Eye Cataract Research Articles

Effects and potential mechanisms of exercise and physical activity on eye health and ocular diseases.

In the field of eye health, the profound impact of exercise and physical activity on various ocular diseases has become a focal point of attention. This review summarizes and elucidates the positive effects of exercise and physical activities on common ocular diseases, including dry eye disease (DED), cataracts, myopia, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It also catalogues and offers exercise recommendations based on the varying impacts that different types and intensities of physical activities may have on specific eye conditions. Beyond correlations, this review also compiles potential mechanisms through which exercise and physical activity beneficially affect eye health. From mitigating ocular oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, reducing intraocular pressure, enhancing mitochondrial function, to promoting ocular blood circulation and the release of protective factors, the complex biological effects triggered by exercise and physical activities reveal their substantial potential in preventing and even assisting in the treatment of ocular diseases. This review aims not only to foster awareness and appreciation for how exercise and physical activity can improve eye health but also to serve as a catalyst for further exploration into the specific mechanisms and key targets through which exercise impacts ocular health. Such inquiries are crucial for advancing innovative strategies for the treatment of eye diseases, thereby holding significant implications for the development of new therapeutic approaches.

К вопросу расчета ИОЛ у пациентов с витреоретинальной патологией

Purpose. To estimate the probability of a change in the calculated IOL after microinvasive vitrectomy 25G in patients with operated macular rupture. Methods. A retrospective analysis of patients operated on for a macular rupture with a diameter from 400 microns to 1000 microns was performed. The exclusion criteria were: the axial length of the eye is less than 22.0 mm and more than 26.0 mm, recurrence of previously operated macular ruptures, the presence of concomitant ocular pathology that can affect the final postoperative result (macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic and postocclusive retinopathy), the presence of previously performed surgical interventions on the retina. The study involved 64 eyes, of which 34,37 % (22 eyes) with a native lens; 14,06 % (9 eyes) with artifacia before vitrectomy; 6,25 % (4 eyes) vitrectomy with cataract phacoemulsification and IOL implantation and 45,31 % (29 eyes) cataract phacoemulsification with IOL implantation was performed within 4–9 months after primary vitrectomy. These patients were the study group. The comparison parameters are best corrected visual acuity, K1, K2, Ave. K1, Ave. K2, Axis, Ave. K2-K1, axial length of the eye, Ave. axial length of the eye, as well as calculated models of IOL and implantable after vitreoretinal surgery. Results. The change in the optical strength of the IOL occurred in 44,82 %. The change in the IOL model is 37,93 %. The change in the optical strength and model of the IOL is 20,68 %. The change in the optical strength of the previous IOL model is 24,1%. The change in the strong axis of more than 20 ° with the previous IOL parameters is 13,79 %. Only in 27,58 % there were no changes in the calculation of IOL. Conclusion. An individual approach to the calculation and selection of intraocular lenses in patients with vitreoretinal pathology allows implantation of all types of IOLs with maximum patient satisfaction with the functional result. Keywords: biometric indicators, IOL, vitrectomy, cataract, phacoemulsification, keratometry

Surrogate optimisation strategies for intraocular lens formula constant optimisation.

