Lung Catalase Research Articles

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Oxidative stress, specii¬cally lipid peroxidation, contributes to the pathogenesis of asthma. A natural antioxidant could be a potential therapeutic intervention. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Ixora coccinea (ICE) exhibit the anti-asthmatic activity in an ovalbumin (OVA) induced asthmatic rat model. These facts led us to examine their antioxidant activities. The free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and the intracellularly antioxidant activity of ICE were determined. The protective effect of ICE against 2,2′ azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH)-induced red blood cell lysis was also evaluated. It was found that ICE could scavenge DPPH with an IC50 of 283.3 µg/ml and protected red blood cell against AAPH-induced hemolysis with an IC50 of 72.92 versus 52.08 µg/ml for ascorbic acid. Erythrocytes obtained from the ICE-administrated rats showed an enhanced resistance to hemolysis. In OVA-induced asthma, rats were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin. The effect of ICE at 1500 mg/kg per os on malondialdehyde (MDA) production and lung catalase activity were determined. ICE significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation and enhanced catalase activity in lung (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the hydro-alcoholic extract of I. coccinea possesses an antioxidant activity and protective effect against free-radical-induced hemolysis. This may explain the traditional use of this plant as a remedy against asthma and other diseases. Key words: Asthma, oxidative stress, antioxidants, Ixora coccinea.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Cajanus indicus (Linn.) Mill. in a murine model of asthma

The present study was undertaken to explore the effects of Cajanus indicus (Linn.) Mill. on airway inflammation and oxidative stress in ovalbumin-induced inflammation and antilipoxygenase activity in a murine model of asthma. The protective effect of extract of whole plant of Cajanus indicus (Linn.) Mill. against ovalbumin induced lung inflammation and arachidonic acid induced paw inflammation was evaluated. Hydroalcoholic extract of Cajanus indicus (Linn.) Mill.(CI) showed significant inhibition of total as well as differential leukocytes in the bronchalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid at dose of 350 and 525 mg/kg, p.o. (p<0.01).Pretreatment with CI significantly restored (p<0.01) the level of GSH, SOD,CATALASE and LPO in lungs. In BAL fluid, treatment of CI significantly reduced nitric oxide and total protein level. CI significantly inhibited arachidonic acid induced paw edema (p<0.01). Hence it can be concluded that Cajanus indicus (Linn.) Mill. has significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antilipoxygenase effect.

SUBANESTHETIC DOSE OF ISOFLURANE PROTECTS AGAINST ZYMOSAN-INDUCED GENERALIZED INFLAMMATION AND ITS ASSOCIATED ACUTE LUNG INJURY IN MICE

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is one of the leading causes of death in the intensive care unit. Organ failure especially lung injury is highly associated with the mortality for MODS patients. Volatile anesthetic isoflurane (ISO) is one of the most widely used anesthetic agents, and ISO anesthesia has been reported to improve the survival rate and organ function in sepsis/MODS models. However, the application of anesthetic dose ISO in critically ill patients is limited. Compared with i.v. anesthetic pentobarbital treatment, we showed that twice inhalation of ISO at subanesthetic dose (0.7%, 0.5 minimum alveolar concentration) alleviated lung injury at 24 h after zymosan (ZY) injection and increased the 7-day survival rate from 10% to 45% in mice. We also showed that ISO exerted its protection by significantly improving the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in lung and serum when compared with those in pentobarbital-treated mice. The catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole partially abolished the protective effect of ISO in ZY-challenged mice. We conclude that subanesthetic dose ISO protects against ZY-induced generalized inflammation and its associated lung injury via enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes in mice, which may provide a new strategy for the treatment of critically ill patients.

