Cat Tongue Research Articles

Filiform Papillae‐Inspired Wearable Pressure Sensor with High Sensitivity and Wide Detection Range

AbstractFlexible pressure sensor (FPS) has promising applications in fields like health monitoring and human–machine interactions. The achieving of both high sensitivity and wide detection range in FPS remains highly challenging. Here, inspired by the filiform papillae on cat tongue, a FPS (noted as FPSp) with a sensitivity up to 504.5 kPa−1, a detection range from 30 Pa to 350 kPa, a fast response time of 83 ms, and a high stability over 8000 cycles is developed. The papilla‐like structure continuously shifts the location of stress concentration under increasing pressure, which avoids the accumulation of stress at papillae tips, resulting in a high sensitivity and wide detection range. Moreover, FPSp demonstrates capabilities in monitoring human physiological signals and movement status and can serve as the human‐machine interaction interface. The work not only presents a promising wearable pressure sensor but also establishes a design strategy for high‐performance wearable bioelectronics.

The Effect Of Jicama Flour Subtitution On The Quality Of Cat’s Tongue Cookies

This research is motivated by Cookies are small foods with a dense and crunchy texture that are made by baking or in the oven and last more than one month (Rahma Wati, 2013:26). There are various types of cookies in Indonesia, one of which is cat’s tongue cookies. Cat tongue cookies come from the Netherlands, in dutch these cookies are usually called “KATTE TONG”. Therefore, in this research the author used jicama flour as a partial substitute for wheat flour in making cat’s tongue cookies. This research aims to analyze the effect of 15%, 30%, 45% substitution of jicama flour on the quality of the shape, color, aroma, texture, and taste of the cat’s tongue cookies produced. This type of research is a pure ecperiment (true experiment) with a completely randomized design method with one factor. The type of data is primary data sourced from 3 expert panelists who filled in the organoleptic test format. The data obtained was tabulated in table form and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out, if it was significantly different, it was continued with the Duncan test.

Histochemical and immunohistochemical investigation of the number and localization of mast cells in the feline tongue.

This is the first study to describe the subtypes, number and distribution of mast cells (MC) in cat tongue by histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Six male adult felines' tongue tissue samples consist of the study's material. Samples were fixed in 10% formaldehyde. MC number and distribution in the feline tongue were assessed using toluidine blue. Also, sections taken from blocks were stained in alcian blue/safranin O (AB/SO) combined dyes to determine the MC subtypes. The Streptavidin biotin complex method using anti-chymase and anti-tryptase primary antibodies was used for immunohistochemistry. Metachromatic MCs were mainly observed in the lamina propria close to the multilayered keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The high number of MCs in this region may be because the dorsal surface of the tongue plays an essential role in the defence system of tongue tissue and, thus, of the body as a whole. Additionally, the number of MCs stained with AB (+) (1.7 ± 0.08) in the feline tongue was statistically higher than those with SO (+) (0.18 ± 0.02). This might be interpreted as an indication that MC heterogeneity may be due not only to their staining properties but also to their localization. It is also conceivable that the high histamine content may be a factor in this. Tryptase-positive MCs were found in the loose connective tissue around blood vessels, between the glands, as solitary cells, or in groups of several cells. Chymase-positive MCs were observed more individually rather than in groups. Moreover, chymase-positive MCs were detected to be located in the filiform papillae subepithelial and in the blood vessels' immediate vicinity. Animals often lick themselves to clean themselves and promote healing. For this reason, it is very important to protect the tongue, which is in direct contact with the external environment, against foreign agents. Considering both the functional and protective properties of the tongue, we concluded that MCs may play a role in oral cavity immunity and protective effect.

