Catalytic Oxidation Performance Research Articles

One-step synthesis of δ-MnO2 with rich defects for efficient ozone decomposition under humid conditions

The catalytic performance of manganese oxides (MnOx) for ozone (O3) decomposition is affected by moisture and stability, for which MnOx with abundant defects offers a promising solution. In this study, a simple and mild one-step synthesis route was developed for highly defective δ-MnO2 preparation. The optimal catalyst was operated at 35 % relative humidity (RH) for 12 h, and the O3 conversion maintained over 99 %. Characterizations revealed that the K+ insertion into the interlayers preserved a highly defective layered structure. Rich surface defects and grain boundaries facilitated the generation of oxygen vacancies and the migration of oxygen species, stabilizing the elimination of O3. In addition, a combination of characterization and experiments determined that physisorbed water is critical for inhibiting activity, and thus, weak physisorption of water on the catalyst represents excellent water resistance. This work aims to provide guidance and new insights into the design of stable and water-resistant MnOx catalysts.

Effect of Interaction between Pt and Different Crystalline Phases of TiO2 on Benzene Oxidation

To evaluate the effects of different TiO2 crystalline phases on the catalytic oxidation performance of benzene on Pt-loaded TiO2 catalysts, physicochemical examinations were conducted using several spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Obvious effects on the valence state and morphology of Pt were exhibited by different crystalline phases. The rutile phase favored the formation of specific Pt(111) crystal faces, which enhanced the amount of surface-active oxygen species. Moreover, the àPt-O-Ti species was formed between Pt4+ and Ti at the edge of the Pt nanoparticles, promoting both electron flow and the transfer of reactive oxygen species, thus accounting for catalytic activity.

Tunning of catalytic performance in coupling, reduction and oxidation of hydrothermal assisted mixed metal oxides of Pd and Cu loaded over mesoporous nanostructure titania coated N‐doped silica using rice husk

Silica–titania‐based mesoporous nanomaterials due to their widespread availability and inexpensive cost have been employed in an extensive range of applications, including heterogeneous catalysis. This research article discusses the hydrothermal synthesis of highly efficient heterogeneous nanocatalyst, that is, mixed metal oxides of Pd and Cu immobilized over silica–titania mesoporous nanostructure and its application in coupling, reduction and oxidation reactions. It was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X‐ray diffraction (P‐XRD), field emission gun–scanning electron microscopy (FEG‐SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–VIS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X‐ray resonance fluorescence (XRF), photoluminescence (PL) and inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES) studies to assemble information regarding various structural features. XPS analysis successfully confirmed the presence of mixed oxidation state of Pd and Cu, that is, Pd(0), Pd(II), Cu(0), Cu(I) and Cu(II) over the nanocatalytic support. TEM images showed that the PdCu alloy had spherical shape with average size between 3 and 4 nm. BET analysis indicated that the catalyst has specific surface area of 57.296 m2 g−1 with average pore diameter of 1.84 nm. The results of TGA and DTA analysis demonstrated that the maximum temperature up to which PC‐TNS can catalysed organic reactions was 170°C. The average crystallite size of PC‐TNS was came around 16.08 nm calculated using Scherrer's equation. Moreover, synthesized heterogeneous nanocatalyst was highly recyclable and FEG‐SEM, P‐XRD and XPS findings confirmed the structural disruption after sixth or seventh catalytic run resulted in decrease in yield of products. In general, nanocatalysts can be convincingly more superior to other heterogeneous nanocatalyst due to their unique features such as high specific surface area, high reusability, high reactivity, high product yield and environmentally friendly.

