection of citizens' rights, and increased confidence in the legal system in general. First of all, in cognitive terms, it is important to conduct an analysis of the studied phenomenon of the concept through the prism of its conceptual-categorical dimension, which will allow to generalize its properties and improve the definition. The indicated vector of scientific knowledge will first of all strengthen the methodological basis for further research of concepts as a law-making phenomenon, define clear boundaries of the subject of scientific knowledge, establish cognitive regularities of concepts, putting them in the basis of a corresponding unified doctrinal understanding of them. In the content of the work, an analysis of the concept as a special law-making phenomenon, determination of approaches to its understanding that have developed in legal science, clarification of the features of the concept of the project of a normative-legal act, and improvement of the definition of the concept as a component of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of legal science are carried out. It was concluded that in the process of preparing a draft of a comprehensive normative legal act, one cannot do without a preliminary conclusion of its concept. In addition, the concept of writing a normative legal act can be brought up for discussion. In this way, it is proved that the concept of a normative legal act is an important stage and component of the normative design process, because the development of the correct concept allows to further formulate the provisions of the text of the normative act more clearly.

Exploring the Botanical Origins of Bee-Collected Pollen: A Comprehensive Historical and Contemporary Analysis.

Bee-collected pollen is one of the most important bee products. In order to predict its chemical composition and nutritional value botanical origin of pollen plays a crucial role. This review intended to collect all available data published about botanical origin of pollen collected all around the world. Due to enourmous amount of data and variables nonlinear principal component analysis (NLPCA), by applying Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA), was conducted in order to try to determine any specifity and/or differences among samples. Also, importance of some plant families/genera/species for bees was monitored. Based on CATPCA results families can serve in order to distinct samples from North/South America. Also, some samples from Europe (Turkey and Serbia) were characterized with presence of some specific families. Genera were excellent tool to distinguish samples from different parts of Brazil as well as Australia, Asia and Africa. Due to high and specific biodiversity pollen samples obtained from Sonoran desert (USA) completely were separated during analysis. This review presents the first attempt to summarize and classify a large number of data about botanical sources of bee-collected pollen. Keywords bee-collected pollen • botanical sources • palynological analysis • statistical analyses.

Population-specific validation and comparison of the performance of 77- and 313-variant polygenic risk scores for breast cancer risk prediction.

The polygenic risk score (PRS) allows the quantification of the polygenic effect of many low-penetrance alleles on the risk of breast cancer (BC). This study aimed to evaluate the performance of two sets comprising 77 or 313 low-penetrance loci (PRS77 and PRS313) in patients with BC in the Czech population. In a retrospective case-control study, variants were genotyped from both the PRS77 and PRS313 sets in 1329 patients with BC and 1324 noncancer controls, all women without germline pathogenic variants in BC predisposition genes. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated according to the categorical PRS in individual deciles. Weighted Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation (SD) increase in PRS. The distributions of standardized PRSs in patients and controls were significantly different (p < 2.2×10-16) with both sets. PRS313 outperformed PRS77 in categorical and continuous PRS analyses. For patients in the highest 2.5% of PRS313, the risk reached an ORof3.05 (95% CI,1.66-5.89; p=1.76×10-4). The continuous risk was estimated as an HRper SDof1.64 (95% CI,1.49-1.81; p<2.0×10-16), which resulted in an absolute risk of 21.03% at age 80 years for individuals in the 95th percentile of PRS313. Discordant categorization into PRS deciles was observed in 248 individuals (9.3%). Both PRS77 and PRS313 are able to stratify individuals according to their BC risk in the Czech population. PRS313 shows better discriminatory ability. The results support the potential clinical utility of using PRS313 in individualized BC risk prediction.

The Empire Cites Back: The Occlusion of Non-Western Histories of IR and the Case of India

The call for a ‘global’ and ‘post-Western’ international relations (IR) discipline is rightly gathering momentum, yet arguably this research agenda contains presumptions as to the absence of a historical tradition of IR thinking in places such as India. Turning attention to marginalized histories of Indian IR, this commentary on the global IR debate offers a historical corrective to these presumptions and calls for greater attention to extra-European disciplinary histories. In so doing, important patterns of co-constitution reveal the connected histories of disciplinary development that challenge the analytical categories that often characterize the global IR and post-Western IR literature. A more historicized global IR debate offers a fruitful research agenda that explores the multiple connected beginnings of IR as a global discipline responsive to a variety of intellectual lineages, encompassing a variety of political purposes and revealing entanglements of imperial and anti-imperial knowledge.