Morphological Features of Tongue in Domestic Cat Felis Catus

The current study aimed to identify the morphological description of the domestic cat tongue; thus for this purpose, five domestic cats of both sexes were collected from the local markets of Baghdad governorate, and then the animals were anesthetized and the tongue was removed from them. Fresh tongue samples were fixed using formalin (10%), and the preserved samples were dyed with methyl blue. The results showed that the tongue is an elongated organ divided into three regions: a somewhat flat rounded apex, this region contains a central depression called the middle groove. The second region is the lingual body region represents the largest region of the tongue, whereas its last region, called the root which has a lingual prominence on its dorsal surface. In addition, the dorsal surface of the tongue is covered by five types of lingual papillae, the most common of which are filiform papillae that spread over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue, while the presence of cylindrical papillae is limited to a specific area of the lingual body close to the apex. Moreover, the fungiform papillae spread between the filiform papillae and gradually increase in size towards the lingual root, while the presence of circumvallate papillae is limited to the lingual root and its number is 5 papillae. Finally, the foliate papillae are located on both sides of the lingual root, while the ventral surface of tongue is smooth without lingual papillae. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the distribution pattern of the lingual papillae in the domestic cat differs from the rest of the other mammalians.

Perbandingan Tepung Talas Alami (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) dan Termodifikasi dengan Metode Autoclaving-Cooling Terhadap Karakteristik Kimia dan Sensoris Kue Lidah Kucing


 
 
 Lidah kucing is a cookies made of flour, egg white, powdered sugar and margarine. This cake have a form like a cat's tongue, thin, lightweight and has a crunchy texture. This study aims to determine the comparison of taro flour and modified taro flour (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) with autoclaving-cooling method on chemical and sensory properties of the lidah kucing cookies. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD). Comparative treatment of taro flour and modified taro flour with 6 treatment levels: 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20, 0:100. All treatments were repeated three times to obtain 18 experimental units. The data obtained were analyzed statistikally using analysis of variance and if there was a significant effect, it would be continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the comparison of taro flour and modified taro flour in lidah kucing cookies had a significant effect (P<0.05) on water content, ash content, protein content, fat content and carbohydrate content. Comparison of 20% taro flour and 80% modified taro flour had the best characteristic of lidah kucing cookies with the criteria of water content 1.71%, ash content 1.22%, fat content 45.32%, protein content 5.14%, carbohydrate content 45.91%, the color was brown and liked, the aroma liked, the texture was slightly crunchy and liked, the taste was a bit typical of taro and liked and the overall acceptance was liked.
 
 

Karakteristik Organoleptik dan Kadar Kalium Cookies Lidah Kucing Substitusi Tepung Kacang Merah dan Tepung Pisang Kepok untuk Penderita Hipertensi

<p><strong>This study aimed to analyze the effect of substituting of cat's tongue cookie in the formulations of red bean flour (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and banana flour (Musa Paradisiaca Linn) on organoleptic characteristics and potassium levels. The design of this study was experimental using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 7 treatments. Organoleptic test results data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test, if significant, continued with the Mann-Whitney further test. While the results of proximate levels, potassium levels and sodium levels were analyzed using an independent t-test. The results of the overall Kruskal Wallis test analysis showed that there were significant differences in each treatment (p<0.05). The results of the organoleptic analysis of the hedonic test showed that the selected formula cat tongue cookie was F3.2 (20:50:30). The proximate analysis results of the selected cat tongue cookies contain water content of 3.95%, ash content of 1.74%, energy 535.42%, fat 31.64%, protein 9.54%, carbohydrates 53.12%, potassium 475.84 mg/100g and sodium 192.11 mg/100g. The potassium contribution of selected cat tongue cookies was 475.84 mg/100g and 247 mg per serving (52 grams). The conclusion of this study was that the levels of potassium and sodium levels had significant differences (p<0.05) in each analysis. Sugesstion for this research need to analyze the biovailability of potassium, long shelf life and fiber content of cat's tongue cookies with the substitution of red bean flour and kepok banana flour. </strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords </em></strong>– <em>Kepok Banana Flour, Kidney Bean Flour, Lidah Kucing Cookies, Potassium.</em></p>

Sewing thread lodged under a cat's tongue caused an intestinal obstruction: a case report

A 4-year-old cat was admitted to a private veterinary clinic with complaints of lethargy, intermittent vomiting, and anorexia. A sewing thread was found under the cat's tongue on clinical examination. An abdominal ultrasound confirmed the presence of a linear foreign body in the duodenum. Emergency surgery was performed on the day of the presentation. The sewing thread was successfully extracted by enterotomy. The cat's recovery proceeded without complications.