Graphene controlled solid-state growth of oxygen vacancies riched V2O5 catalyst to highly activate Fenton-like reaction

Fenton-like process based on metal oxide presents one of the most hoping strategies to generate reactive oxygen species to treat refractory pollutants. The introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) can enhance the catalytic performance of metal oxides in Fenton-like reaction. In this paper, a one-step all solid-state synthesis strategy is proposed to induce oxygen defects in V2O5, which uses graphene to engineer the crystallization process of V-based crystals. Such approach employs graphene as a solid-catalyst to promote growth of V-based crystals owing to the ions-π interactions between graphene and VCl3. The electron-donor OVs in V2O5@graphene can not only active H2O2 for the •OH generation, but also accelerate the reduction of V5+ and V4+, thereby ensuring defective V2O5@graphene/H2O2 system is 14.3, 28.2, and 17.3 times higher than that of graphene/H2O2, pure V2O5/H2O2 and graphene+V2O5/H2O2 (mechanical mixed system), respectively. Our study provides a novel synthetic strategy to design and prepare OVs-riched transition metal catalysts for developing advanced oxidation technologies toward higher sustainability and practicality.

Improved catalytic activity in peroxymonosulfate activation over manganese-based perovskite oxides with acid treatment

Increasing attention has been paid to the perovskite oxides activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for wastewater treatment. In this article, the La0.65Sr0.35MnO3 (LSMO) treated with dilute HNO3 was explored for PMS activation. The La0.65Sr0.35MnO3/Mn3O4 composite is obtained after acid etching. The valence state of B-site Mn and surface oxygen vacancies are populated by etching different time. The LSMO-3 h (etching for 3 h) exhibits the best catalytic performance due to the activation of lattice oxygen, which induces improved redox ability. Minimal reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as OH, SO4−, 1O2, and O2− are generated, contributing little to bisphenol A (BPA) degradation. The Mn(III)-PMS complex and highly oxidative Mn(IV) under the acidic environment are responsible for the excellent degradation. The findings demonstrate an effective strategy of surface etching in enhancing the catalytic performance of perovskite oxides for advanced oxidation.

A facile method for preparing the CeMnO3 catalyst with high activity and stability of toluene oxidation: The critical role of small crystal size and Mn3+-Ov-Ce4+ sites

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) cause severe environmental pollution and are potentially toxic to humans who have no defense against exposure. Catalytic oxidation of these compounds has thus become an interesting research topic. In this study, microcrystalline CeMnO3 catalysts were prepared by a precipitant-concentration-induced strategy and evaluated for the catalytic oxidation of toluene/benzene. The effect of crystal size on catalytic performance was confirmed by XRD, TEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, XPS, Raman, H2-TPR, and TPSR. The CeMnO3 catalyst with more Mn3+-Ov-Ce4+ active sites exhibited enhanced VOCs catalytic oxidation performance, lowest active energy, and highest turnover frequency, which was attributed to its larger surface area, lower crystal size, higher low-temperature reducibility, and presence of more oxygen defects. In-situ FTIR results suggested more oxygen vacancies can profoundly promote the conversion of benzoate to maleate species, the rate-determining step of toluene oxidation. The work provides a convenient and efficient strategy to prepare single-metal or multi-metal oxide catalysts with smaller crystal sizes for VOC oxidation or other oxidation reactions.

Room Temperature Catalysts for High Effective Degradation of Formaldehyde: Research Progresses and Challenges

AbstractFormaldehyde (HCHO) is one of major pollutants in indoor air, and prolonged exposure to HCHO may result in great harm to human health. Therefore, it is crucial to remove HCHO from indoor air at room temperature. In recent years, various room temperature catalysts, which have the advantages of environmental friendliness and energy saving, were developed for high effective catalytic oxidation of HCHO. In this work, research progress and challenges on the room temperature catalytic oxidation of HCHO by using noble metal catalysts and non‐noble metal catalysts are systemically reviewed. Meanwhile, the room temperature catalytic oxidation performance, degradation conditions of HCHO, and room temperature catalytic oxidation mechanism of catalysts was also discussed.