To investigate surrogate optimisation (SO) as a modern, purely data-driven, nonlinear adaptive iterative strategy for lens formula constant optimisation in intraocular lens power calculation. A SO algorithm was implemented for optimising the root mean squared formula prediction error (rmsPE, defined as predicted refraction minus achieved refraction) for the SRKT, Hoffer Q, Holladay, Haigis and Castrop formulae in a dataset of N = 888 cataractous eyes with implantation of the Hoya Vivinex hydrophobic acrylic aspheric lens. A Gaussian Process estimator was used as the model, and the SO was initialised with equidistant datapoints within box constraints, and the number of iterations restricted to either 200 (SRKT, Hoffer Q, Holladay) or 700 (Haigis, Castrop). The performance of the algorithm was compared to the classical gradient-based Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The SO algorithm showed stable convergence after fewer than 50/150 iterations (SRKT, HofferQ, Holladay, Haigis, Castrop). The rmsPE was reduced systematically to 0.4407/0.4288/0.4265/0.3711/0.3449 dioptres. The final constants were A = 119.2709, pACD = 5.7359, SF = 1.9688, -a0 = 0.5914/a1 = 0.3570/a2 = 0.1970, C = 0.3171/H = 0.2053/R = 0.0947 for the SRKT, Hoffer Q, Holladay, Haigis and Castrop formula and matched the respective constants optimised in previous studies. The SO proves to be a powerful adaptive nonlinear iteration algorithm for formula constant optimisation, even in formulae with one or more constants. It acts independently of a gradient and is in general able to search within a (box) constrained parameter space for the best solution, even where there are multiple local minima of the target function.

Effects of intraocular scatter on near peripheral vision.

Both cataracts and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may occur with aging and are often developed simultaneously. We performed a study to better characterize the impact of induced scatter on the quality of vision in the near periphery, a region where individuals with AMD typically maintain their functional vision. We used an optical instrument as a cataract simulator based on projecting at the eye's pupil plane phase masks with controlled spatial properties generated with a spatial light modulator. The phase wavefronts were designed to accurately replicate the angular distribution of light intensity in the retina found in cataractous eyes with different severities. The induced amount of scatter ranged from values of straylight (S) from 10 to 85 degree2/sr, which corresponds from normal aging eye to advanced cataract stages. Mesopic visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS) at 3 cycles per degree were measured at the fovea and two retinal eccentricities (5 and 10 degrees in nasal visual field). We observed a consistent linear decline in VA (expressed in LogMAR) as the amount of induced scatter (quantified by the straylight parameter S) increased, both at the fovea and in the periphery. The effect of induced scattering on mesopic VA and CS at the fovea and the near periphery was evaluated. We found a relatively lower impact of scatter in the near periphery. This may explain the modest improvement in vision often found after cataract surgery in patients with AMD.

Ultrasonography and Postmortem Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Bilateral Ocular Disease in a Heifer

Bovine ocular diseases are typically characterized by the concurrent appearances of both macroscopic and intraocular abnormalities. This study examines the diagnostic efficacy of a combination of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the bilateral ocular disease observed in a 9-month-old Japanese Black heifer. This case presented with bilateral strabismus and a white-colored lens structure in the right eye. A combination of ultrasonography and MRI revealed formations of corn-like and V-shaped membranous structures within the vitreous cavities of the left and right eyeballs, respectively. In the right eye, a cataract was suspected on both ultrasonogram and MRI. This case involved bilateral retinal detachments and strabismus similar to the signs of an autosomal recessive hereditary ocular disease; however, the cataract in the right eye differed from that hereditary disease. Finally, in genetic analysis, a known mutation of the WFDC1 gene was not detected. Ultrasonography is superior to MRI in demonstrating intraocular pathological changes. On the other hand, MRI is helpful for evaluating invasiveness of the ocular lesions to the peripheral structures. Thus, the combined use of these imaging modalities is recommended for diagnosing various bovine ocular diseases.

Cell Penetrability of a γ-Crystallin Peptide Fragment from the Discarded Cataractous Eye Emulsion.

The efficiency of the intracellular transport of medication and target specificity is frequently hampered by biological obstacles. The potential for therapeutic use of peptide fragments from naturally occurring proteins is promising, as peptides exhibit high selectivity due to several possibilities of interaction with their target. Certain peptide sequences, often referred to as cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), are those that can penetrate cell membranes. Our goal is to find these sequences in the discarded postcataractery surgery emulsion known as the cataractous eye protein isolate (CEPI). One peptide fragment from this discarded protein has been identified to be a potential CPP based on the similarities with other well-known CPPs. Cell membrane penetrability and cytotoxicity of the peptide have been investigated. Fibroblast cells were incubated with the fluorescently labeled peptide and were observed under fluorescence as well as under confocal microscopy. It was found that the peptide possesses a cell-penetrating ability.