A Fungal Cu/Zn-Containing Superoxide Dismutase Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of a Plant Polyphenol Extract in Experimental Influenza Virus Infection

The combined protective effect of a polyphenol-rich extract, isolated from Geranium sanguineum L. (PC), and a novel naturally glycosylated Cu/Zn-containing superoxide dismutase, produced from the fungal strain Humicula lutea 103 (HL-SOD), in the experimental influenza A virus infection (EIVI) in mice, induced with the virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2), was investigated. The combined application of HL-SOD and PC in doses, which by themselves do not defend significantly mice in EIVI, resulted in a synergistically increased protection, determined on the basis of protective indices and amelioration of lung injury. Lung weights and consolidation as well as infectious lung virus titers were all decreased significantly parallel to the reduction of the mortality rates; lung indices were raised. The excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by alveolar macrophages (aMphi) as well as the elevated levels of the lung antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), induced by EIVI, were brought to normal. For comparative reasons the combined protective effect of PC and vitamin C was investigated. The obtained results support the combined use of antioxidants for the treatment of influenza virus infection and in general indicate the beneficial protective role of combinations of viral inhibitors of natural origin with diverse modes of action.

Effect of Aegle marmelos on biotransformation enzyme systems and protection against free-radical-mediated damage in mice.

The effect of hydroalcoholic (80% ethanol, 20% water) extract of leaves of Aegle marmelos was examined on carcinogen-metabolizing phase-I and phase-II enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, glutathione content, lactate dehydrogenase and lipid peroxidation, using two doses of dried extract (50 and 100 mg kg(-1) daily for 14 days), in the liver of mice. The modulatory effect of the extract was also examined on extrahepatic organs (lung, kidney and fore-stomach) for effects on the activity of glutathione S-transferase, DT-diaphorase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Extract treatment significantly increased the basal levels of acid-soluble sulphydryl (-SH) content, cytochrome P450, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, cytochrome b5, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, glutathione S-transferase, DT-diaphorase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the liver. Aegle acted as a bifunctional inducer since it induced both phase-I and phase-II enzyme systems. Both doses significantly decreased the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and formation of malondialdehyde in liver, suggesting a role in cytoprotection as well as protection against pro-oxidant-induced membrane damage. Butylated hydroxyanisole (positive control) induced almost all the antioxidative parameters measured in this study. The extract was effective in inducing glutathione S-transferase, DT-diaphorase, superoxide dismutase and catalase in lung, glutathione S-transferase, DT-diaphorase and superoxide dismutase in fore-stomach, and DT-diaphorase and superoxide dismutase in lung. These significant changes in the levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes and antioxidative profiles are strongly indicative of the chemopreventive potential of this plant, especially against chemical carcinogenesis.

Chinese green tea ameliorates lung injury in cigarette smoke-exposed rats

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which has been shown to have potent antioxidant effect, comprises 80% of catechins in Chinese green tea. This study was to investigate whether cigarette smoke (CS) exposure would induce lung morphological changes and oxidative stress in the CS-exposed rat model, and whether Chinese green tea (Lung Chen tea with EGCG as its main active ingredient) consumption would alter oxidative stress in sera and lung leading to protection of CS-induced lung damage. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, i.e. sham air (SA), 4% CS, 2% Lung Chen tea plus SA or 4% CS. Exposure to SA or 4% CS was performed for 1h/day for 56 days in ventilated smoking chambers. Sera and lung tissues were collected 24h after last CS exposure for histology and all biochemical assays. Airspace enlargement and goblet cell hyperplasia were observed after 56-day CS exposure alone, which were abolished in the presence of green tea consumption. Serum 8-isoprostane level was significantly elevated (p<0.01) as well as lung superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities in CS-exposed rats compared to SA-exposed rats (p<0.05), which returned to the levels of SA-exposed rats after Chinese green tea consumption. These results indicate that increased levels of systemic oxidative stress after CS exposure play an important role in the induction of lung damage. Chinese green tea may have the ability to suppress CS-induced oxidative stress that leads to protection of lung injury.