Efektivitas Penggunaan Tepung Pisang Candi (Musa paradisiacal Fa Corniculata) Dalam Pengaplikasian Cookies Lidah Kucing Ditinjau Dari Sifat Kimia Dan Sifat Fisik

Cookies are a pastry product that is popular and favored by all circles of society. The characteristics of cookies are crunchy texture, brittle, dry, brownish yellow, has a distinctive aroma, savory and also sweet. Basically, cat's tongue cookies are made from flour, the selection of the best factors starting from the color, texture, aroma and taste of cat's tongue cookies made from temple banana flour is able to replace flour as a basic ingredient with the aim of adding diversification of pastry products based on the availability of food ingredients. This study aims to determine the difference between chemical properties (carbohydrate, protein, fiber, moisture content, ash content) and physical properties (breakability and color). This research is an experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD) in the manufacture of cookies made from 100% temple banana flour and 100% wheat flour. Data were analyzed using Independent Sample T-test.The results of the analysis of chemical properties (carbohydrates, protein, fiber, moisture content, ash content) showed that there was a significant difference while for the water content there was no significant difference. The chemical properties of the carbohydrate content of cookies made from Candi banana flour are 73.31%, protein content is 11.58%, fiber content is 0.65%, water content is 3.84%, ash content is 1.84%. The results of the analysis of physical properties (broken strength, color brightness level (L), reddish level color a(+) showed a significant difference while at yellow level color b(+) there was no significant difference, physical test of cat's tongue cookies made from temple banana flour for fracture strength 0.0060kgf/cm2, color brightness level (L) 67.12%, reddish level color a(+) 3.80%, and yellowish level color b(+) 31.10%.

The Effect Of Purple Sweet Potato Flour Substitution On The Quality Of Lidah Kucing Cookies

The background of this research is to vary the cat's tongue cookies with purple sweet potato flour which aims to utilize local food ingredients, add to the innovation of cat tongue cookies products.The main ingredient in making cat's tongue cookies is wheat flour which is still imported. This study aims to analyze the quality (volume, shape, color, aroma, texture and taste) of cat tongue cookies substituted with purple sweet potato flour as much as 20%, 40% and 60%. This type of research is a pure experiment with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method. The data used are primary data obtained directly from 3 expert panelists who provide answers from a questionnaire (organoleptic test format) on the quality of cat tongue cookies with purple sweet potato flour. The data that has been obtained is then tabulated in the form of a table and an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is performed. If the analysis of variance shows Fcount F table, then it is continued with Duncan's test. The results showed that the substitution of purple sweet potato flour had an effect on the quality of volume and aroma, while for the quality of shape, color, texture and taste there was no significant effect. purple sweet potato as much as 40%.

PERBANDINGAN KARAKTERISTIK BISKUIT LIDAH KUCING DENGAN SUBSTITUSI JENIS CANGKANG TELUR YANG BERBEDA

Egg shell is the outer layer that protects the contents of the egg, egg shell contains a balanced mineral including calcium, besides being a natural source of calcium that is easily digested and absorbed by the body, therefore egg shells are good to add in making cat tongue biscuits. Biscuits are a type of dry biscuit made from wheat flour, egg whites, caster sugar and margarine. Lidah kucingbiscuits have the characteristics of being shaped like a lidah kucing, thin, has a crunchy texture, brown in color, brittle and has a sweet taste. This study aims to determine the effect of adding various types of eggshell flour to the characteristics of color, moisture content, and ash content of cat's tongue biscuits. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design with treatment of 3 different types of flour, namely chicken egg shell flour, duck egg shell flour, and quail egg shell flour. The test results showed that the highest water content and ash content were produced by the addition of chicken egg shell flour and quail egg shell with a water content of 3.30% and an ash content of 5.7%. The organoleptik test of Biscuit Lidah Kucing that is acceptable and preferred by the panelis the treatment of chicken flour.