Analysis of Paudyal’s “The Parrot in the Cage” and Sama’s “Don’t Cut down the Trees, Brother Woodcutter” from Ecological Perspectives

This paper analyzes the ecological reading of Paudyal’s “The Parrot in the Cage” and Sama’s “Don’t Cut down the Trees, Brother Woodcutter.” There are several factors of modernization responsible for the destruction of natural phenomena. The deterioration of flora and fauna has not been controlled though several government monitoring agencies have been actively working. There are limited research works on Nepali writers’ works regarding environmental issues. This study explores these two authors’ works to show how the deforestation and destruction of the wild lives take place. The findings of the study show that people are cutting down trees; hunters are hunting birds and animals; and the government is cutting down trees for constructing roads, airports, and city planning. Because of these causes, the ozone layer has been depleted; global warming has increased and people are suffering from skin cataracts; eye cataracts, and respiratory problems. The over-superiority complex of man has helped destroy the flora and fauna. Whatever change takes place in nature is irreversible. The study adopts the deep ecology theory that was propounded by Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess. This essay explains the causes and effects of deforestation. The study also analyses the related consequences of deforestation. This is explanatory research rather than exploratory. The main purpose of this paper is to minimize ecological degradation and environmental problems. The study also attempts to find necessary solutions like afforestation, reforestation, and alternative energy.

Visual outcomes and risk factors of uveitis cataract eyes after phacoemulsification and manual small-incision cataract surgery.

To examine the visual outcomes and risk factors of uveitis cataract eyes after phacoemulsification and manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS). Tertiary-care eye hospital in southern India. Retrospective interventional case series. Of the uveitis eyes operated for cataract surgery between 2017 and 2020, eyes with a minimum of 6 months postoperative follow-up were included. Eyes with ocular trauma, lens subluxation, lens-induced uveitis, or retinal detachment-induced uveitis were excluded. Demography, visual acuity, intraoperative and postoperative records, and surgical outcomes were analyzed. 191 eyes of 191 patients with a mean age of 51.7 ± 14.4 years were included. Phacoemulsification was performed in 134 eyes, and 57 eyes underwent MSICS. Synechiolysis and pupil-expanding maneuvers were required in 74 eyes (38.7%). No differences were noted in the rates of complications between phacoemulsification and MSICS eyes, except at 1 year, where higher rates of posterior capsular opacification and vitritis were noted in MSICS eyes ( P = .018). The visual outcomes of eyes that underwent MSICS and phacoemulsification were comparable ( P = .463). In 12 eyes (13.5%), improvement in vision was not significant. This study shows phacoemulsification may be a preferred technique in uveitis cataracts, given the lesser incidence of postoperative complications. Patients should be counseled for realistic expectations.

Susceptibility to eye diseases in relation to age and kidney failure among Taiwanese adults.