Female-to-male (FtM) transgender individuals’ multimodal and interactional practices in Japanese

Abstract This study explores the multimodal and interactional practices of female-to-male (FtM) transgender individuals in Japanese, focusing on their identity construction. Most previous studies on transgender identity in Japanese contexts examine male-to-female (MtF) transgender individuals’ linguistic practices, particularly the use of so-called Japanese women’s language. In contrast, this study explores how FtM individuals use not only linguistic but also other semiotic resources to construct and negotiate their gender and sexual identities. The study utilizes empirical data such as YouTube videos and draws on multimodal conversation analysis (CA) and membership categorization analysis (MCA) to analyze the participants’ accomplishment of social actions. The findings demonstrate the use of various resources for identity construction and how the participants challenge and/or conform to hegemonic gender ideologies. The study also unveils both the diversity among FtM transgender people (inter-individual variation) and the fluidity and complexity of identities that can exist within one person (intra-individual variation).

Exploring Digital Entrepreneurship and the Development of Entrepreneurial Skills in General Studies Students

In a changing and complex world, the university is no stranger to the incursion of the digital world and the development of entrepreneurial skills in the learning of young university students. Currently, digital ventures have emerged and many of them are seen as tools and spaces for the development of entrepreneurial skills such as leadership, creativity and even new forms of teamwork. The development of skills that lead to the creation of different ventures is a window of opportunity to achieve personal and social improvement. This research was developed under the qualitative approach, and, from the methodology of grounded theory, the experiences of general studies students and their entrepreneurial skills were analyzed using digital resources developed from their curricular experiences. Thus, through semi-structured interviews and content analysis, it was possible to know how these entrepreneurial skills were able to develop learning based on creativity, leadership and teamwork. Ten general studies university students selected under inclusion criteria participated. The technique used was in-depth interview, description and categorical analysis. The results show that the students' experience reflects a partial knowledge of what is meant by digital entrepreneurship. Likewise, it is concluded that the learning experiences of general studies students about their entrepreneurial skills are very important in vocational training. Finally, it is hoped that this research can lead to new studies on the impact that digital entrepreneurship has on society and the culture of our young university students. Received: 5 November 2023 / Accepted: 13 March 2024 / Published: 5 May 2024

International doctoral students’ identity formulations through their orientations to their children’s languages as both stressors and assets

AbstractThis study contributes to research on the doctoral experience of international students who are parents, and for whom the temporary experience of living elsewhere is both a challenge and a resource for all members of the family. The study investigated how a group of these students positioned themselves to their children’s English and home language during their study abroad. A group of 12 international doctoral students from one Australian university and one primary school teacher took part in the study. The doctoral students were from a number of non-anglophone countries. Membership Categorisation Analysis was used to examine the identity categories invoked during focus group discussions. The categories bilingual, student, parent, tutor and spouse, the category devices family, study, nationality/language, time and location, and the attributes responsibility and inadequacy that emerged in the analysis, suggest that language issues are important considerations for international students with families, and need focused attention.

The role of governance in shaping health system reform: a case study of the design and implementation of new health regions in Ireland, 2018–2023

