Catalyzed Transesterification Reaction Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of Biodiesel from Non-Edible Seed Oils Extracted from Cameroon Bioresources

This work aimed at valorizing non-edible seed oils from some plants found in Cameroon videlicet Acacia hockii (AH), Garcinia livingstonei (GL) and Moringa oleifera (MO), through production of biodiesel. Two extraction methods used were; the Soxhlet extraction and surfactant assisted extraction with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as surfactant. The extracted oils were characterized using physicochemical parameters. The characterized oils were used to synthesize biodiesels via acid and base catalyzed transesterification reactions. The purification of the biodiesels was done using chromatographic columns. The biodiesels obtained were also characterized using physicochemical analysis in a manner similar to the oils with additional parameters like cold f low properties, f lammability, ignition qualities and cetane number determinations. Qualitative analysis was realized using the Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrophotometer (FT-IR). The Soxhlet extraction method gave higher yields for all the plants with MO being the highest, compared to the surfactant assisted extractions. The results from the physicochemical properties of the oils were as follows: specific gravity, 0.876 g/mL, 0.843 g/mL and 0.865 g/mL for AH, GL, and MO. The free fatty acid contents of the oils were 0.436% FFA, 0.547% FFA and 1.60% FFA for AH, GL, and MO respectively. The saponification values gave 143.03 mgKOH/g, 72.93 mgKOH/g, 126.22 mgKOH/g for AH, GL and MO in that order. Iodine values for the oils were 46.54 mgI2/g, 22.41 mgI2/g, 68.10 mgI2/g for AH, GL, and MO, respectively. The peroxide values gave 10.05 meq/kg, 8.50 meq/kg, 8.0 meq/kg for AH, GL, and MO, respectively. The kinematic viscosities were 21.0 mm2/s, 22.0 mm2/s and 43.0 mm2/s for AH, GL, and MO, respectively. The acid catalyzed reaction gave greater crude yields of 90.00% for all three plants while the base catalyzed reaction gave, 87.00% (AH), 84.00% (GL) and 74.00% (MO). The purified biodiesel samples had the following acid numbers: 0.028% FFA for BAH, 0.022% FFA for BGL, and 0.028% FFA for BMO. The kinematic viscosities values for biodiesel were 4.00 mm2/s, 4.23 mm2/s, and 5.22 mm2/s for BAH, BGL, and BMO, respectively. The cetane numbers of the synthesized biodiesel samples were 142.73 (BAH), 167.29 (BGL), and 82.40 (BMO). The IR spectra of the biodiesels corroborated the chemical make-up of biodiesel. Hence non-edible seed oils from the Cameroon rich bioresources can be valorized in biodiesel synthesis and other forms of green energy production in Cameroon and beyond.

Fe-doped TiO2 nanocrystals as highly efficient catalysts for heterogeneous catalytic transesterification of coconut oil

BackgroundThe impact of Fe doped TiO2 nanocatalyst on the heterogeneous catalytic transesterification reaction of coconut oil into biodiesel has been investigated. MethodsThe nanocatalyst was prepared by sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide as TiO2 precursor and Fe(NO3)3 as iron (Fe) source. Several conditions of Fe-TiO2 were synthesized, each with Fe concentration of 0.5 %, 1 %, and 1.5 %, and calcined at 500 °C. The nanocatalyst's physical and chemical characteristics including phase crystallinity and morphology were examined. Significant findingsWe found that the biodiesel conversion efficiency increases with the increasing of Fe content in the Fe-TiO2 nanocatalyst and optimum at the Fe concentration of 1.5 % (w/w). The optimal Fe-TiO2 nanocatalyst could yield biodiesel output as high as 30.8 %, under at a relatively low temperature of 60 °C. Furthermore, the presence of the nanocatalyst effectively reduced the free fatty acid content in the biodiesel product by 1.43 %. Moreover, the acidity of the produced biodiesel was exceptionally low, at 0.02 %, primarily attributed to lauric acid. These exceptional performances are believed to be attributed to the enhanced surface chemistry properties of the Fe-TiO2 nanocatalyst. The Fe-TiO2 system is expected to find extensive application in the cost-effective production of biodiesel.