Protective Effect of Polyphenol-Rich Extract on Acute Lung Injury in Influenza Virus Infected Mice

ABSTRACTWe have followed the anti-oxidant effects of a plant polyphenol-rich extract (PC) in the lungs of albino mice in the experimental influenza A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) (A/Aichi) virus infection. The effect of PC on the superoxide (O2−) and peroxide (H2O2) production from alveolar macrophages (aMØ) and on the lung antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) was studied. We also investigated the effect on the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the total antioxidant activity (TAOA) in the lung tissue. All of the mentioned effects were studied in parallel with the protection on mortality rates and lung virological parameters on days 2, 6 and 9 after the viral challenge. It was shown that the extract significantly restored and stimulated the antioxidant activities in the lungs of influenza virus (IV)-infected mice. The protective effect of PC in the experimental influenza virus infection (EIVI) was related to both the specific antiviral effect of the extract and its antioxidant activity.

Does leflunomide attenuate the sepsis-induced acute lung injury?

The organ that is affected first and most severely in intraabdominal sepsis is the lung. Oxygen radicals and active neutrophils in the lung are important sources for severe pulmonary inflammation leading to acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of leflunomide, an immunomodulatory agent, on oxidant/antioxidant status with nitric oxide (NO) level and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in rats with sepsis-induced ALI. Fifty male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups: control, sham, sepsis, leflunomide (10 mg/kg, intragastrically for two doses with an 8 h interval prior to the experiment) and sepsis + leflunomide. After the animals were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, the abdominal cavity was opened and ligated just below the ileocaecal valve with 3-0 silk. The antimesentric surface of the cecum was perforated and the cecum was gently compressed until fecal matter was extruded to induce sepsis. None of the rats received antibiotics during the experimental procedures. The experiment was ended 24 h after cecal ligation puncture (CLP) with the cervical dislocation under anesthesia. The lung tissues were removed for analysis of biochemical parameters and light microscopic investigation. The lung superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased in the sepsis group as compared to the group control, sham, leflunomide and sepsis + leflunomide (P < 0.05), and SOD activity were significantly higher in group sepsis + leflunomide than sham, control, leflunomide and sepsis group (P < 0.05). The lung MPO, malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl and NO levels were higher in the sepsis group when compared to group control, sham, leflunomide and sepsis + leflunomide (P < 0.05), and MPO, MDA and NO levels were higher in the sepsis + leflunomide group than in the sham, control and leflunomide group (P < 0.05). The light microscopic evaluation showed that pulmonary architecture was preserved, and infiltration of neutrophil and edema decreased in sepsis + leflunomide group. The grade of alveolar damage was significantly decreased in sepsis + leflunomide group in comparison with sepsis group (P < 0.05). Our findings suggested that leflunomide attenuated the lung injury after CLP-induced sepsis by inhibition of neutrophils accumulation and increasing endogenous antioxidant capacity.

Prevalidation of in vitro continuous flow exposure systems as alternatives to in vivo inhalation safety evaluation experimentations: Outcome from MAAPHRI-PCRD5 research program

Diesel engine emission aerosol-induced toxicity patterns were compared using both in vitro (organotypic cultures of lung tissue) and in vivo experimentations mimicking the inhalation situation with continuous aerosol flow exposure designs. Using liquid media resuspended diesel particles, we show that toxic response pattern is influenced by the presence of tensioactive agent in the medium which alter particle-borne pollutant bioavailability. Using continuous aerosol exposure in vitro, we show that with high sulfur fuel (300 ppm) in the absence of oxidation catalysis, particulate matter was the main toxic component triggering DNA damage and systemic inflammation, while a very limited oxidant stress was evidenced. In contrast, with ultra-low sulfur fuel in the presence of strong diesel oxidation catalysis, the specific role of particulate matter is no longer evidenced and the gas phase then becomes the major component triggering strong oxidant stress, increased NO 2 being the most probable trigger. In vivo, plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), lung superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity levels varied in agreement with in vitro observations. Diesel emission treatment with oxycat provokes a marked systemic oxidant stress. Again NO 2 proved to account for a major part of these impacts. In conclusion, similar anti-oxidant responses were observed in in vitro and in vivo experiments after diesel emission aerosol continuous flow exposures. The lung slice organotypic culture model-exposed complex aerosol appears to be a very valuable alternative to in vivo inhalation toxicology experimentations in rodents.