BackgroundEffective governance arrangements are central to the successful functioning of health systems. While the significance of governance as a concept is acknowledged within health systems research, its interplay with health system reform initiatives remains underexplored in the literature. This study focuses on the development of new regional health structures in Ireland in the period 2018–2023, one part of a broader health system reform programme aimed at greater universalism, in order to scrutinise how aspects of governance impact on the reform process, from policy design through to implementation.MethodsThis qualitative, multi-method study draws on document analysis of official documents relevant to the reform process, as well as twelve semi-structured interviews with key informants from across the health sector. Interviews were analysed according to thematic analysis methodology. Conceiving governance as comprising five domains (Transparency, Accountability, Participation, Integrity, Capacity) the research uses the TAPIC framework for health governance as a conceptual starting point and as initial, deductive analytic categories for data analysis.ResultsThe analysis reveals important lessons for policymakers across the five TAPIC domains of governance. These include deficiencies in accountability arrangements, poor transparency within the system and vis-à-vis external stakeholders and the public, and periods during which a lack of clarity in terms of roles and responsibilities for various process and key decisions related to the reform were identified. Inadequate resourcing of implementation capacity, competing policy visions and changing decision-making arrangements, among others, were found to have originated in and continuously reproduced a lack of trust between key institutional actors. The findings highlight how these challenges can be addressed through strengthening governance arrangements and processes. Importantly, the research reveals the interwoven nature of the five TAPIC dimensions of governance and the need to engage with the complexity and relationality of health system reform processes.ConclusionsLarge scale health system reform is a complex process and its governance presents distinct challenges and opportunities for stakeholders. To understand and be able to address these, and to move beyond formulaic prescriptions, critical analysis of the historical context surrounding the policy reform and the institutional relationships at its core are needed.

Between Play and Exploitation: What Is the Place of the Rights of Child YouTubers?

This article aims to reflect on the images of childhood in videos featuring child YouTubers playing, analyzing the nature of play portrayed in them and its relationship with the child’s right to play and be protected against any form of exploitation. Method: A documentary study of 100 videos shared on YouTube was conducted, subjected to categorical content analysis with an emphasis on the modes of participation of adults and children in dialogues with the platform’s languages present in the videos. Results and Discussion: The boundaries between children’s artistic expression and child labor exploitation are becoming increasingly challenging, with legal discussions presenting difficulties in regulation due to the home environment and predominant parental control. The analysis reveals how the videos are perceived as standardized commodities, hiding the concrete work behind an image of apparent spontaneity. Conclusion: The research highlights contractual digital risks for children, focusing on those related to commercialization. The analyzed videos reflect an instrumentalization of the child’s basic right to play, associated with market interests, an aspect that takes on the contours of child labor exploitation, compromising the freedom to play spontaneously.

SOLVING THE HIGH-INTENSITY MUTLIMODAL TRAINING PRESCRIPTION PUZZLE: A SYSTEMATIC MAPPING REVIEW

INTRODUCTION &amp; AIMS High-Intensity Multimodal Training (HIMT) refers to all styles of high-intensity combined aerobic, resistance and/or bodyweight exercise. Previous heterogeneity in exercise prescription and reporting in HIMT reduces the understanding of which factors should be commonly considered when prescribing HIMT (e.g., exercise volume, intensity, duration). Previous studies have demonstrated positive effects of HIMT on health and performance outcomes. However, methodological disparities limit comparisons between findings. This systematic mapping review examines the prescriptive considerations and health and performance outcomes of HIMT in the context of training. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using Ovid Medline, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane Library databases and additional sources to identify studies up until February 2023. A total of 37090 records were retrieved, of which 221 were included for review. 247 individual HIMT protocols were included for categorical analysis against the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) and Applied Research Model for the Sport Sciences. RESULTS A total of 85 unique terms were used to describe HIMT. Included studies most commonly prescribed HIMT using a consistent exercise selection and circuit format. Exercise intensity was inconsistently reported on and a large proportion of studies incorrectly prescribed ‘high-intensity’ exercise according to ACSM definitions (i.e., &amp;lt;77% HRmax). Participation location, supervision and participation format were the most commonly reported non-training variables. The most frequently reported outcomes were cardiovascular health, perceptual outcomes, body composition and biochemical outcomes. A large proportion of previous HIMT research was experimental in design. CONCLUSIONS Previous HIMT research demonstrates a lack of standardisation in reporting. Future studies should seek to follow guidelines such as the CERT to improve reporting rigour. Additionally, forthcoming research should attempt to actively involve practitioners in implementation studies to improve ecological validity among interventions. REGISTRATION This review adhered to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Preregistration: osf.io/yknq4.

Empowering marginalized communities through legal and financial literacy: The development and impact of the LEFL-Framework.