Transesterification of DMC with ethanol over K2CO3/Al2O3: The structure-performance relationship and catalytic mechanism

The transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with ethanol to ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) has attracted increasing attention, which could be greatly promoted by heterogeneous solid base catalysts. The K2CO3/Al2O3 solid base catalysts with different active sites such as K2CO3, KAl(OH)2CO3, and KAlO2 were prepared for the transesterification reaction. The active sites of K2CO3 and KAl(OH)2CO3 mainly exist on the surface of KA-200 and KA-300, while K2CO3 and KAlO2 were mainly present on KA-400 and KA-500. The effects of active sites and the phase of support were studied systematically. KAl(OH)2CO3 showed higher activity than K2CO3 and KAlO2. In contrast, K2CO3 and KAlO2 displayed higher stability, with the activity of KA-400 kept stable over 2000 h. The excessive OH group of γ-AlOOH and water in the reaction system have a negative effect on the activity of the K2CO3/Al2O3 catalysts. The catalytic characterizations, transesterification reactions, and DFT calculations suggested that K+ in the KAl(OH)2CO3 species, with higher electron cloud density than that in K2CO3/γ-Al2O3, could efficiently promote the dissociation of ethanol and subsequent replacement of methoxy with ethoxy. The rate-determining step for the transesterification reaction was suggested to be the dissociation of ethanol.

Effective transesterification of castor oil to biodiesel catalyzed by novel carbon-based calcium composite

A novel carbon-based calcium catalyst was prepared through impregnation-calcination method, and was successfully applied as an effective catalyst for transesterification of castor oil to produce biodiesel. The catalyst prepared through the calcination at 500 °C for 3 h (Ca/C-500–3) exhibited the optimal performance. The prepared carbon-based calcium catalyst had excellent crystallinity and morphology, high basicity and surface area according to the characterization analysis results. Based on the XPS analysis, the combination of CaO and C in Ca/C-500–3 could improve the oxygen ion donating ability, which was beneficial for the reaction of triglycerides with methanol. The optimum composite of carbon-based calcium catalyst (Ca/C-500–3) displayed the excellent catalytic activity in castor oil transesterification, and 95.44 % of biodiesel conversion was obtained with the following conditions: methanol to oil molar ratio of 18:1, catalyst dosage of 5 wt%, reaction temperature of 65 °C and reaction time of 3 h. The TOF indicated that Ca/C-500–3 was an efficiency catalyst. Meanwhile, the calculation results of E-factor and PMI manifested that the transesterification of castor oil to biodiesel catalyzed by Ca/C-500–3 was a green reaction. Ca/C-500–3 could retain its high catalytic activity after five reaction cycles. The LCC cost analysis results suggested that, using Ca/C-500–3 as catalyst, biodiesel production from castor oil as feedstock had lower production cost compared to other biodiesel productions. The various factors affecting the cost of producing biodiesel were investigated using sensitivity analysis. Finally, the possible mechanism of catalytic transesterification reaction using carbon-based calcium composites was revealed.

Optimization and kinetic study of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil in supercritical methanol environment using ZnO/γ-Al2O3 catalyst

AbstractIn this study, the conversion of crude Jatropha curcas oil into biodiesel through transesterification was investigated in the presence of heterogeneous solid catalysts under supercritical methanol environment. The principal impetuses catalyzing the expansion in optimal biodiesel production are primarily attributed to the increasing demand for sustainable energy sources, the availability of raw materials, and innovations in production methodologies. To maintain the optimization, 6 wt% and 10 wt% of zinc oxide (ZnO) were incorporated into gamma-alumina (γ-Al2O3) through a wet impregnation method followed by calcination at 900 °C. Furthermore, the study examined the effect of alcohol/oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the process to achieve maximum biodiesel production. The study revealed that a catalyst consisting of 10 wt% ZnO on γ-Al2O3 exhibited exceptional performance with a biodiesel yield of 95.64% under the reaction conditions of a molar ratio of 1:40 oil to methanol, a temperature of 300 °C, a pressure of 9 MPa, and a residence time of 3 min compared to the yield of 100% under same condition at residence time of 9 min. After thorough investigation, the kinetics of the catalytic transesterification reaction were elucidated, and suitable kinetic parameters were proposed.

Microscale manipulation of bond exchange reactions in photocurable vitrimers with a covalently attachable photoacid generator.