Co doping induced phase transition and its distinct effects on the catalytic performance of MnO2 toward toluene oxidation

Manganese oxides are very important and conventional catalysts that have demonstrated appreciable catalytic activity for the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Nevertheless, pure manganese oxides suffer from poor activity especially at low temperatures, making it difficult to meet industrial applications. In this work, Co species were successfully doped into the lattice of MnO2 aiming at constructing defects to boost its catalytic performance for VOCs oxidation. In combination with the results of systematic characterizations, we found that Co doping forced the catalyst to transform from α‐MnO2 to spinel phase (Co,Mn)(Co,Mn)2O4. During this process, the metal–oxygen bonds are significantly weakened, which induces the massive generation of oxygen defects, endowing the Co modified catalysts with enhanced redox property and improved ability to adsorb and activate gaseous oxygen. As a result, Co doped catalysts show much better catalytic activity compared with pristine α‐MnO2, among which Mn10Co10 exhibits the best performance showing a decrease of 41°C and 51°C in T50 and T90 compared with the raw sample, respectively. Furthermore, Mn10Co10 demonstrates excellent stability, water resistance, and reusability, illustrating a great potential for industrial applications. Moreover, path of toluene decomposition over Co10Mn10 was revealed by in situ DRIFTS experiment, which complies with the sequence of toluene → benzyl alcohol → benzaldehyde → benzoate → maleic anhydride → CO2 and H2O.

Mesoporous Si-WO3-supported Pt catalysts with high catalytic performance and excellent water resistance for toluene oxidation

Reducing emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is an integral part of improving the quality of the atmospheric environment. Catalytic oxidation has become an effective means of treating low and medium concentration VOCs exhausts due to its advantages in terms of removal efficiency, energy saving and environmental protection. Due to the unique inherent properties of supported precious metal catalysts, they show good catalytic efficiency in VOCs emission reduction. In this study, the mesoporous Si-WO3 support was first synthesized by the P123-assisted sol-gel method, and the xPt/Si-WO3 catalysts with the actual loadings (x = 0.19, 0.48, and 0.81 wt%) of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) were then obtained, physicochemical properties of these materials were characterized using a variety of techniques, and their catalytic activities and water resistance for the oxidation of toluene were evaluated. The results showed that Pt NPs with an average particle size of 2.3−3.3 nm were highly dispersed on the mesoporous Si-WO3 support, and the 0.81Pt/Si-WO3 sample exhibited the highest catalytic activity for toluene oxidation at a space velocity of 20,000 mL/(g h) (T50% = 167 °C and T90% = 180 °C; specific reaction rate at 160 °C = 8.54 µmol/(gPt s), turnover frequency (TOFPt) at 160 °C = 1.67 × 10−3 s−1, and apparent activation energy = 45 kJ/mol). The good catalytic performance of 0.81Pt/Si-WO3 was associated with its large surface area, well dispersed Pt NPs, high adsorbed oxygen species concentration, large toluene adsorption capacity, and strong interaction between Pt NPs and mesoporous Si-WO3. The 0.81Pt/Si-WO3 sample possessed excellent water resistance, and the introduction of 5 vol% or 10 vol% water vapor to the reaction system enhanced toluene oxidation since part of water vapor participated in the oxidation of toluene. In addition, the toluene oxidation pathway might obey the sequence of (adsorbed toluene + adsorbed oxygen species) → benzyl alcohol → (benzoic acid and benzaldehyde) → maleic anhydride → (carbon dioxide and water).

Adsorption effects of electron scavengers and inorganic ions on catalysts for catalytic oxidation of sulfamethoxazole in radiation treatment

This study aimed to investigate adsorption effects of electron scavengers (H2O2 and S2O82−) on oxidation performance for mineralization of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in radiation treatment using catalysts (Al2O3, TiO2). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 1 mM) as an electron scavenger showed weak adsorption onto catalysts (0.012 mmol g−1-Al2O3 and 0.004 mmol g−1-TiO2, respectively), leading to an increase in TOC removal efficiency of SMX within the absorbed dose of 30 kGy by 12.3% with Al2O3 and by 8.0% with TiO2. The weak adsorption of H2O2 onto the catalyst allowed it to act as an electron scavenger, promoting indirect decomposition reactions. However, high adsorption of S2O82− (1 mM) onto Al2O3 (0.266 mmol g−1-Al2O3) showed a decrease in TOC removal efficiency of SMX from 76.2% to 30.2% within the absorbed dose of 30 kGy. The high adsorption of S2O82− onto the catalyst inhibited direct decomposition reaction by reducing adsorption of SMX on catalysts. TOC removal efficiency for Al2O3 without electron scavengers in an acidic condition was higher than that in a neutral or alkaline condition. However, TOC removal efficiency for Al2O3 with S2O82− was higher in a neutral condition than in other pH conditions. This indicates that the pH of a solution plays a critical role in the catalytic oxidation performance by determining surface charges of catalysts and yield of reactive radicals produced from water radiolysis. In the radiocatalytic system, H2O2 enhances the oxidation performance of catalysts (Al2O3 and TiO2) over a wide pH range (3–11). Meanwhile, S2O82− is not suitable with Al2O3 in acidic conditions because of its strong adsorption onto Al2O3 in this study.

