Catalytic Pyrolysis Oil Research Articles

Production of low-sulfur fuels from catalytic pyrolysis of waste tires using formulated red mud catalyst

Waste tires (WT) are produced in millions of tons per annum and their safe disposal is always a major environmental challenge because of fire hazards and the increasing cost of landfills. WT has high organic matter content that can be converted into fuels and chemicals if suitable technologies can be developed. Herein we report the in situ catalytic pyrolysis of WT using formulated red mud catalyst to produce low sulfur fuel that can be fractionated or can be used without fractionation. The in situ catalytic pyrolysis was conducted at 450–550 °C using formulated red mud catalyst. The yield of pyrolysis liquids ranged from 35 to 40 wt%. The liquid was very rich in limonene and long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons. The catalyst was effective in removing the sulfur compounds in the oil through reactive adsorption desulfurization mechanism. The sulfur species reacted with hematite, calcite, sodium hydroxide, and zinc oxide to form sulfides and were retained in the catalyst. The minimum sulfur content of the catalytic pyrolysis oil was 0.38 wt%. After catalyst regeneration in air through combustion, the catalyst activity was restored, and the catalyst was reused.

Diesel production via standalone and co-hydrotreating of catalytic fast pyrolysis oil

High-quality sustainable diesel was produced by standalone and co-hydrotreating biomass-derived catalytic fast pyrolysis oil.

Performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of bio-oil produced by in situ catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene using spent FCC.

Plastic waste is a rich source of hydrocarbons that can be converted into bio-oil through pyrolysis. In this study, bio-oil was produced by pyrolysis of waste-polypropylene using spent FCC catalyst. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that catalytically produced oil has the majority of compounds in the hydrocarbon range of C6-C18. The catalytic pyrolysis oil was blended with conventional fuel (diesel) to extensively investigate its suitability as a fuel substitute in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, 3.5kW, diesel internal combustion (IC) engine. Furthermore, four fuels, i.e., CF100PO00 (pure diesel), CF90PO10 (10% v/v pyrolysis oil blended with diesel), CF85PO15 (15% v/v pyrolysis oil blended with diesel), and CF80PO20 (20% v/v pyrolysis oil blended with diesel), were tested in IC diesel engine for performance, combustion, and exhaust emission analysis at 1500rpm. The tests were carried out at five loads, i.e., 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Nm. It was found that CF90PO10 produced 6.61% higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE), whereas CO2 exhaust emission decreased by 20% for CF80PO20 with respect to the pure diesel. Diesel blends with plastic pyrolysis oil can be a promising biofuel to improve engine performance and combustion characteristics without any significant engine modification.

Catalytic pyrolysis of lignite with clay catalyst activated with spent pickling liquor

AbstractSpent pickling liquor (SPL) is an acidic waste with rich iron content from the stainless steel production industry. Reusability of SPL as a catalytic activity promoter in bentonite clay is crucial for the catalytic pyrolysis of various materials like biomass, coal, and waste plastics. For this aim, the bentonite catalyst activated with the SPL nomenclatured as SPL‐treated bentonite (SPLAB) catalyst was employed in the catalytic pyrolysis of lignite for an oil product with high yield and quality. The SPL‐treated bentonite catalytic pyrolysis oil (SPLABO) for the conditions of the final temperature of 600°C, heating rate of 10°C/min, and catalyst ratio of 15 wt% had a yield of 26.35 ± 1.14 wt% and good fuel properties in view of the higher heating value of 35.23 MJ/kg and density of 1076.4 kg/m3 at 20°C. Moreover, it has a rich chemical content by means of monocyclic aromatics and shorter chain alkanes compared with that of the thermal activated bentonite oil (TABO). Based on the chemical structure analysis results of the SPLABO and TABO comparatively, it was concluded that the SPL agent used as a catalytic activity promoter led to a significant increase in the catalytic activity of bentonite catalyst.

Thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of Azadirachta indica seeds over CaO and CuO: Pyrolysis kinetics, impact of catalysts on yield, fuel properties and its chemical compositions

Pyrolysis oil and distribution is still in the incipient stages, though it is a potential source of energy and valueable chemicals. The current work focused on the kinetics study and thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of Azadirachta indica seeds (AZI) over CaO and CuO. The kinetic behaviour of AZI is studied in a TGA under an inert atmosphere at dynamic heating rates (10, 20 and 30 °C min−1) using Starink method (ST) and Vyazovkin model (VM). Further, AZI were pyrolyzed in a semi-batch tubular reactor at 500 °C, 50 °C min−1 heating rate and 100 mL min−1 nitrogen flow rate at 20 wt% catalyst loading. The biomass and pyrolysis liquid were characterised via proximate analysis, elemental analysis, thermal stability, FTIR, viscosity, density, acidity, moisture content, GC-MS etc. Kinetic analysis of AZIs confirmed that biomass decomposition takes place in a multifaceted route, and the activation energy is associated with conversion and temperature. Thermal pyrolysis exhibited 39.53 wt% liquid yields; however, introducing 20 wt% catalyst has improved the yield to 46.53 wt% and 45.36 wt% for CaO and CuO, respectively. The findings of the thermal and catalytic pyrolytic oil demonstrated that the addition of catalysts significantly enhanced the properties of pyrolytic oil by lowering viscosity and oxygen content while raising heating value and acidity. Finally, GC-MS results displayed that the use of catalysts resulted in a considerable decline in the proportion of oxygenated compounds, acids, and phenols and an increase in the proportion of hydrocarbons, aldehydes and alcohols.

Catalytic pyrolysis of Argemone mexicana seeds over synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles to produce renewable fuels

Titanium oxide (TiO2) nano particles were synthesized through the sol–gel technique and employed for catalytic pyrolysis of Argemone mexicana seed. Synthesized nano particles were investigated through different characterisation techniques such as TGA, XRD, FTIR, FESEM and BET. The seed sample was subjected to catalytic pyrolysis at 550 °C with a heating rate of 20 °C/min in a semi-batch reactor using varying concentrations (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) of nano-catalyst. Optimum yield of bio-oil (74.29 wt%) was obtained at 15 wt% catalyst concentration. The catalytic bio-oil was further subjected to various physiochemical properties to examine the relevancy as a substitute for conventional fuel. It was found that the synthesized nano-particle significantly enhanced the rupture of bonds present in the biomass to produce lighter fractions product with more proportion of saturated hydrocarbons. Catalytic pyrolysis oil has a calorific value that is nearly double that of bio-oil produced by the thermal pyrolysis of Argemone mexicana seed. The bio-char was also examined for BET and FESEM to investigate its further application.

Prediction of sustainable aviation fuel properties for liquid hydrocarbons from hydrotreating biomass catalytic fast pyrolysis derived organic intermediates

Prediction of fuel properties of the jet boiling range product after hydrotreating biomass-derived catalytic fast pyrolysis oil enables research, development, and adoption of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) via pyrolytic conversion.

Copper catalyzed co‐pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate with low and high density polyethylene for liquid fuel production

AbstractBACKGROUNDMunicipal waste contains low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in enormous amount. As these plastics are non‐biodegradable and pose serious threats to the environment, efforts have been made towards their safe disposal with energy recovery and value added chemicals by subjecting them to heat under oxygen deficient conditions. This study deals with the co‐pyrolysis of the three types of waste polymers, with special focus on the conversion of PET into liquid fuel by its interaction with the other two polymers.ResultsThe individual pyrolysis of LDPE and HDPE produced pyrolysis oil, whereas PET produced only wax. The co‐pyrolysis of the three polymers with different mixing ratios showed that PET hindered oil formation and increasing its amount more than 20 wt% in the polymer mixture resulted in wax formation. The thermal process produced 8 wt% pyrolysis oil, 32.3 wt% wax, 39.7 wt% pyro‐gases and 20 wt% coke while the catalytic process with copper catalyst produced 32.5 wt% pyrolysis oil, 3 wt% wax, 46.5 wt% pyro‐gases, and 18 wt% coke under optimum conditions.ConclusionThe thermal pyrolysis oil contained long chain paraffins as major components, while short chain isoparaffin and naphthenes were predominant in the catalytic pyrolysis oil owing to which marked differences were observed in the physicochemical properties of both oils. The fractionally distilled fractions of catalytic pyrolysis oil in gasoline, kerosene, and diesel range showed profound similarities with standard fuels in terms of fuel properties particularly the gasoline range fraction. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Coprocessing Biomass Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Oils with Vacuum Gas Oil in Refinery Hydroprocessing