Vitrimers are polymer networks with covalent bonds that undergo reversible exchange reactions and rearrange their topology in response to an external stimulus. The temperature-dependent change in viscoelastic properties is conveniently adjusted by selected catalysts. In these thermo-activated systems, the lack in spatial control can be overcome by using photolatent catalysts. Herein, we advance this concept to locally manipulate bond exchange reactions on a single digit microscale level. For this, we synthetize a linkable non-ionic photoacid generator, which is covalently attached to a thiol-click photopolymer. UV induced deprotection of the photoacid yields a strong immobilized sulfonic acid species, which is able to efficiently catalyze transesterification reactions. Covalent attachment of the formed acid prevents migration/leaching processes and enables a precise tuning of material properties. As proof of concept, positive toned microstructures with a resolution of 5 μm are inscribed in thin films using direct two-photon absorption laser writing and subsequent depolymerization. In addition, the possibility to locally reprogram bulk material properties is demonstrated by performing a post-modification reaction with ethylene glycol and carboxylic acids. The Young's modulus is varied between 3.3 MPa and 11.9 MPa giving rise to the versatility of the newly introduced catalysts for creating light processable and transformable materials.

Bacterial Cellulose and Biodegradable Superbase for Heterogeneous Transesterification to Alkyl Esters

Heterogeneous catalysts, basic, acidic or bifunctional, can catalyze transesterification reactions where the raw material has a significant content of FFA fatty acids, such as used cooking oils or other lipid-based residues, which do not have the purity required for homogeneous catalysis, in which case the purity of the triglycerides above 99.5% is the first condition for the initiation of the reaction, to avoid saponification. In this work, a green supported catalyst was developed, using bacterial cellulose as catalytic support and biodegradable superbase as a chemical compound, for transesterification reaction to obtain alkyl esters, yielding over 99% of its content at 70 °C temperature and 7.5% catalyst loading (1.5/20 w/w catalyst:oil). A Plackett-–Burman design was used for screening experiments to explore the main effect in terms of catalytic activity and performance of the triglyceride conversion reaction.

Acid–base bifunctional ZnNbCl/eg-C3N4 materials towards catalytic synthesis of dimethyl carbonate via transesterification of ethylene carbonate

The catalytic transesterification reaction between ethylene carbonate (EC) with methanol is a sustainable approach for the production of dimethyl carbonate (DMC). In this work, exfoliated carbon nitride (eg-C3N4) was supported with ZnCl2 and NbCl5. The synthesized materials (ZnNbCl/eg-C3N4) were analyzed by XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption, FT-IR, XPS, SEM, TG, CO2-TPD, and NH3-TPD. The eg-C3N4 could disperse well Zn2+ and Nb5+ species via nitrogen-containing groups. The combined Zn2+ and Nb5+ components enhanced the alkaline strength of eg-C3N4 and introduced acidic sites, enabling ZnNbCl/eg-C3N4 as solid-base bifunctional catalysts. As heterogeneous catalysts, ZnNbCl/eg-C3N4 exhibited superior activity to ZnCl2/eg-C3N4 or NbCl5/eg-C3N4 in the transesterification of EC. At 140 °C of reaction temperature, EC conversion and DMC selectivity reached 80.1% and 100%, respectively. The catalysts showed good recycling performance and were also compared with other recently reported heterogeneous catalysts.

Optimization of biodiesel yield from non-food karanja seed oil: Characterization and assessment of fuel properties

In the present research work, a non-conventional oil i.e., karanja (Pongamia pinnata L.) seed oil was selected to synthesize biodiesel through base catalyzed transesterification reaction. To minimize the FFA (free fatty acid) value of oil, esterification of oil using H2SO4 was carried out before the transesterification. The esterified oil was then subjected to transesterification with methanol in the presence of KOH, yielding karanja oil methyl esters (KOMEs) along with glycerol as a side-product. The transesterification was carried out under optimized reaction parameters such as alcohol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 60 °C, KOH concentration of 1.00%, reaction time of 120 min, stirring rate of 750 rpm and maximum KOMEs yield of 95.4% was achieved. Different functional groups in KOMEs were traced via FTIR whereas GC-MS profiling was investigated to characterize different fatty acids in KOMEs. Moreover, fuel characteristics of KOMEs were determined and matched with standards. The findings of this research work support the use of Pongamia pinnata seed oil as a viable non-conventional/non-food oil feedstock for production of good quality biodiesel with value-added perspectives.