Perforation of paper with pen: Simple technique to explain the carpet tack sign in discoid lupus erythematosus

Characteristic skin lesions in discoid lupus erythematosus are well-defined erythematous papules and plaques with partially adherent scales entering a patulous follicle. When scales are removed, their undersurface shows horny plugs that had previously occupied follicles. This clinical sign is described as the carpet tack sign, tin tack sign, or cat tongue sign (Fig 1). 1 Madke B. Nayak C. Eponymous signs in dermatology. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2012; 3: 159-165 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar It is also seen in seborrheic dermatitis 1 Madke B. Nayak C. Eponymous signs in dermatology. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2012; 3: 159-165 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar and pemphigus foliaceous. 2 Parasmsothy Y. Lawrence C.M. 'Tin-tack' sign in localized pemphigus foliaceus. Br J Dermatol. 1987; 116: 127-129 Google Scholar Clinical signs with many metaphors are difficult to explain to residents.

Cats use hollow papillae to wick saliva into fur

The cat tongue is covered in sharp, rear-facing spines called papillae, the precise function of which is a mystery. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we use high-speed film, grooming force measurements, and computed tomography (CT) scanning to elucidate the mechanism by which papillae are used to groom fur. We examine the tongues of six species of cats from domestic cat to lion, spanning 30-fold in body weight. The papillae of these cats each feature a hollow cavity at the tip that spontaneously wicks saliva from the mouth and then releases it onto hairs. The unique shape of the cat's papillae may inspire ways to clean complex hairy surfaces. We demonstrate one such application with the tongue-inspired grooming (TIGR) brush, which incorporates 3D-printed cat papillae into a silicone substrate. The TIGR brush experiences lower grooming forces than a normal hairbrush and is easier to clean.

Innervation of the Circumvallate Papilla of the Cat Tongue

Immunohistochemically, the distribution of S-100 protein and acetylated tubulin-positive nerve fibres was studied in the circumvallate papilla and its taste buds (TB) in the adult cat. The immunostaining for acetylated tubulin demonstrated an extensive innervation of the circumvallate papilla. Vegetative ganglionic cells were found in the central area of papilla, whereas fine nerve fibres were concentrated under epithelium. Individual positive axons were seen in relation to TB. Nerve fibres enter the TB and branch out among the supporting and sensory cells. Some nerve fibres reach the apical surface of the TB, including the taste pore. Nerve fibres positive for S-100 protein were observed as dense nerve plexus located in the core of the papilla. Satellite cells localized inside the papilla were seen to surround the ganglionic cells. Bands of fine nerve fibres were present under lining epithelium, mainly at the base of the TB. A weak reaction was displayed by taste bud cells and surrounding epithelial cells as well as by the epithelial cells of the papillary side of the moat. A dense network of the nerve fibres was present among the glandular acini and surrounding the ducts of the serous Ebner's glands.

Two Newly Identified Cat Allergens: The von Ebner Gland Protein Fel d 7 and the Latherin-Like Protein Fel d 8