Protective Effects of Erdosteine and Vitamins C and E Combination on Ischemia–Reperfusion-Induced Lung Oxidative Stress and Plasma Copper and Zinc Levels in a Rat Hind Limb Model

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of erdosteine and vitamins C and E (VCE) on the lungs after performing hind limb ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) by assessing oxidative stress, plasma copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) analysis. The animals were divided randomly into four groups as nine rats each as follows: control, I/R, I/R plus erdosteine, and I/R plus VCE combination. I/R period for 60 min was performed on the both hind limbs of all the rats in the groups of I/R, erdosteine with I/R, VCE with I/R allowing 120 min of reperfusion. The animals received orally erdosteine one time in a day and 3 days before I/R in the erdosteine group. In the VCE group, the animals VCE combination received one time in a day and 3 days before I/R, although placebo was given to control and I/R group animals. Lung lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA]) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activities were increased, although lung glutathione (GSH) and plasma Zn levels decreased in I/R group in lung tissue compared with the control group. Serum MDA level, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were increased in I/R group compared with the control. Lung MDA and plasma Zn levels and lung SOD activity were decreased by erdosteine administration, whereas lung GSH levels after I/R increased. The plasma Zn levels and lung SOD activity were decreased by VCE administration, although the plasma Cu and lung GSH levels increased after I/R. In conclusion, erdosteine has an antioxidant role on the values in the rat model, and it has more protective affect than in VCE in attenuating I/R-induced lung injury in rats.

A kampo medicine, Yin‐Chiao‐san, Prevents bleomycin‐induced pulmonary injury in rats

Yin-Chiao-San (YCS), a kampo medicine, is widely used for patients with pulmonary disease and was applied for the treatment of SARS in Asia countries in 2003. For this reason, the present study investigated the preventive effect of YCS on bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in rats. Animals were divided into four groups: (1) saline control group; (2) BLM-induced group, in which 15 mg/kg BLM was intraperitoneally injected three times per week for a period of 5 weeks; (3) BLM + vitamin E (10 mg/kg/day) as a positive group; (4) and BLM + YCS (1000 mg/kg/day). After 35 days, the rats were anesthetized, killed and then the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) were collected. The attenuation of pulmonary fibrosis was estimated according to the lung index, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), hydroxyproline (HP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) level in lung tissue and BALF. The serial sections of lung were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome for histopathological observation of pulmonary fibrosis. The results indicated that YCS significantly reduced the lung index, MDA, HP and TNF-alpha, but YCS significantly enhanced the CAT level when compared with the BLM-induced group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the BLM group displayed severe histopathological change in the lung tissue, but YCS treatment could attenuate the BLM-induced PF. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that YCS possesses antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities and also inhibited collagen formation. Thus, YCS exhibited a preventive effect in BLM-induced PF and it is suggested that YCS may be applied to attenuate the side effects of BLM in chemotherapy.

Ozonotherapy in an Induced Septic Shock. I. Effect of Ozonotherapy on Rat Organs in Evaluation of Free Radical Reactions and Selected Enzymatic Systems

The confirmed advantageous effects of oxygen/ozone therapy in several clinical conditions stimulated experimental studies on effects of the therapy in rats with an induced septic shock. The studies were conducted on adult male rats of Wistar strain. Four groups of the animals, each of 15 rats, included: I--control group, (C); II--animals intraperitoneally administered with O(2)/O(3) (CO), III--rats given of Escherichia coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide-LPS) (CL), IV--rats administered with the lipopolysaccharide plus administered with the oxygen/ozone mixture (OL). Activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase and of free radical reactions were estimated. The exposure to LPS augmented activities of SOD and of catalase in liver, lungs and heart. In all the examined organs LPS induced significant changes in levels of free radicals. Except of the lungs, parallel administration of the rats with LPS and ozone/oxygen revoked development of the alterations. The obtained results point to a strong, stabilizing and regenerative effect of ozonotherapy.