Effect of loading method on catalytic performance of Pt/CeO2 system for CO oxidation

The oxygen vacancies of CeO2 play a pivotal role in effectively dispersing and stabilizing noble metal nanoparticles (NPs). During the NPs loading process, the post-treatment condition, e.g. atmosphere, has a certain influence on the oxygen vacancy concentration of CeO2, highlighting the importance of suitable choice of loading technique. Herein, A-Pt/HCeO2 and I-Pt/HCeO2 catalysts are prepared by loading Pt NPs on HCeO2 with abundant oxygen vacancies (obtained from the calcination of a Ce(OH)CO3 precursor under H2) using ALD deposition and impregnation methods, respectively. Through detailed characterization and in situ DRIFTS analysis, it was noted that compared to the I-Pt/HCeO2 catalyst, the A-Pt/HCeO2 catalyst processes a uniform distribution of Pt NPs, more Pt0 active sites and oxygen vacancies, thus exhibiting an outstanding catalytic performance for CO oxidation. The ALD deposition technique mitigates the effects of high-temperature sintering and atmospheric exposure during the loading process of noble metal NPs, offering a more accurate assessment of the catalytic performance of catalysts.

The performance and mechanism of HCHO oxidation on Pd/SiO2 catalysts with different Pd particle sizes

In general, for Pd-based catalysts, the smaller the Pd particles on the catalysts are, the better the activity for HCHO oxidation; this has solely been ascribed to the high Pd dispersion on the catalysts’ surface. However, the Pd site effect on HCHO oxidation is still not clear. In this work, we regulated the proportions of different Pd sites on Pd/SiO2 catalysts by high-temperature treatment of the carriers. With the increase in treatment temperature, the dominant active sites on Pd particles changed from terraces to steps and finally to corner sites. The corner sites were found to be important for oxygen activation, which led to the HCHO catalytic oxidation performance increasing in the order Pd/SiO2, Pd/SiO2(500) and Pd/SiO2(800). It is worth noting that in the reaction pathway for HCHO oxidation, formate was the primary intermediate on the Pd/SiO2 catalyst. However, in addition to formate, CO species were also detected on the Pd/SiO2(500) and Pd/SiO2(800) catalysts. DFT results confirmed that the corner sites were more favorable for the HCHO → CHO → CO pathway, compared to the terrace sites. This work elucidates the effect of Pd sites on the HCHO oxidation mechanism over Pd/SiO2 catalysts, providing valuable insights for the design of highly active catalysts.

Construction of unique oxygen vacancy defect through various metal-doping (Cu, Mn, Zr) of Ce2Co1Ox nanoparticles towards boosting the catalytic oxidation toluene performance

Achievement of catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at low temperature is still a challenge to be addressed. Promoting catalytic activity via constructing oxygen vacancy defect is an attractive strategy in heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, a series of Ce2Co1M1 (M = Cu, Mn, Zr) catalysts were prepared by modified co-precipitation method and their catalytic oxidation performance of toluene was measured. Activity results suggested that the introduction of doping-metals significantly enhanced the catalytic performance of Ce2Co1Ox, with Ce2Co1Cu1 possessed the optimal catalytic activity (T90 = 210 ℃), robust stability, water resistance, GHSV tolerance and anti-aging ability. It has been demonstrated that Cu-doping resulted in the formation of Cu-Ce solid solution and constructed a Cu2+-O-Ce4+ complex active site. Benefiting from this, the redox and gaseous oxygen molecule capture & activation capabilities of the catalyst are tremendously improved via constructing abundant oxygen vacancies. The in-situ DRIFTS results revealed that Ce2Co1Cu1 exhibited a better C=C breaking of aromatic rings ability, a faster consumption rate of benzoate and maleic anhydride, and is less prone to accumulation of by-products, the above account for its enhanced low-temperature catalytic performance for toluene. This work may provide a new strategy to design the high-efficiency toluene oxidation catalysts.