Introduction: Characterization of the complete IgE binding spectrum of cat allergens is important for the development of improved diagnosis and effective immunotherapeutics. While Fel d 1 remains unchallenged as the major cat allergen, we now report the isolation of two new allergens capable of binding similar concentrations of IgE in the allergic sera of some individuals. Materials and Methods: Cat tongue and submandibular salivary gland cDNA libraries were screened by DNA hybridisation and IgE immunoassay. The isolated DNA fragments were sub-cloned into an E. coli expression system and the IgE reactivity was examined with human cat-allergic sera using a DELFIA IgE quantitation assay. Results: Fel d 7, an 18 kDa von Ebner gland protein Can f 1 homologue, was isolated from the tongue library. Fel d 8, a 24-kDa latherin-like protein with homology to Equ c 5, was isolated from the submandibular library. The frequency of IgE binding of cat-allergic sera to recombinant Fel d 1, 7 and 8 was 60.5, 37.6 and 19.3%, respectively. Inhibition studies indicated some IgE binding cross-reactivity between Fel d 7 and dog dander extracts. Discussion: The study reports the isolation and characterization of two new cat allergens. The isolation of these allergens provides the opportunity to determine the role that IgE binding proteins other than Fel d 1 play in cat-allergic disease. For cat-allergic individuals with moderate to mild rhinoconjunctivitis these allergens may play a more important role in the manifestation of their allergic disease.

Angioarchitectural form, functional distributive pattern and classification of the filiform papillae on the crossbred Japanese cat tongue anterodorsal surface in scanning electron microscopic specimens

The purpose of this study was to undertake a three-dimensional comparative observation of the angioarchitectural form, functional distributive pattern and classification of the filiform papillae (FiP) as they appear on the entire dorsal surface of the front of the Japanese cat tongue using microvascular cast specimens (MVCS). By means of the corrosive resin casting technique, the MVSC of the FiP of the cat tongue were prepared and examined in detail under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). On the frontal half of the anterodorsal surface of the anterior tongue, types I-V of the FiP are arranged in the form of a A with the point in the direction of the apex and in an oblique line running from the antero-central to both postero-peripheral regions. In the rear half of the anterodorsal surface of the anterior part of the tongue, types I-V of the FiP are arranged in the form of a V with the point in the direction of the root and in an oblique line running from both antero-peripheral regions to the postero-median region or towards the pharynx on the anterior centro-dorsal surface of the tongue. The FiP, arranged in an oblique line running fron the central to the apical part of both the periphery and the pharyngeal region of the cat tongue, can be classified into five types (Types I-V) according to the shape and size of the main process (MP), numbers of the accessory processes (AP) and regional position of the lozenge arrangement. FiP Types I-III consisted of an MP which contained a large spoon-shaped and concave network process, and the AP contained a bundle of spin-like processes arranged radially at the anterior basal margin of the MP. FiP Types IV and V consisted only of MP. It was conjectured that the lozenge arrangement of the A and V form FiPs, classified into five types (Types I-V) from the frontal portion of the anterodorsal surface toward the pharynx on the front of the tongue, play a functionally assistant role in the mastication of food and sucking of liquid, including milk.

Angioarchitectural form, functional distributive pattern and classification of the fungiform papillae on the crossbred Japanese cat tongue anterodorsal surface in scanning electron microscopic specimens

The purpose of this study was to undertake a three-dimensional comparative observation of the angioarchitectural form, functional distributive pattern, and to classify the fungiform papillae (FuP) found sporadically and geometrically on the oblique lines of the filiform papillae (FiP) on the entire dorsal surface of the crossbred Japanese cat foretongue in microvascular cast specimens (MVCS). By means of the corrosive resin casting technique, the MVCS of the FuP of the cat tongue were prepared and examined in detail under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). With regard to the arrangement of FiPs and FuPs on the frontal half of the antero-dorsal surface of the cat foretongue, FiP types I-V and FuP types I-IV are arranged a A form with the point in the direction of the apex and in an oblique line running from the antero-central portion to both postero-peripheral portions. In the rear half of the antero-dorsal surface of the foretongue, FiP types I-V and types FuP I-IV are arranged in a V form with the point in the direction of the radix and in an oblique line running from both antero-peripheral portions to the postero-median portion or towards the pharynx on the anterior centro-dorsal surface of the cat foretongue. With the FuP arranged in the medial zone (M) and peripheral zone (P) running from the central to the apical parts, both the peripheral parts and the pharyngeal can be classified into four types (FuP types I-IV) according to the shape and size of the main process (MP), the number of the accessory processes (AP) and the regional position of the lozenge arrangement. FuP Types I-III consisted of a MP containing a large half oval, network-like process, and the AP contained a bundle of spine-like processes arranged radially in a circle at the anterior basal margin of the MP. The FuP Type IV was made up of only one MP. In the central zone (C) of a lozenge part arranged in the A and V forms, there was no FuP as a taste organ. It was assumed that in the lozenge arrangement of the A and V forms, except for the C zone, FuPs could be classified into four types (FuP types I-IV) from the frontal portion of the antero-dorsal surface toward the pharynx on the foretongue, and would play an assistant functional role in receiving the sense of taste of foods and liquids.