Modulatory effects of Mentha piperita on lung tumor incidence, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress in benzo[a]pyrene‐treated Swiss albino mice

Mentha piperita or peppermint is currently used for alleviating nausea, flatulence, and vomiting. In the present investigation, we evaluated the chemopreventive, antigenotoxic, and antioxidative effects of an aqueous extract of Mentha piperita leaves. One-day-old Swiss albino mice were treated with a single subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and then given either water or a Mentha extract (ME; 1 g/kg body weight) by gavage starting at 3 weeks of age (weaning). The mice were killed at 9 weeks of age and tested for lung tumor incidence (chemoprevention); bone marrow micronucleus and chromosome aberration frequency (antigenotoxicity); and levels of liver and lung sulfhydral groups, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) (antioxidative properties). The ME treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the number of lung adenomas from an incidence of 67.92% in animals given only BP to 26.31%, an inhibition of 61.26%. Tumor multiplicity was 1.22 in the BP-alone group and 1.15 in the BP + ME group. In addition, compared with the animals in the BP-alone group, ME reduced the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in bone marrow cells and decreased the levels of LPO and increased reduced glutathione content, and SOD and CAT activities in liver as well as lung. The results of this study indicate that ME is chemopreventive and antigenotoxic when given subsequent to an initiating dose of BP in newborn Swiss albino mice. The chemopreventive action and antigenotoxic effects observed in the present study may be due to the antioxidative properties of ME.

Tinospora cordifolia induces enzymes of carcinogen/drug metabolism and antioxidant system, and inhibits lipid peroxidation in mice

The present study is an effort to identify a potent chemopreventive agent against various diseases (including cancer) in which oxidative stress plays an important causative role. Here, we investigated the effect of a hydroalcoholic (80% ethanol: 20% distilled water) extract of aerial roots of Tinospora cordifolia (50 and 100mg/kg body wt./day for 2 weeks) on carcinogen/drug metabolizing phase-I and phase-II enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, glutathione (GSH) content, lactate dehydrogenase and lipid peroxidation in liver of 8-week-old Swiss albino mice. The modulatory effect of the extract was also examined on extrahepatic organs, i.e., lung, kidney and forestomach, for the activities of GSH S-transferase (GST), DT-diaphorase (DTD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Significant increases in the levels of acid-soluble sulfhydryl (-SH) and cytochrome P(450) contents, and enzyme activities of cytochrome P(450) reductase, cytochrome b(5) reductase, GST, DTD, SOD, catalase, GSH peroxidase (GPX) and GSH reductase (GR) were observed in the liver. Both treated groups showed decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. In lung SOD, catalase and GST; in kidney SOD and catalase; and in forestomach SOD, DTD and GST showed significant increase at both dose levels of treatment. BHA (0.75%, w/w in diet), a pure antioxidant compound, was used as a positive control. This group showed increase in hepatic levels of GSH content, cytochrome b(5), DTD, GST, GR and catalase, whereas MDA formation was inhibited significantly. In the BHA-treated group, the lung and kidney showed increased levels of catalase, DTD and GST, whereas SOD was significantly increased in the kidney and forestomach; the latter also showed an increase in the activities of DTD and GST. The enhanced GSH level and enzyme activities involved in xenobiotic metabolism and maintaining antioxidant status of cells are suggestive of a chemopreventive efficacy of T. cordifolia against chemotoxicity, including carcinogenicity, which warrants further investigation of active principle (s) present in the extract responsible for the observed effects employing various carcinogenesis models.