A novel CeO2 nanowire catalyst prepared by the freeze-drying method with significantly improved catalytic performance for toluene oxidation

A wire like CeO2 catalyst (CeO2-w) was obtained after the calcination of the precursor at 400 °C, which was prepared by the freeze-drying method for the first time. It shows good performance for catalytic oxidation of toluene with T90 of 220 °C, which is much better than the CeO2 catalysts with other structures prepared by the different methods. The good performance of CeO2-w is due to the bigger pore volume, more active oxygen species, more oxygen vacancies, better low temperature reducibility, higher surface area normalized reaction rates and lower Ea value. Additionally, the CeO2-w catalyst exhibits good water resistance and catalyst stability. In situ DRIFTS indicates the catalytic oxidation of toluene on CeO2-w undergoes the progress of toluene → benzaldehyde → benzoic acid → maleic acid → CO2 and H2O. This work affords a new idea to prepare high active CeO2 nanowire catalysts for catalytic oxidation of toluene, and open an efficient way for the construction of CeO2 based composite catalysts for VOCs degradation.

Top-down fabrication of active interface between TiO2 and Pt nanoclusters. Part 2: Catalytic performance and reaction mechanism in CO oxidation

In this work, following Part 1 that has found a redispersion process from Pt nanoparticles (NPs, about 3.4 nm) to nanoclusters (NCs, about 1 nm) on TiO2 and elucidated its mechanism, we carefully investigated the catalytic performance of the obtained Pt NC catalyst in CO oxidation as well as the corresponding reaction mechanism. The Pt NC catalyst excels than its parent catalyst in terms of both intrinsic and apparent activity. Detailed studies by combining kinetic measurements, isotopic labeling reaction experiments, and low-temperature operando FT-IR unambiguously demonstrated that the Pt NCs deposited on TiO2 can form unique interfacial sites that enable to active O2 at very low temperature, thus the CO adsorbed on TiO2 can diffuses to, and reacts with, the activated oxygen, rendering a high activity at low temperatures. This work is contributory in understanding the origin of the high activity of the supported metal cluster catalysts.

Insights into CO oxidation on Au/TiO2-HMor zeolite catalysts at low temperature

The effect of combining TiO2 and mordenite zeolite (HMOR), employed as support of gold nanoparticles, on the CO oxidation reaction at low temperature is studied. The amount of TiO2 encapsulated into HMOR was varied and the catalyst efficiency was investigated. The deposition-precipitation with urea (DPU) method was used to deposit gold nanoparticles; likewise, the synthesis of monometallic catalysts based on TiO2 and HMOR is reported. The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The addition of TiO2 influenced the properties of the TiO2-HMOR composite, and its catalytic performance in the CO oxidation from 20°C. It was established that the 5Au/(28)TiO2-HMOR composite was the most active catalyst at lower temperatures, which was ascribed to the close contact among the components of the TiO2-HMOR composite, gold dispersion, gold and TiO2 loadings, and Au and Ti species present in the catalysts.

Enzyme-free glucose sensor based on electrodeposition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and Zn-based metal framework-modified gold electrode at low potential

A non-enzymatic glucose sensor was successfully prepared by the electrodeposition methods assembling of Zn-metal-organic frameworks/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Zn-MOF/MWCNTs) on gold electrode (GE). The sensor showed better catalytic oxidation performance for glucose at very low potential (0.20 V) compared to the bare GE (0.30 V), because the modified complex can effectively increase the active site and reaction contact area. The sensor exhibited a wider linear detection range of 0.020–8.14 mM with a detection limit of 0.037 mΜ. In addition, the electrochemical response of the sensor to glucose showed good selectivity, which was further verified in the complex serum environment by the standard addition recovery method. The recovery of the sensor was in the range of 98.52–102.65%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of no more than 8.00%, showing the potential applications in real testing.