Coprocessing Biomass Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Oils with Vacuum Gas Oil in Refinery Hydroprocessing

Co-processing catalytic fast pyrolysis oil in an FCC reactor

Studies of co-processing catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) oil with vacuum gas oil (VGO) are conducted in a Davison Circulating Riser (DCR). The CFP oil (CFPO) for this study was produced by upgrading fast-pyrolysis vapors from pine in an ex-situ fixed-bed reactor. CFPOs were co-processed at up to a volume fraction of 0.05 with VGO at 521 °C and 257 kPa. The yields of oil, aqueous phase, tail gas, and coke were measured. The amount of coke was determined from the carbon containing components in the regenerator flue gas. A compositional analysis was conducted with gas chromatography and elemental analyzers. The organic liquids were distilled into gasoline, jet-fuel, diesel, and resid fractions. A biocarbon analysis was conducted on the organic phase and its individual boiling-point fractions. The results show a small decrease in liquid yield and a generally increased gas yield when co-processing CFPO with VGO. The experiments showed that 75%–100% of biocarbon is incorporated into liquid fuels relative to fossil carbon, depending on catalyst and CFPO. The measurements indicate that cracked CFPO components are predominantly included in the jet-fuel and diesel fractions. A techno-economic analysis (TEA) estimated the minimum fuel selling price (MSFP) for fuel-range products derived from FCC co-processing of CFPO at 24 to 29 $/GJ ($2.90 to $3.50 per gasoline-gallon equivalent; GGE) at a yield of 4.87–7.14 GJ/t(biomass) or 40–58 GGE/t.

Feedstock and catalyst impact on bio-oil production and FCC Co-processing to fuels

NREL's thermochemical biomass conversion research is focused on ex-situ upgrading of biomass fast-pyrolysis (FP) vapors as an efficient route to completely biogenic pyrolysis-based fuel precursors, fuels, and value-added chemicals depending on catalyst and process conditions. A near term pathway being developed uses these liquids for co-processing with petroleum feedstocks to assess biogenic carbon incorporation in hydrocarbon fuel feedstocks for potential refinery use. In this work, the impact of feedstock and catalyst on catalytic fast pyrolysis oil (CFPO) composition was determined with the oils then assessed for biogenic fuel production via FCC (fluidized catalytic cracking) co-processing. Biomass vapors were generated via fast pyrolysis with destabilizing vapor components (char, inorganics, tar aerosols) removed by hot gas filtration to produce clean vapors more responsive to catalytic upgrading. A Davison Circulating Riser (DCR), a petroleum industry standard for fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst evaluation, was coupled to a custom pyrolyzer system designed to produce consistent-composition pyrolysis vapors as feed to the DCR. Pyrolysis vapors, derived from pure hardwood and softwood, were upgraded using commercially available modified zeolite-based catalysts to produce CFPOs. These upgraded oils were analyzed via 31P and 13C NMR spectroscopy, GCxGC-TOF/MS, carbonyl and ultimate analysis (CHNO), and simulated distillation (SIMDIS) to assess both oil chemistry and distillation behavior as they relate to catalyst and feedstock type for producing fungible hydrocarbon product liquids. These exploratory vapor-phase-upgrading results demonstrated the feasibility of producing refinery-compatible hydrocarbon fuel intermediates entirely from biomass-derived fast-pyrolysis vapors using an industry-accepted DCR system for catalytic upgrading. The FCC co-processing results demonstrated the feasibility of using CFPOs with VGO feeds in FCC refinery operations to produce biogenic carbon containing fuels.