Alterations in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Constituents, Oxidant/Antioxidant Status, and Lung Histology Following Intratracheal Instillation of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter

Urban suspended particulate pollutants differ with place of occurrence, meteorological conditions, physicochemical compositions, and the response of the bronchopulmonary apparatus. Lung injury following intratracheal instillation of respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) collected in an urban setting in India was investigated in rats. The animals were killed 15 days after exposure to 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg of RSPM. We examined the changes in lung histology, enzymatic activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and the oxidant/ antioxidant status in lung homogenates. The alterations in these parameters were compared with those in rats instilled with quartz particulates, which were used as positive controls. Exposure to RSPM resulted in an increase in the relative weight of lungs and inflammatory changes evidenced by an increase in the total cellularity of the lungs, predominantly polymorphonuclear cells, demonstrable both in the lungs sections and in the bronchoalveolar lavage of the exposed animals. An increase in the protein content and in the lactate dehydrogenase activity in the BAL was found in the RSPM-exposed rats. A marked increase in the output of lipid peroxides and a dose-dependent increase in the formation of reactive nitrogen species (NO) in lung homogenates and BAL, respectively, was found in the RSPM-exposed rats. A significant decrease in the enzymatic lung antioxidants, superoxide dismutase, and catalase was observed. However, the alterations in the levels of glutathione in the lungs of the RSPM-exposed animals were not significant. The inflammatory reaction, oxidative changes, and enzyme release, were more marked in quartz-exposed animals in comparison to the RSPM-exposed rats.

Redox Signaling in the Lungs

Antioxidants & Redox SignalingVol. 7, No. 1-2 Forum EditorialRedox Signaling in the LungsIrfan RahmanIrfan RahmanSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:22 Dec 2004https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2005.7.1AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byIncreased Lung Catalase Activity Confers Protection Against Experimental RSV Infection27 February 2020 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, No. 1Asthma: Pathophysiology, Current Status, and Therapeutics21 July 2020A Polymorphism in the Catalase Gene Promoter Confers Protection against Severe RSV Bronchiolitis3 January 2020 | Viruses, Vol. 12, No. 1Smoking, Oxidative/Carbonyl Stress, and Regulation of Redox Signaling in Lung Inflammation3 May 2014Role of Transcription Factors in the Pathogenesis of Asthma and COPD11 March 2013 | Cell Communication & Adhesion, Vol. 20, No. 1-2Nrf2 regulates hyperoxia-induced Nox4 expression in human lung endothelium: Identification of functional antioxidant response elements on the Nox4 promoterFree Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol. 50, No. 12Acute Lung Injury: The Injured Lung Endothelium, Therapeutic Strategies for Barrier Protection, and Vascular Biomarkers3 December 2010Early suppression of NFκB and IL-8 in bronchial epithelium after ozone exposure in healthy human subjects17 August 2009 | Inhalation Toxicology, Vol. 21, No. 11Glutamine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injuryNutrition, Vol. 25, No. 6Regulation of NADPH Oxidase in Vascular Endothelium: The Role of Phospholipases, Protein Kinases, and Cytoskeletal Proteins Srikanth Pendyala, Peter V. Usatyuk, Irina A. Gorshkova, Joe G.N. Garcia, and Viswanathan Natarajan24 February 2009 | Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, Vol. 11, No. 4Transcription FactorsRegulation of endothelial barrier function by reactive oxygen and nitrogen speciesMicrovascular Research, Vol. 77, No. 1Glutamine Reduces TNF-α by Enhancing Glutathione Synthesis in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Alveolar Epithelial Cells of Rats19 September 2008 | Inflammation, Vol. 31, No. 5Airway epithelial cell inflammatory signalling in cystic fibrosisThe International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Vol. 40, No. 9Human bronchial epithelial cell transcriptome: gene expression changes following acute exposure to whole cigarette smoke in vitroAmerican Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Vol. 292, No. 5Current Concepts of Redox Signaling in the Lungs Irfan Rahman, Se-Ran Yang, and Saibal K. Biswas5 May 2006 | Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, Vol. 8, No. 3-4 Volume 7Issue 1-2Jan 2005 InformationCopyright 2005, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Irfan Rahman.Redox Signaling in the Lungs.Antioxidants & Redox Signaling.Jan 2005.1-5.http://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2005.7.1Published in Volume: 7 Issue 1-2: December 22, 2004PDF download