This study evaluates the impact of the Legal and Financial Literacy Framework (LEFL-Framework) on empowering marginalized communities, focusing on integrating legal and financial literacy as a means of socio-economic empowerment. Employing a systematic literature review and content analysis, the research scrutinizes peer-reviewed journals, official reports, and policy documents published from 2005 onwards. The methodology hinges on a comprehensive search strategy, with inclusion and exclusion criteria meticulously designed to filter relevant literature, followed by a thematic categorization and content analysis to distill key insights. Key discoveries reveal that legal and financial literacy are pivotal in enhancing the socio-economic conditions of marginalized communities, offering them the necessary tools to navigate complex legal and financial environments. The study identifies challenges such as digital divides and cultural barriers but also highlights opportunities through digital learning platforms and cross-sector partnerships. Strategic directions suggest leveraging technology, fostering community-based education, and advocating for policy support to integrate legal and financial literacy into broader educational frameworks. Recommendations are provided for practitioners, policymakers, and community leaders to develop culturally sensitive materials, support policy reforms, and mobilize local resources for sustainable literacy initiatives. The study concludes with a call for ongoing research into innovative educational methodologies, the long-term impacts of literacy programs, and the role of digital technologies in enhancing accessibility and effectiveness. This research underscores the transformative potential of legal and financial literacy in empowering marginalized communities and contributing to their socio-economic advancement.

Assessment of Fire Safety Management for Special Needs Schools in South Africa

The safety and well-being of learners with special educational needs in South Africa remain a paramount concern, significantly impacting their constitutional rights and dignity. Despite legislative commitments aimed at fostering inclusive education, a pervasive absence of adequate fire safety measures in special needs schools (SNSs) in South Africa has persisted, leading to the vulnerability of these learners. Tragic incidents, such as fatal fires in these schools, as reported in the literature, underscore the urgent need for immediate intervention to ensure the safety and security of these learners, especially with regards to fire hazards. This study, conducted within the Northwest Province of South Africa, assessed the state of fire safety management in SNSs by applying a series of chi-squared (χ2) tests of independence for categorical variables, descriptive statistics, and regression analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS), Version 20 and found that limited access to power is the potential root cause of fires in these schools; also, the limited amount of fire safety initiatives was a problem. In addition, the ordinal regression showed a statistically significant relationship when the question of to what extent the learners in the sampled schools are involved in fire safety programs was regressed with the questions of whether management and stakeholders were involved in fire safety programs and also on taking part in the physical fire safety programs (χ2 = 47.412; df = 2; p &lt; 0.001; R2 = 70.5%). Furthermore, fire safety management was not sufficiently implemented in the sampled schools and the safety legislations of the country were not implemented accordingly when it came to fire safety. This study identified root causes of fire risks, gauged stakeholders’ awareness and involvement in fire safety management, and advocated for more stringent safety policies and practices within the SNS based on the above findings.

On Minimizers and Convolutional Filters: Theoretical Connections and Applications to Genome Analysis.

Minimizers and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are two quite distinct popular techniques that have both been employed to analyze categorical biological sequences. At face value, the methods seem entirely dissimilar. Minimizers use min-wise hashing on a rolling window to extract a single important k-mer feature per window. CNNs start with a wide array of randomly initialized convolutional filters, paired with a pooling operation, and then multiple additional neural layers to learn both the filters themselves and how they can be used to classify the sequence. In this study, our main result is a careful mathematical analysis of hash function properties showing that for sequences over a categorical alphabet, random Gaussian initialization of convolutional filters with max-pooling is equivalent to choosing a minimizer ordering such that selected k-mers are (in Hamming distance) far from the k-mers within the sequence but close to other minimizers. In empirical experiments, we find that this property manifests as decreased density in repetitive regions, both in simulation and on real human telomeres. We additionally train from scratch a CNN embedding of synthetic short-reads from the SARS-CoV-2 genome into 3D Euclidean space that locally recapitulates the linear sequence distance of the read origins, a modest step toward building a deep learning assembler, although it is at present too slow to be practical. In total, this article provides a partial explanation for the effectiveness of CNNs in categorical sequence analysis.