Valorization of Hazardous Organic Solid Wastes towards Fuels and Chemicals via Fast (Catalytic) Pyrolysis

The management of municipal and industrial organic solid wastes has become one of the most critical environmental problems in modern societies. Nowadays, commonly used management techniques are incineration, composting, and landfilling, with the former one being the most common for hazardous organic wastes. An alternative eco-friendly method that offers a sustainable and economically viable solution for hazardous wastes management is fast pyrolysis, being one of the most important thermochemical processes in the petrochemical and biomass valorization industry. The objective of this work was to study the application of fast pyrolysis for the valorization of three types of wastes, i.e., petroleum-based sludges and sediments, residual paints left on used/scrap metal packaging, and creosote-treated wood waste, towards high-added-value fuels, chemicals, and (bio)char. Fast pyrolysis experiments were performed on a lab-scale fixed-bed reactor for the determination of product yields, i.e., pyrolysis (bio)oil, gases, and solids (char). In addition, the composition of (bio)oil was also determined by Py/GC-MS tests. The thermal pyrolysis oil from the petroleum sludge was only 15.8 wt.% due to the remarkably high content of ash (74 wt.%) of this type of waste, in contrast to the treated wood and the residual paints (also containing 30 wt.% inorganics), which provided 46.9 wt.% and 35 wt.% pyrolysis oil, respectively. The gaseous products ranged from ~7.9 wt.% (sludge) to 14.7 (wood) and 19.2 wt.% (paints), while the respective solids (ash, char, reaction coke) values were 75.1, 35, and 36.9 wt.%. The thermal (non-catalytic) pyrolysis of residual paint contained relatively high concentrations of short acrylic aliphatic ester (i.e., n-butyl methacrylate), being valuable monomers in the polymer industry. The use of an acidic zeolitic catalyst (ZSM-5) for the in situ upgrading of the pyrolysis vapors induced changes on the product yields (decreased oil due to cracking reactions and increased gases and char/coke), but mostly on the pyrolysis oil composition. The main effect of the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was that, for all three organic wastes, the catalytic pyrolysis oils were enriched in the value-added mono-aromatics (BTX), especially in the case of the treated wood waste and residual paints. The non-condensable gases were mostly consisting of CO, CO2, and different amounts of C1–C4 hydrocarbons, depending on initial feed and use or not of the catalyst that increased the production of ethylene and propylene.

Optimization of oil production through ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of waste polyethylene with activated carbon

This study studied the ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of waste polyethylene (WPE) with activated carbon (AC). It was found that the operating parameters and AC/WPE mass ratio had complex interactions on the WPE-AC catalytic pyrolysis oil and gas yields. A hybrid method of artificial neural network (ANN) coupled with genetic algorithm (GA) was used to establish the mathematical expressions of oil and gas yields under different conditions and optimize the conditions to obtain the highest oil yield. The R2 values and the average absolute relative errors between the experimental and the ANN predicted values were 0.9992 and 0.60%, and 0.9830 and 5.01% in the training and the testing tests, respectively. The optimal oil production calculated by ANN-GA was 69.16 wt% under 479 °C, the AC/WPE mass ratio of 1, and 10 mL/min. The experimental oil yield was 69.63 wt% under the optimal parameters, which was close to the predicted value of ANN-GA. The WPE-AC catalytic pyrolysis oils under different conditions were characterized by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The types of oil's functional groups did not change with different operating parameters and AC/WPE mass ratios. The oils were composed of alkenes, naphthenes, alkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons ranging from C8 to C33. The operating parameters and AC/WPE mass ratio affected the oil fractions to a great extent.

The improved diesel-like fuel from upgraded tire pyrolytic oil

Tire pyrolytic oil (TPO) obtained from thermal pyrolysis of scrap tires is not a diesel equivalent fuel which can be used directly in vehicles due to its high density, viscosity, sulfur content, low flash point and low cetane index. It can only be used in a limited way by mixing with diesel fuel (DF) in amounts less than 30 %. In this study, the pyrolysis of scrap tires was carried out at a heating rates of 5 and 10?C min-1 in the range of 450?600?C, using a mixture of hierarchical zeolite (HZSM-5), mesoporous silica (MCM-41) and quicklime (CaO) as the catalyst. The obtained TPO and catalytic pyrolytic oil (CPO) were upgraded by pre-treatment, and distillation consisting of a mixture of Cu(I)-loaded mesoporous aluminosilicate (Cu(I)?MAS) and MCM-41, desulfurization and decolourization steps, respectively. To obtain diesel-like fuel, the upgraded catalytic pyrolytic oil (UCPO) and biodiesel (PBD) obtained from palm oil were blended in certain proportions. Density, viscosity, flash point and cetane index of the obtained diesel-like fuels were found within the limit values of diesel fuel.