Effect of Wen-Pi-Tang extract on lung damage by influenza virus infection

The effect of Wen-Pi-Tang extract on influenza virus infection in mice was investigated. The administration of Wen-Pi-Tang extract at a dose of 100mg/kg body wt. for 8 consecutive days to influenza virus-infected mice reversed the lack of body wt. gain and prevented the increase in lung weight caused by the infection in comparison with uninfected mice, while allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitor, did not show these effects. The serum levels of uric acid and allantoin in influenza virus-infected mice were reduced by Wen-Pi-Tang extract administration. Moreover, Wen-Pi-Tang extract reduced the uric acid level more as the dose increased, although it exerted lower activity than allopurinol. The XOD activity of the lungs was elevated by influenza virus infection, but Wen-Pi-Tang extract administration inhibited this activity, indicating prevention of lung damage by oxygen free radicals generated by XOD. After the administration of Wen-Pi-Tang extract to influenza virus-infected mice, the lung superoxide dismutase activity was not significantly different from that of uninfected mice, whereas lung catalase activity was lower in the former than the latter, but slightly higher than that of influenza virus-infected mice, suggesting that Wen-Pi-Tang extract may prevent the generation of highly toxic hydroxyl radicals in the lung. In addition, the administration of both Wen-Pi-Tang extract and allopurinol reduced the degree of lung consolidation caused by influenza virus infection. In particular, Wen-Pi-Tang extract reduced the consolidation score in a dose-dependent manner and more markedly than allopurinol did. This study suggests that Wen-Pi-Tang extract could improve pathological conditions of the lungs induced by influenza virus infection.

BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MELATONIN, VITAMIN E + SELENIUM ON HEART, LUNG AND KIDNEY ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES OF MALE AGING RATS

Free radicals are one of the potential major causes of age related destruction. They are defined as any atom or molecule that possesse one or more unpaired electron. Antioxidants such as vitamin E+ Selenium and melatonin are substances that prevent deterioration damage caused by free radicals. They have been used in prophylaxis and treatment of various diseases affect elderly persons include cancer, cardiac diseases multiple sclerosis and arthritis. In this study 48 male albino rats were kept at constant environmental and nutritional conditions, then classified into 4 equal groups. Free radicals are one of the potential major causes of age related destruction. They are defined as any atom or molecule that possesse one or more unpaired electron. Antioxidants such as vitamin E+ Selenium and melatonin are substances that prevent deterioration damage caused by free radicals. They have been used in prophylaxis and treatment of various diseases affect elderly persons include cancer, cardiac diseases multiple sclerosis and arthritis. In this study 48 male albino rats were kept at constant environmental and nutritional conditions, then classified into 4 equal groups. Group I used as control young (2-4 months old) not supplied by any additives, group II control aging (12-27 months old) not supplied by any additives, group III aged male rats administered by melatonin at a dose 0.27 mg/kg body weight daily for three months orally, and group IV aged rats injected quickly by I.M route with vitamin E+ Selenium 20 mg/kg body weight and 0.15 mg/k. gm. b. w, respectively for three months. After 12 weeks from the onset of administration the rats were killed by decapitation.The heart, lung and kidney were rapidly removed, washed with saline and processed directly for determination of superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPX), catalase activity and Reduced glutathione (GSH). The obtained data revealed significant decrease in heart, lung and kidney (SOD) and (GSHPX) activities of aged male rates. A high significant increase in heart and lung (SOD), kidney (GSHPX) activities as well as significant increase in (GSHPX) of heart and lung in melatonin administered group. Moreover significant increase in heart and lung (SOD) and heart, kidney (GSHPX) of aged male rats treated with vitamin E+ selenium. After administration of melatonin, heart and lung catalase activity increased significantly while (GSH) concentration showed significant decrease in kidney of aged rates, significant increase in heart and kidney of melatoin administrated group, significant increase in heart of vit. E+ selenium injected group.