Homogenizer-intensified amidation of free fatty acids in waste cooking oil for biodiesel production

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil is a viable alternative both to satisfy renewable energy demand and utilize a low-cost feedstock. However, a preparatory procedure is required to reduce free fatty acid contained in waste cooking oil to a specific value which is time- and energy-extensive. Herein, a fast and non-catalytic amidation reaction performs at room temperature is established as an alternative method to reduce the free fatty acid level. The effect of the molar ratio of waste cooking oil to monoethanolamine, reaction time and rotational speed of homogenizer were investigated on the conversion of free fatty acid to alkanolamide compounds. The highest conversion of 95.9 ± 0.02% was achieved in presence of a molar ratio of 1:1.5, reaction time of 0.5 min and rotational speed of 5000 rpm. Further, a homogenizer was used to facilitate the transesterification reaction using an alkaline catalyst at room temperature. The conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel of 91.4 ± 0.2% was achieved after 5 min of reaction time. In terms of processing parameters, the non-catalytic amidation and alkaline base catalytic transesterification reaction assisted by a homogenizer device is a time-saved process as it could save 92% and 94% of reaction time compared to one- and two-steps method and was performed in ambient condition.

Enhanced transesterification reaction using chromium-doped calcium oxide-based catalyst supported on alumina and its specification of biodiesel

A new modification with an active substance, chromium-doped calcium oxide-based catalyst supported on alumina (Cr-Ca/γ-Al2O3), was synthesized by the wetness impregnation method in the transesterification of refined waste cooking oil. 10Cr-90Ca/γ-Al2O3 catalyst calcined at 700 °C was successful in achieving a maximum of 86.6% of biodiesel production under optimum parameters (reaction temperature of 65 °C, catalyst loading of 6 wt%, oil-to-methanol of 1:18 mol ratio, and reaction time of three hours). The optimization using 10Cr-90Ca/γ-Al2O3 catalyzed reaction was subsequently verified by response surface methodology. Based on the R2 value of 0.9977, the regression equation fits well and explains a significant response to the observed variability. The analyses from X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the active species existence in 10Cr-90Ca/γ-Al2O3 catalysts was Ca2+ and Cr3+ played important roles in this catalytic transesterification reaction for biodiesel production. The 10Cr-90Ca/γ-Al2O3 catalyst calcined at 700 °C had the smallest crystallite size measured at 9.4 nm (Al2O3), 8.9 nm (CaO), and 17.9 nm (Cr2O3). The TGA-DTA data validated the temperature of 700 °C was considered suitable for synthesized 10Cr-90Ca/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. The fuel qualities of synthesized biodiesel under ideal process conditions meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards.

Adsorption of PPL on a high thermal stable DUT-5 and their catalytic activity in a transesterification reaction of cinnamyl alcohol and vinyl acetate

Lipase-assisted catalytic esterification reactions have been concentrated on due to their green synthetic route for cinnamate acetate. In this paper, a high thermal stable Al-MOF (DUT-5) was chosen as a carrier to immobilize Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL), and the resulting composites of PPL@DUT-5 were then employed in the catalytic transesterification reaction of cinnamyl alcohol and vinyl acetate. The adsorption conditions of PPL on the surface of DUT-5 were varied to optimize PPL loading uptakes, the adsorption kinetics were analyzed to explore the adsorption behavior of PPL on the DUT-5. In the catalytic transesterification reaction, the resulting PPL@DUT-5 represents the prominent enhanced catalytic stability under a varied reaction condition but with a higher catalytic activity, such as under the relative wide optimum pH value and at the increased operation temperature. And, the good reusability of the PPL@DUT-5 in cyclic catalytic processes highlights their prospect applications in the practical organic conversion reactions.

Biocatalysis of triglycerides transesterification using fungal biomass: a biorefinery approach

BackgroundThe use of microbial biomasses, such as fungal biomass, to catalyze the transesterification of triglycerides (TG) for biodiesel production provides a sustainable, economical alternative while still having the main advantages of expensive immobilized enzymes.ResultsBiomasses of Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus stolonifera were used to catalyze the transesterification of TG in waste frying oil (WFO). Isopropanol as an acyl-acceptor reduced the catalytic capability of the biomasses, while methanol was the most potent acyl-acceptor with a final fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) concentration of 85.5 and 89.7%, w/w, for R. stolonifer and A. flavus, respectively. Different mixtures of the fungal biomasses were tested, and higher proportions of A. flavus biomass improved the mixture's catalytic capability. C. sorokiniana cultivated in synthetic wastewater was used as feedstock to cultivate A. flavus. The biomass produced had the same catalytic capability as the biomass produced in the control culture medium. Response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted using central composite design (CCD) to optimize the A. flavus biomass catalytic transesterification reaction, where temperature, methanol concentration, and biomass concentration were selected for optimization. The significance of the model was verified, and the suggested optimum reaction conditions were 25.5 °C, 250 RPM agitation with 14%, w/w, biomass, 3 mol/L methanol, and a reaction duration of 24 h. The suggested optimum conditions were tested to validate the model and a final FAME concentration of 95.53%. w/w was detected.ConclusionBiomasses cocktails might be a legitimate possibility to provide a cheaper technical solution for industrial applications than immobilized enzymes. The use of fungal biomass cultivated on the microalgae recovered from wastewater treatment for the catalysis of transesterification reaction provides an additional piece of the puzzle of biorefinery. Optimizing the transesterification reaction led to a valid prediction model with a final FAME concentration of 95.53%, w/w.

Heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification reaction using waste snail shell for biodiesel production

Biodiesel as an attractive energy source; a low-cost and green synthesis technique was utilized for biodiesel preparation via waste cooking oil methanolysis using waste snail shell derived catalyst. The present work aimed to investigate the production of biodiesel fuel from waste materials. The catalyst was greenly synthesized from waste snail shells throughout a calcination process at different calcination time of 2–4 h and temperature of 750–950 °C. The catalyst samples were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). The reaction variables varying in the range of 10:1–30:1 M ratio of MeOH: oil, 3–11 wt% catalyst loading, 50–70 °C reaction temperature, and 2–6 h reaction time. The designed model optimization was set its parameters at 21.5 methanol molar ratio, 9.8 wt% catalyst loading, 4.8 h reaction time, and 62.2 °C reaction temperature, resulting in a mixture comprised of 95% esters content.

Efficient Transesterification Preparation of Polycarbonate Diol with High Molecular Weight Using TiO2/SiO2 Solid Acid Catalysts

AbstractA series of TiO2/SiO2 catalysts were prepared by hydrolysis and used in the transesterification of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) and 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) to produce polycarbonate diol (PCDL). The physical properties of TiO2/SiO2 solid acid catalysts were characterized, and the relationship between their structural features and catalytic transesterification reaction was analyzed. The effects of various reaction conditions such as hydrolysis procedure, transesterification temperature, catalyst amount, and the mole ratio of the starting materials on the catalytic synthesis of PCDL were investigated. The maximum catalytic activity was based on the TiO2 : SiO2=3 : 1 with hydrolysis procedure of adding the Ti/Si mixture (A) to deionized water and anhydrous ethanol (B). The as‐synthesized TiO2/SiO2‐A‐to‐B catalyst exhibits rough surface with the average pore size of 6.75 nm, and the total acid amount of 1.07 mmol/g. The PCDL yield of transesterification reached 89.8 %, and the number average molecular weight reached 9074 g/mol under the optimal reaction conditions, and the molecular weight of the PCDL product could be adjusted.

Direct synthesis of poly(N-alkyl acrylamide) (co)polymers with pendant reactive amino groups by organocatalyzed amidation of polymethylacrylate

Post-polymerization modification of poorly reactive polyacrylates using efficient catalytic transesterification and amidation reactions has recently emerged as a valuable tool to access diversely functionalized poly(meth)acrylates and poly(meth)acrylamides. The method is particularly useful to introduce functional groups incompatible with the polymerization mechanism, such as non-protected reactive amino groups. In this work, we explored the TBD-catalyzed amidation of polymethylacrylate (PMA) with various difunctional amines to obtain polyacrylamide homo- and copolymers with a pendant reactive amine group. As anticipated, functional polymers could not be attained from amidation with ethylenediamine, because of competing cross-linking side reactions, but could be prepared from the mono-Boc-protected ethylenediamine instead, requiring, however, additional unwanted protection and deprotection steps. More interestingly, we found that the direct amidation of PMA with unprotected N-ethylethylenediamine is an efficient method for preparing secondary amine functionalized polymers, without the occurrence of crosslinking side-reaction even at lower catalyst loading. The crucial role of the ethyl group to prevent side reactions was clearly demonstrated as the use of N-methyl ethylenediamine led to crosslinking. The utility of the developed platform for the rapid preparation of a series of hydrophilic copolymers and hydrogel materials is also demonstrated. The hydrogels were prepared by reacting the secondary amine side chains with methacrylic anhydride, followed by photocuring in the presence and absence of dithiols.