Emulsification of Catalytic Pyrolysis Oil from Nanoporous Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 with Diesel Using a Range of Emulsifiers in an Ultrasonicator

Catalytic pyrolysis oil (CPO) was produced from lignin using the ex-situ mechanism and nanoporous HZSM-5 (SiO₂/Al₂O₃ = 50) as a catalyst. The oil contained phenolics, esters, acids, and benzene derivatives as the major constituents. The emulsification of CPO in diesel was tested with several emulsifier combinations such as Span 80 and Tween 60, Span 80 and Atlox 4916, and Atlox 4916 and Zephrym PD3315 in the HLB range of 5.8-7.3. The HLB value of 5.8 using the combination of Span 80 and Atlox 4916 and the CPO:emulsifier:diesel ratio of 5:2:93 (wt%), provided a stable emulsion for 10 days. The physiochemical properties of that emulsion were comparable to diesel. Hence, emulsions of CPO and diesel can potentially be used as a diesel engine fuel.

Catalytic co‐pyrolysis of waste rubber and waste lubricants with waste copper catalyst into value‐added fuel

The co-pyrolysis of waste rubber and waste lubricating oil was carried out in a batch steel pyrolyzer where waste copper was employed as a catalyst and the reaction conditions were optimized for achieving maximum oil yield. The waste rubber and lubricant were co-pyrolyzed in different ratios and their optimum ratio was found to be 4:1, respectively in terms of maximum pyrolysis oil conversion. About 44% oil yield and 75.5% total conversion of the reactants were achieved under the reaction conditions of 500°C temperature, 30 minute reaction time, 5.0 wt% of catalyst and heating rate of 0.5oCs−1. The non-catalytic pyrolysis yielded about 37.7% oil with 65.0% total conversion under similar reaction conditions. The catalytically produced oil was found to have a higher calorific value as compared to the non-catalytic oil. The catalytic pyrolysis oil was fractionated in gasoline, kerosene and diesel ranges and their fuel properties were investigated according to the ASTM methods. The results showed that the fuel properties of the oil fractions were comparable with that of corresponding standard fuels. The product oil samples were analyzed by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate their chemical composition. It was found that the fraction distilled in the gasoline range had a hydrocarbon distribution in the range of C6 to C13, hydrocarbons identified in the fraction distilled in kerosene range were distributed from C6 to C16 and the fraction distilled in diesel range was composed of hydrocarbons distributed in the range of C11 to C26.

An experimental analysis of diesel fuel produced from HDPE (high-density polyethylene) waste using thermal and catalytic pyrolysis with passive heat pipe cooling system

Diesel produced from plastic waste is an attractive alternative energy source as it offers the dual benefits of satisfying the increasing global energy demand and reducing plastic waste. Pyrolysis is considered to be one of the most reliable oil conversion methods from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste into diesel fuel, but it requires a large amount of energy. Therefore, we propose thermal and catalytic pyrolysis methods that require a minimal amount of cooling energy to produce diesel fuel from HDPE using a passive cooling system with heat-pipes. The specific energy consumption of 44.35 Wh/g, a heating rate of 14497.85 KJ/h, and a reactor feedstock size of 2–20 mm. The oil produced through thermal pyrolysis was 61.1 wt% liquid, 1.29 wt% wax, and 37.61 wt% gas, and its density, kinematic viscosity, high heating value, and cetane index were 0.83 g/ml, 2.045 mm2/s, 0.185 MJ/kg, and 32.6, respectively. The oil produced through catalytic pyrolysis was 85 wt% liquid and 15 wt% gas, with no wax phase. Its density, kinematic viscosity, high heating value, and cetane index were 0.827 g/ml, 1.038 mm2/s, 59.57 MJ/kg, and 90, respectively. The optimal pyrolysis operating conditions were a reactor temperature of 500 °C, and liquid collection system (LCS) cooling water temperature of 20 °C. The cetane index of the catalytic pyrolysis oil was significantly higher than the corresponding standard specification for diesel. Owing to its high cetane index, the catalytic pyrolysis diesel can be combined with conventional diesel to increase its cetane index and combustion performance.