Effects of cod liver oil on tissue antioxidant pathways in normal and streptozotocin‐diabetic rats

Lipid disorders and increased oxidative stress may exacerbate some complications of diabetes mellitus. Previous studies have implicated the beneficial effects of some antioxidants, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the protection of cells from the destructive effect of increased lipids and lipid peroxidation products. This study, therefore, was designed to investigate the effects of cod liver oil (CLO, Lysi Ltd. Island), which comprises mainly vitamin A, PUFAs, EPA and DHA. Effects were monitored on plasma lipids, lipid peroxidation products (MDA) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and catalase in heart, liver, kidney and lung of non-diabetic control and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced-diabetic rats. Two days after STZ-injection (55 mg kg(-1) i.p.), non-diabetic control and diabetic rats were divided randomly into two groups as untreated or treated with CLO (0.5 ml kg(-1) rat per day) for 12 weeks. Plasma glucose, triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations were significantly elevated in 12-week untreated-diabetic animals; CLO treatment almost completely prevented these abnormalities in triacylglycerol and cholesterol, but hyperglycaemia was partially controlled. CLO also provided better weight gain in diabetic animals. In untreated diabetic rats, MDA markedly increased in aorta, heart and liver but was not significantly changed in kidney and lung. This was accompanied by a significant increase in both GSHPx and catalase enzyme activities in aorta, heart, and liver of diabetic rats. In kidney and lung, diabetes resulted in reduced catalase while GSHPx was significantly activated. In aorta, heart, and liver, diabetes-induced changes in MDA were entirely prevented by CLO treatment. In the tissues of CLO-treated diabetic animals, GSHPx activity paralleled those of control animals. CLO treatment also caused significant improvements in catalase activities in every tissue of diabetic rats, but failed to affect MDA and antioxidant activity in control animals. The current study suggests that the treatment of diabetic rats with CLO provides better control of glucose and lipid metabolism, allows recovery of normal growth rate, prevents oxidative/peroxidative stress and ameliorates endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities in various tissues. Because CLO contains a plethora of beneficial compounds together, its use for the management of diabetes-induced complications may provide important advantages.

Independent and Combined Effects of Prolonged Inhaled Nitric Oxide and Oxygen on Lung Inflammation in Newborn Piglets

Clinical use of nitric oxide (NO) is usually in conjunction with high oxygen concentrations, the effects of which may include lung neutrophil accumulation, apoptosis and upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity. To define the effects of NO on neutrophils from young piglets and its relationship to lung neutrophil dynamics during hyperoxia we exposed thirty piglets to room air (RA), RA+NO (50 ppm NO), O₂ (FiO₂≥0.96) or O₂+NO for 5 days. Ten additional animals breathed RA+NO or O₂+NO, then recovered in RA for 3 days before sacrifice. Neutrophil CD18 and intracellular oxidant production were measured by flow cytometry. Lung apoptosis were assessed by TUNEL assay. Lung myeloperoxidase, SOD and catalase were measured biochemically. When compared to RA group, there was significant reduction in neutrophil CD18 and intracellular oxidant production in the RA+NO group, but lung MPO was unchanged. The O₂ and O₂+NO groups did not differ in CD18 expression or in intracellular oxidant production, but had significant increase in lung myeloperoxidase compared to the RA group. Apoptosis increased significantly only in the O₂+NO group. The O₂ group showed significantly increased lung SOD and catalase activity compared to the RA group, whereas the RA+NO and O₂+NO groups did not. We conclude that inhaled NO at 50 ppm decreases neutrophil CD18 expression as well as intracellular oxidant production. However, this effect does not impact lung neutrophil accumulation during concurrent hyperoxia. The combination of NO and O₂ exposure produces an increase in lung apoptosis. Finally, NO may prevent upregulation of SOD and catalase activity during hyperoxia, potentially increasing injury.