The kidney and eyes share common pathways and are thought to be closely connected. Chronic kidney disease and major eye diseases, such as cataract and glaucoma, are strongly associated with age. However, further investigation is needed to understand the joint impact of age and kidney diseases on eye diseases. In this study, we assessed the risk of eye diseases in relation to age and kidney failure in Taiwanese adults. Our study included 127,561 cancer-free volunteers aged 30 to 70 years who participated in the Taiwan Biobank (TWB) project from 2008 to 2020. Information on the main exposures (kidney failure and age) and the outcome (eye diseases, including glaucoma, cataract, xerophthalmia, and retinal detachment) was collected through questionnaires. In general, kidney failure and older age were independently associated with a higher risk of eye, particularly cataract and retinal detachment: prevalence odds ratio (POR); 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.480; 1.635-3.761 for cataract and 3.885; 1.968-7.666 for retinal detachment. A significant interaction between kidney failure and age on cataract was observed (p-value = 0.0002). Age-stratified analysis revealed a higher risk of cataract among patients with kidney failure aged below 50 (POR = 6.534; 95% CI = 2.493-17.124) and between 50 and 60 years (POR = 3.957; 95%CI = 1.986-7.881). Combining kidney failure and age (reference: no kidney failure and age < 50 years), kidney failure in all age groups was associated with a higher risk of cataract. The PORs; 95% CIs were 10.725; 4.227-27.211 for patients below 50 years, 28.487; 14.270-56.866 for those aged 50-60 years, and 43.183; 24.434-72.824 for those > 60 years. Combining cataract and age (reference: no cataract and age < 50 years), patients below 50 years had the highest risk of kidney failure (POR; 95% CI = 9.510; 3.722-24.297). Our study suggests that age and kidney failure may jointly contribute to eye diseases, particularly cataract. The association between cataract and kidney failure could be bidirectional, especially in individuals below 50 years. This significant bidirectional relationship underscores the need for screening patients with cataract for kidney failure and vice versa, particularly in younger adults.

High incidence of sebaceous gland inflammation in aldose reductase-deficient mice

Aldose reductase is a member of the 1B1 subfamily of aldo-keto reductase gene superfamily. The action of aldose reductase (AR) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of disease states, most notably complications of diabetes mellitus including neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and cataracts. To explore for mechanistic roles for AR in disease pathogenesis, we established mutant strains produced using Crispr-Cas9 to inactivate the AKR1B3 gene in C57BL6 mice. Phenotyping AR-knock out (ARKO) strains confirmed previous reports of reduced accumulation of tissue sorbitol levels. Lens epithelial cells in ARKO mice showed markedly reduced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition following lens extraction in a surgical model of cataract and posterior capsule opacification. A previously unreported phenotype of preputial sebaceous gland swelling was observed frequently in male ARKO mice homozygous for the mutant AKR1B3 allele. This condition, which was shown to be accompanied by infiltration of proinflammatory CD3+ lymphocytes, was not observed in WT mice or mice heterozygous for the mutant allele. Despite this condition, reproductive fitness of the ARKO strain was indistinguishable from WT mice housed under identical conditions. These studies establish the utility of a new strain of AKR1B3-null mice created to support mechanistic studies of cataract and diabetic eye disease.

Successful Management of Cataract in Patient With Long Anterior Zonules and Small Pupil :A Rare Case

Introduction : Long anterior zonules (LAZ) are rare disease with prevalence was 1–2%, characterized by zonular fibers that extend centrally leading to a small zonule-free zone (ZFZ), which raises the risk of complications during zonular cutting while continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC). This leads to two options whether to perform phacoemulsification through a small CCC within the small ZFZ or an adequately sized CCC. The objective of this study was to report challenging management of phacoemulsification surgery with LAZ eyes with small pupil&#x0D; Case Illustration : A 62 y.o female had visual acuity(VA) 0.7(logMAR) due to corticonuclear cataract in left eye. She had history complicated cataract surgery with secondary sulcus fixated IOL in her fellow eye. The IOP was normal, no phacodenesis and pseudoexfoliative material observed in left eye. The posterior segment was normal. The left eye observed otherwise normal in initial examination. Intraoperatively, after viscomidriasis technique the ZFZ identified in the area of 2.0-2.5 mm from central. Five millimeter CCC can be achieved in the central area and phacoemulsification with the help of CTR (Capsular Tension Ring) safely performed and one piece IOL was implanted in the bag.&#x0D; Discussion : On the first postoperative day, VA was improves to 0.4(logMAR), IOL central and clear corneal with minimal inflammation. One week after surgery, the VA 0.3(logMAR) and no sign of IOL decenteration.&#x0D; Conclusion : Phacoemulsification in eyes with LAZs can be safely performed with CTR through an adequately sized CCC without significant complications. A combination of early recognising high-risk eye, proficient skills, and surgical instruments can improve outcome.