Emulsification of the Mixture of Catalytic Pyrolysis Oil Obtained under Methane and Nitrogen Environment in Diesel Using Span 80 and Atlox 4916 as Surfactants

Emulsification of the Mixture of Catalytic Pyrolysis Oil Obtained under Methane and Nitrogen Environment in Diesel Using Span 80 and Atlox 4916 as Surfactants

Assessing bio‐oil co‐processing routes as CO2 mitigation strategies in oil refineries

AbstractThe oil industry needs to reduce CO2 emissions across the entire lifecycle of fossil fuels to meet environmental regulations and societal requirements and to sustain its business. With this goal in mind, this study aims to evaluate the CO2 mitigation potential of several bio‐oil co‐processing pathways in an oil refinery. Techno‐economic analysis was conducted on different pathways and their greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potentials were compared. Thirteen pathways with different bio‐oils, including vegetable oil (VO), fast pyrolysis oil (FPO), hydro‐deoxygenated oil (HDO), catalytic pyrolysis oil (CPO), hydrothermal liquefaction oil (HTLO), and Fischer–Tropsch fuels, were analyzed. However, no single pathway could be presented as the best option. This would depend on the criteria used and the target of the co‐processing route. The results obtained indicated that up to 15% of the fossil‐fuel output in the refinery could be replaced by biofuel without major changes in the core activities of the refinery. The consequent reduction in CO2 emissions varied from 33% to 84% when compared with pure equivalent fossil fuels replaced (i.e., gasoline and diesel). Meanwhile, the production costs varied from 17 to 31€/GJ (i.e., 118–213$/bbleq). Co‐processing with VO resulted in the lowest overall performance among the options that were evaluated while co‐processing HTLO in the hydrotreatment unit and FPO in the fluid catalytic cracking unit showed the highest potential for CO2 avoidance (69% of refinery CO2 emissions) and reduction in CO2 emissions (84% compared to fossil fuel), respectively. The cost of CO2 emissions avoided for all of the assessed routes was in the range of €99–651 per tCO2. © 2020 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Fuel properties and compositional analysis of Areca catechu sawdust over MgO and ZSM-5 catalysts

This work addresses the effect of operating parameters and catalysts on pyrolytic products yield and nature of pyrolytic liquid generated from Areca catechu sawdust (AN). Physicochemical characteristics of AN showcased its bio-energy potential as a substitute for fossil fuels. Further, catalytic pyrolysis yielded 36.75 wt% and 35.70 wt% pyrolytic liquid for ZSM-5 and MgO respectively at 8:1 B/C, which is greater than thermal pyrolytic yield 33.75 wt%. The characterization of pyrolytic oil demonstrated that the adoption of catalysts upgrades the properties of pyrolytic oil. FTIR examination of pyrolytic oil summarized the attendance of aromatics, acid, moisture, protein impurities etc., while GC-MS results recognized that the utilization of catalysts brings down the yield of oxygen-rich products and acids while showing an escalation in the aromatic yield. Further, ash content study of pyrolytic oil confirmed the greater reduction in ash content in catalytic pyrolytic oil than thermal pyrolytic oil due to utilization of catalysts. Results of biochar characterization marked out a higher carbon content (73.14%), heating value (29.11 MJ kg−1), zeta potential (−31.04 mV), fixed carbon (62.12%) and lower BET surface area (5.49 m2 g−1). Furthermore, the XRF study of ash content established the attendance of various inorganic content in ash which worked as catalysts at the time of pyrolysis.