Effect of upper airway negative pressure on proprioceptive afferents from the tongue.

We examined whether receptors in the tongue muscle respond to negative upper airway pressure (NUAP). In six cats, one hypoglossal nerve was cut and its distal end was prepared for single-fiber recording. Twelve afferent fibers were selected for study on the basis of their sensitivity to passive stretch (PS) of the tongue. Fiber discharge frequency was measured during PS of the tongue and after the rapid onset of constant NUAP. During PS of 1-3 cm, firing frequency increased from 17 +/- 7 to 40 +/- 11 (SE) Hz (P < 0.01). In addition, 8 of the 12 fibers responded to NUAP (-10 to -30 cmH2O), with firing frequency increasing from 23 +/- 9 to 41 +/- 9 Hz (P < 0.001). In two fibers tested, the increase in firing frequency in response to NUAP was not altered by topical anesthesia (10% lignocaine) applied liberally to the entire upper airway mucosa. Our results demonstrate that afferent discharges from the hypoglossal nerve are elicited by 1) stretching of the tongue and 2) NUAP before and after upper airway anesthesia. We speculate that activation of proprioceptive mechanoreceptors in the cat's tongue provides an additional pathway for the reflex activation of upper airway dilator muscles in response to NUAP, independent of superficially located mucosal mechanoreceptors.

Quantitative and distributive study of the fungiform papillae in the cat tongue in microvascular cast specimens

The number of fungiform papillae (FuP) has been counted, and distribution has been observed on the tongue of 55 adult cats. FuP were sampled from the whole region of the tongue surface, and the number and variation in distribution were determined in microvascular cast specimens (MVCS) of four types of FuP (Ojima et al. 1996) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There were approximately 35 (female) and 42 (male) FuP (mean number 38) on the whole tongue dorsal surface. FuP were most numerous in the peripheral region, and the number tended to decrease progressively from the peripheral to the medial region. There were no FuP in the central region of the tongue, in which there were types I and II filiform papillae (FiP) (Ojima and Lowe 1995). Their number differed significantly between the sexes and the regions.

Multiple parasympathetic innervation of cat tongue blood vessels and exocrine glands by cranial microganglia: and morphological differences between the vasodilator neurons and the secretomotor neurons

Multiple parasympathetic innervation of cat tongue blood vessels and exocrine glands by cranial microganglia: and morphological differences between the vasodilator neurons and the secretomotor neurons

An investigation into the distributive pattern, classification and functional role of the conical papillae on the posterodorsal surface of the cat tongue using SEM

In order to examine the relationship between their distributive patterns, classification and functional roles, three-dimensional structures in the microvascular network of the conical papillae (CoP) on the posterior third of the central dorsal surface of the cat tongue were observed by the corrosion cast method under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). CoP can be classified into two types: small conical papillae (SCoP) and large conical papillae (LCoP), according to their shape, size and distributive pattern. On the posterior third of the central dorsal surface of the tongue, SCoPs are arranged in the form of six-eight straight lines running regularly from the posterior third of the central zone towards the pharynx. LCoPs are also arranged in the form of a V, with the point directed posteriorly, in oblique lines running in an orderly fashion from both the antero-peripheral zones to the central zone. To summarize CoPs play an important role in the drinking of milk and water, after mixing the food with saliva, in the transport of the food mass towards the pharynx and in swallowing it.