CHEMICAL OCULAR INJURY BY POTASS CHEMICAL OCULAR INJURY BY POTASSIUM PERMANGANAT

Introduction: Chemical ocular injury is an emergency case and commonly occured among children. Alkaline chemical ocular injury is more destructive especially due to saponification. One of the rare chemical ocular injury is alkaline trauma by Potassium Permanganate (KMNO4). &#x0D; &#x0D; Case Report: A case of a three-year-old boy patient brought by his mother in emergency department at Cicendo Eye Hospital with severe pain, redness, and swelling of the left eye. Ten hours earlier, the patient was playing and accidentally exposed to KMNO4. Visual acuity of the right eye was 6/6 and the left eye was difficult to examine. Ophthalmological examination revealed superior and inferior palpebra are swelling, KMNO4 adhered tightly on conjunctival tarsal superior, inferior, and conjunctival bulbi inferior until fornix and temporal area. Cornea was hazed and iris shadow test positive so he was diagnosed with Chemical Trauma Ropper Hall grade II OS. Treatment begins with irrigation 2 litres of normal saline until pH 7 along with debridement of KMNO4 from conjunctival tarsal superior inferior and bulbi. The patient underwent installation of transplanted amniotic membrane and debridement under anasthesia.&#x0D; &#x0D; Discussion: Management in the initial phase is irrigation. The definitive therapy requires surgery to speed up the healing process. Complications that often occur are corneal limbal cell deficiency, dry eye, symblepharon formation, secondary glaucoma, and complicated cataracts. &#x0D; .&#x0D; Conclusion: Alkali chemical injury is hazardous and can lead to severe vision threatening complications because of saponification. Prompt and aggressive management is required in such cases to give them the best chance of a more favourable outcome. &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Chemical ocular injury, Potassium permanganate, Chemical burns, Eye trauma

Knowledge about age-related eye diseases in the general population in Germany

BackgroundWith a rising prevalence of age-related eye diseases, prevention and early diagnosis of these conditions are key goals of public eye health. Disease-related knowledge in the general public supports these goals but there is little data available. Thus, we have assessed knowledge of cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic eye disease in the German adult general population in a cross-sectional study and identified target groups for health education interventions.MethodsKnowledge assessment content was identified based on a literature review, expert input, and a list of items was generated after a qualitative selection process. The resulting 16-item instrument (4 items per condition) was administered to 1,008 participants from a survey panel, demographically representative of the adult German population. Test properties were evaluated based on a Rasch model and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). Binary-logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate associations with age, sex, education level, employment status, marital status, income, reported health status, visual difficulties, and recent general practitioner (GP) and ophthalmologist consultations.ResultsReplies were correct for a median of 9 out of 16 (range 2 – 16) items, which differed between conditions (p < 0.0001). Most responses were correct for cataract items (median: 3 / 4) and least were correct for AMD items (median: 2 / 4). 27%, 9%, 1% and 19% of respondents replied correctly to all cataract, glaucoma, AMD and diabetic eye disease-related items, respectively. Rasch analysis suggested an adequate targeting of items and in MCA, no evidence of multidimensionality was present. Older age, being retired, decreased general health and recent GP or ophthalmology consultations were significantly associated with more knowledge about common eye conditions (p ≤ 0.005). GP or ophthalmology consultations remained significant in a multivariable model (p ≤ 0.011).ConclusionsKnowledge gaps regarding eye health are considerable in the German general population and should therefore be addressed in educational interventions targeting the public. Special attention when designing such campaigns needs to be paid to infrequent users of the healthcare system. Knowledge of AMD seems to be poorer compared to other eye conditions.

Trichromatic critical flicker frequency as potential visual test in cataract and macula disease patients.