Constructing Heterointerfaces in Dual-Phase High-Entropy Oxides to Boost O2 Activation and SO2 Resistance for Mercury Removal in Flue Gas.

The low O2 activation ability at low temperatures and SO2 poisoning are challenges for metal oxide catalysts in the application of Hg0 removal in flue gas. A novel high-entropy fluorite oxide (MgAlMnCo)CeO2 (Co-HEO) with the second phase of spinel is synthesized by the microwave hydrothermal method for the first time. A high efficiency of Hg0 removal (close to 100%) is achieved by Co-HEO catalytic oxidation at temperatures as low as 100 °C and in the atmosphere of 145 μg m-3 Hg0 at a high GHSV (gas hourly space velocity) of 95,000 h-1. According to O2-TPD and in situ FT-IR, this extremely superior catalytic oxidation performance at low temperatures originates from the activation ability of Co-HEO to transform O2 into superoxide and peroxide, which is promoted by point defects induced from the spinel/fluorite heterointerfaces. Meanwhile, SO2 resistance of Co-HEO for Hg0 removal is also improved up to 2000 ppm due to the high-entropy-stabilized structure, construction of heterointerfaces, and synergistic effect of the multicomponents for inhibiting the oxidation of SO2 to surface sulfate. The design strategy of the dual-phase high-entropy material launches a new route for metal oxides in the application of catalytic oxidation and SO2 resistance.

Dynamic interactions between adsorbates and catalyst surfaces over long-term OER stability testing in acidic media

The interaction between catalyst surfaces and adsorbed oxygen intermediates is critical to catalytic performance for electrochemical water oxidation to oxygen. However, the relationship between adsorption energetics and electrocatalytic activity is primarily assessed for pristine catalyst materials, which leaves much unknown about the dynamics of these properties in relationship to catalyst performance during long-term operation. In this work, we experimentally assess OH and O adsorption on Ca2IrO4 nanoparticles and monitor their evolution during extensive chronoamperometry tests at highly oxidizing potentials in a range of low pH electrolytes. In situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals changes for surface adsorbate energetics and local iridium structures with applied potentials. Increasingly unfavorable adsorption of OH and formation of O intermediates after long-term operation is correlated with severe metal dissolution, distorted [IrO6] octahedral linkages, and a decreased average Ir valence. This work establishes connections between surface adsorption energetics, Ir structure, OER kinetics, and material stability outcomes.

Enhancing CO catalytic oxidation performance over Cu-doping manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves catalyst

The CO oxidation catalytic activity of catalysts is strongly influenced by the oxygen vacancy defects (OVDs) concentration and the valence state of active metal. Herein, a defect engineering approach was implemented to enhance the oxygen vacancy defects and to modify the valence of metal ions in manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves (OMS-2) by the introduction of copper (Cu). The characterization and theoretical calculation results reveal that the incorporation of Cu2+ ion into the OMS-2 structure led to a rise in specific surface area and pore volume, weakening of Mn-O bonds, higher proportion of the low-coordinated oxygen species adsorbed in oxygen vacancies (Oads) and an increase in the average oxidation state of manganese. These structural modifications were discovered to considerably reduce the apparent activation energy (Ea), thus ultimately significantly enhancing the CO oxidation activity (T99 at 148 ℃at GHSV = 13,200 h−1) than the original OMS-2 (T99 = 215 ℃ at GHSV = 13,200 h−1). Furthermore, In-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) and In-situ near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (in situ NAP-XPS) results indicate that the bimetallic synergy enhanced by doping strategy accelerates the conversion of oxygen to chemisorbed oxygen species and the reaction rate of CO oxidation through Mn3++Cu2+↔Mn4++Cu+ redox cycle. The findings of this study offer novel perspectives on the design of catalysts with exceptional performance in CO oxidation.