Enzyme‐Catalyzed Synthesis, Odor Characteristics and Thermal Analysis of New Pyridine Esters

AbstractA new method for the efficient conversion of pyridine methanols and ethyl carboxylates to pyridine esters in air catalyzed by Novozym 435 (N435) was reported. The enzyme catalyzed transesterification reaction was performed under the optimum conditions: N435 (60 mg) as a biocatalyst, acetonitrile (2.5 mL) as a solvent, the molar ratio of pyridine methanols (0.2 mmol) to ethyl carboxylats (1.0 mmol) of 1 : 5, molecular sieve 3 A of 1.00 g, reaction temperature of 50 °C, the revolution speed of 150 rpm and reaction time of 36 h. The enzyme still retained a yield of 80 % after repeated use for 10 times. Under optimal conditions, eighteen pyridine esters were synthesized in this paper, containing fifteen esters as novel compounds. The synthesized pyridine esters were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry‐olfactory (GC‐MS‐O), of which four pyridyl esters including compounds 3 a, 3 c, 3 g and 3 r possessed strong aromas which were based on peak area in GC‐MS. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) was performed on these four flavor compounds. According to the results of TG analysis, they had good thermal stability at the certain temperature.

In-Situ Transesterification of Biodiesel Synthesized from Ampelocissus Africana Seed Oil Using (MgO/Al2O3) Catalyst

Biodiesel is an unconventional fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters also achieved essentially from the base catalyzed transesterification reaction of oils or fats. It is utilized clean haven’t require single alteration in the diesel engine and also biodiesel does not contain in consequential amount of sulphur. Consequently, biodiesel is presently the preeminent alternate for petro diesel. Biodiesel was synthesized using one step trasesterification reaction using magnesium oxide over aluminum oxide (MgO/Al2O3) at different ratio 5%, 10% and 15%. Moreoverthe biodiesel were analyzed using 6890N network GC/MS and physicochemical analysis cared out are compared according to international standardvia American Society of Testing Material (ASTMD-6751) the results obtain were: Acid value (0.1, 0.1, 0.2mgKOH/g), Density(0.64, 0.82, 0.71g/cm3) Iodine value (0.70, 0.52, 0.70mgI2/100g), Saponification value (0.10, 0.28, 0.63mgKOH/g), and Water & Sediment level (0.002, 0.002, 0.002) for sample A, B, and C, more ever the percentage yield obtained were (51%, 50%, 50.5%) for A, B, and C.

PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM WASTE GROUNDNUT OIL USING CATALYZED TRANSESTERIFICATION REACTION TECHNIQUE.

Waste groundnut oil can be considered as a potential waste which can be utilized as energy source and raw material for chemical processes. People worldwide use edible oil for cooking which is discarded. The increase in the energy demand was typically provided by fossil fuel, which otherwise are limited and cause serious environmental concern. This study investigated the development of biodiesel from waste groundnut oil using 1.0g KOH catalyzed transesterification reaction technique, in the presence of different concentration of ethanol (80, 60 and 40ml) respectively to produce 180, 140 and 160ml biodiesel at 60oC temperature for 30minutes time. This study shows that production of biodiesel could be a suitable alternative green material to petrodiesel.

The effect of using the WCO biodiesel as an alternative fuel in compression ignition diesel engine on performance and emissions characteristics

Recently, the need for using a substitute fuel for petroleum fuel in diesel engines becomes an utmost necessity, However, the petroleum fuel is considered a non-renewable source and has some environmental side effects. The price of petroleum fuels changes according to the world economic and political problems. Engine emissions should be reduced and fit the governmental guidelines, the harmful emissions produced from engines have extreme environmental side effects, one of these effects is called the global warming which causes a global increase in the world temperature. In this study, the biodiesel extracted from the Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) is generated as a substutute for the diesel fuel. In the process of the biodiesel production, catalytic transesterification reaction is used to change WCO to methyl esters by adding low alcohol concentration. The produced biodiesel will be prepared for using as a fuel blend along with the commercial diesel fuel and using it to petrol the four-stroke direct injection diesel engine without any modification to original fuel system. The engine will be tested experimentally with varying loads at fixed speed of 1400 rpm with a natural aspiration process, using blends of (B20 [is composed of 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel], B40 [is composed of 40% biodiesel and 60% diesel], B60 [is composed of 60% biodiesel and 40% diesel], B80 [is composed of 80% biodiesel and 20% diesel] and pure diesel). The effect of the use of different biodiesel blends has been investigated and tested on the performance of the engine and emissions. The experimental findings clarify that the diesel engine can be run with different blends of diesel and biodiesel at the same operating condition with decreasing brake thermal efficiency by 9.6 %, decreasing exhaust temperature by 7.6% and increasing brake specific fuel consumption by 16%.