To investigate the capacity of critical flicker frequency (CFF) in discriminating cataract eyes with or without macula disease using trichromatic flickers, and to develop a model to predict postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of macular disease. CFF threshold measurements of red (R-CFF), green (G-CFF), and yellow (Y-CFF) flickers were conducted both preoperatively and postoperatively. A generalized estimating equations model (GEE) was employed to examine the relationship between CFF threshold and 3-month postoperative BCVA. A total of 115 eyes were enrolled, with 59 eyes in the cataract alone group and 56 eyes in the cataract with macular disease group completing the follow-up. R-CFF was found to be consistent before and after cataract removal (P = 0.06), even in cases where OCT was not performed successfully (P > 0.05). Y-CFF showed the highest AUC (0.798) for differentiating ocular comorbidities. According to the GEE model, in patients with a CFF threshold below 26Hz, the odds ratios for achieving a postoperative VA of 20/40 or better were 34.8% for R-CFF, 26.0% for G-CFF, and 24.5% for Y-CFF. CFF emerges as a promising tool for predicting postoperative BCVA, providing valuable supplementary insights when fundus examination is obstructed. R-CFF demonstrates the best resistance to cataracts, while Y-CFF exhibits the highest sensitivity both in identifying macular diseases and predicting postoperative BCVA of 20/40 or better.

Biodegradable Solid Polymer Electrolytes from the Discarded Cataractous Eye Protein Isolate.

The protein extracted from the discarded eye lenses postcataract surgery, referred to as the cataractous eye protein isolate (CEPI), is employed as a polymer matrix for the construction of solid polymer electrolyte species (SPEs). SPEs are expected to be inexpensive, conductive, and mechanically stable in order to be economically and commercially viable. Environmentally, these materials should be biodegradable and nontoxic. Taking these factors into account, we investigated the possibility of using a discarded protein as a polymer matrix for SPEs. Natural compounds sorbitol and sinapic acid (SA) are used as the plasticizer and cross-linker, respectively, to tune the mechanical as well as electrochemical properties. The specific material formed is demonstrated to have high ionic conductivity ranging from ∼2 × 10-2 to ∼8 × 10-2 S cm-1. Without the addition of any salt, the ionic conductivity of sorbitol-plasticized non-cross-linked CEPI is ∼7.5 × 10-2 S cm-1. Upon the addition of NaCl, the conductivity is enhanced to ∼8 × 10-1 S cm-1. This study shows the possibility of utilizing a discarded protein CEPI as an alternative polymer matrix with further potential for the construction of tunable, flexible, recyclable, biocompatible, and biodegradable SPEs for flexible green electronics and biological devices.

Fuch's Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy in Cataract Patients Is Associated with Elevated Levels of Inflammatory Chemokines, but Not Growth Factors, in the Aqueous Humor.

The study investigated a profile of chemokines and growth factors in the aqueous humor (AH) of eyes with Fuch's endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) and cataracts in comparison with cataract patients as a control group. A total of 52 AH samples (26 FECD + cataract and 26 cataract/control) were collected before cataract surgery. None of the patients had any clinically apparent inflammation at the time of AH collection. The AH levels of MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP-1α (CCL3), MIP-1β(CCL4), RANTES (CCL5), eotaxin (CCL11), IP-10 (CXCL10), FGF basic, G-CSF, GM-CSF, PDGF-bb, and VEGF were compared between the groups. The analyses were performed using the Bio-Plex 200 System from Bio-Rad. Among the studied parameters, the AH levels of RANTES, eotaxin, and IP-10 significantly increased in the FECD + cataract eyes, compared with the cataract controls (p < 0.05). Elevated levels of the RANTES, Eotaxin, and IP-10 indicate more intense inflammation in the eyes of patients in the FECD + cataract group. Moreover, these factors exhibit potential as predictive biomarkers for early detection of FECD in cataract patients. The discovery of elevated concentrations of biochemical markers in a patient, who has not yet received a clinical diagnosis, may suggest the need for heightened observation of the other eye to monitor the potential development of FECD.

Research progress on ocular complications caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and the function of tears and blepharons.

The purpose of this study was to explore the related research progress of ocular complications (OCs) caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), tear and tarsal function, and the application of deep learning (DL) in the diagnosis of diabetes and OCs caused by it, to provide reference for the prevention and control of OCs in T2DM patients. This study reviewed the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes retinopathy, keratopathy, dry eye disease, glaucoma, and cataract, analyzed the relationship between OCs and tear function and tarsal function, and discussed the application value of DL in the diagnosis of diabetes and OCs. Diabetes retinopathy is related to hyperglycemia, angiogenic factors, oxidative stress, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and other factors. The increase in water content in the corneal stroma leads to corneal relaxation, loss of transparency, and elasticity, and can lead to the occurrence of corneal lesions. Dry eye syndrome is related to abnormal stability of the tear film and imbalance in neural and immune regulation. Elevated intraocular pressure, inflammatory reactions, atrophy of the optic nerve head, and damage to optic nerve fibers are the causes of glaucoma. Cataract is a common eye disease in the elderly, which is a visual disorder caused by lens opacity. Oxidative stress is an important factor in the occurrence of cataracts. In clinical practice, blood sugar control, laser therapy, and drug therapy are used to control the above eye complications. The function of tear and tarsal plate will be affected by eye diseases. Retinopathy and dry eye disease caused by diabetes will cause dysfunction of tear and tarsal plate, which will affect the eye function of patients. Furthermore, DL can automatically diagnose and classify eye diseases, automatically analyze fundus images, and accurately diagnose diabetes retinopathy, macular degeneration, and other diseases by analyzing and processing eye images and data. The treatment of T2DM is difficult and prone to OCs, which seriously threatens the normal life of patients. The occurrence of OCs is closely related to abnormal tear and tarsal function. Based on DL, clinical diagnosis and treatment of diabetes and its OCs can be carried out, which has positive application value.

Senile Cataract Formation Does Not Affect Crystalline Lens Thickness.

Characterizing lens thickness (LT) in patients with cataracts is important for better understanding the lens aging process and for designing new intraocular lens power formulas. This study aimed to analyze the influence of common senile cataract formation on the LT, anterior (ACS) and posterior (PCS) cortex space, and nuclear thickness (NT), controlling for sex, age, and axial length. A cross-sectional study was performed. A consecutive sample of 603 volunteers (403 women, 200 men) aged 59.1 ± 18.8years was recruited. The standardized Lens Opacification Classification System (LOCS)-III was used to classify eyes (randomly selected) into cataractous and non-cataractous groups. Also, they were classified according to the cataract location (presence or absence of cortical, nuclear, or posterior subcapsular cataract). Optical biometry was performed to measure LT, ACS, NT, and PCS. Propensity score was used to match participants one-to-one for sex, age, and axial length. Groups were compared using the Student's ttest or Yuen's test. The four classifications divided unmatched eyes into: 361 cataractous lenses and 242 non-cataractous, 226 cortical and 377 non-cortical cataractous, 313 nuclear and 290 non-nuclear cataractous and 242 subcapsular and 361 non-subcapsular cataractous. Before matching, cataractous eyes showed significantly higher LT (4.52 ± 0.39 vs. 3.94 ± 0.46mm, p < 0.001), ACS (0.75 ± 0.20 vs. 0.58 ± 0.23mm, p < 0.001), NT (3.34 ± 0.23 vs. 3.18 ± 0.25mm, p < 0.001) and PCS (0.42 ± 0.19 vs. 0.37 ± 0.19mm, p = 0.003). Matched lens, cortical, nuclear, and subcapsular cataract samples comprised 146, 258, 182, and 226 eyes, respectively. After matching, no significant differences were observed in LT (4.34 ± 0.37 vs. 4.33 ± 0.36mm, p = 0.94), ACS (0.72 ± 0.20 vs. 0.76 ± 0.19mm, p = 0.08), NT (3.31 ± 0.22 vs. 3.30 ± 0.23mm, p = 0.24) and PCS (0.42 ± 0.19 vs. 0.43 ± 0.16mm, p = 0.79). The presence of senile cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataract have no effect on LT, ACS, NT, and PCS. Confounding factors should be controlled for when measuring LT and its main components.

Causal associations between circulating inflammatory cytokines and blinding eye diseases: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis.

Previous studies have explored the associations between circulating inflammatory cytokines and blinding eye diseases, including glaucoma, cataract and macular degeneration. However, the causality of these associations remains controversial. This study employs a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate the causal relationships between 41 circulating inflammatory cytokines and these blinding eye diseases. Summary data for glaucoma, cataract, macular degeneration and 41 circulating inflammatory cytokines were publicly available. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was employed as the main analysis method. Additionally, various sensitivity tests, including MR-Egger regression, weighted median, weight mode, Cochran's Q test, MR pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier test, and leave-one-out test, were conducted to evaluate sensitivity and stability of results. The IVW analysis identified six circulating inflammatory cytokines causally associated with the risk of blinding eye diseases: Monokine induced by interferon-gamma (MIG) for glaucoma, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-6, IL-10, and platelet derived growth factor BB (PDGFbb) for cataract, and MIG and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) for macular degeneration. However, it is noteworthy that none of these associations remained significant after Bonferroni correction (p < 0.0004). Reverse MR analyses indicated that cataract may lead to a decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels (OR: 3.326 × 10-04, 95% CI: 5.198 × 10-07 - 2.129 × 10-01, p = 0.0151). This study highlights the potential roles of specific inflammatory cytokines in the development of glaucoma, cataract and macular degeneration. Moreover, it suggests that VEGF is likely to be involved in cataract development downstream. These findings offer insights for early prevention and novel therapeutic strategies for these blinding eye diseases.

How to choose the intraocular lens power calculation formulas in eyes with extremely long axial length? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To evaluate the accuracy of 10 formulas for calculating intraocular lens (IOL) power in cataract eye with an axial length (AL) of more than 28.0 mm. We searched scientific databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library for research published over the past 5 years, up to Sept 2023. The inclusion criteria were case series studies that compared different formulas (Barrett II, EVO, Kane, Hill-RBF, Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, SRK/T, Holladay 1 w-k and SRK/T w-k), in patients with extremely long AL undergoing uncomplicated cataract surgery with IOL implantation. The mean difference (MD) of mean absolute error (MAE) and the odds ratio (OR) of both the percentage of eyes within ±0.50D of prediction error (PPE±0.50D) and the percentage of eyes within ±1.00D of prediction error (PPE±1.00D) among different formulas were pooled using meta-analysis. A total of 11 studies, involving 1376 eyes, were included to evaluate the 10 formulas mentioned above. Among these formulas, Barrett II, EVO, Kane, and Hill-RBF demonstrated significantly lower MAE values compared to SRK/T. Furthermore, Kane and Hill-RBF had lower MAE values than EVO. Additionally, Barrett II and Kane yielded significantly lower MAE values than Haigis while Hill-RBF showed significantly lower MAE values than Holladay 1. Moreover, Hill-RBF showed the highest values for both PPE±0.50D and PPE±1.00D, followed by Kane. Both EVO and Kane had higher values of PPE±0.50D and PPE±1.00D compared to Haigis and SRK/T. The Wang-Koch adjusted formulas and new-generation formulas have shown potential for higher accuracy in predicting IOL power for cataract patients with extremely long AL compared to traditional formulas. Based on the current limited clinical studies, Hill-RBF and Kane formulas seem to be a better choice for eyes with extremely long AL.