Casual Sexual Encounters Research Articles

Making publics in a pandemic: Posthuman relationalities, ‘viral' intimacies and COVID-19

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has placed sexual relationships into sharp focus as strict containment measures, including physical distancing and ‘stay at home’ restrictions, were initiated to control the spread of the virus. Governments in some jurisdictions prevented contact between non-cohabiting sexual partners (except for couples in pre-existing relationships), while community organisations recommended people avoid casual sexual encounters. This article analyses Australian media articles, commentary and public health messages published during March to October 2020 to explore the normative assumptions underpinning these measures. Applying posthumanist perspectives and Warner’s (2002) conceptualisation of ‘publics’, we consider how COVID-19 public health advice enacts the (human) subject of public health as monogamous, coupled, and living with their partner or nuclear family. Those in non-normative relationships and households are not only excluded from this narrow enactment of the ‘ideal’ public health subject, but are rendered potentially risky disease vectors by virtue of their alternative kinship arrangements. We explore the implications of these findings for the more-than-human relationalities that shape health inequalities and processes of marginalisation during public health crises, and we offer suggestions for public health measures that address the needs of diverse ‘publics’.

Identity Threat and Coping Among British South Asian Gay Men During the COVID-19 Lockdown

This study focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on identity, relationships and psychological wellbeing among British South Asian gay men (BSAGM). Interview data from 15 BSAGM were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis and identity process theory. The analysis yielded the following three themes: (1) Fear of involuntary disclosure of gay identity; (2) Anxiety about relationships; and (3) Coping and casual sexual encounters. BSAGM who returned to the family home during the lockdown reported fear of involuntary disclosure of their sexual identity, exposure to stigma in relation to their sexuality, and anxiety about their relationships with significant others. In order to cope with the resultant threats to identity, some individuals concealed their sexual identity, which could undermine their sense of identity authenticity, and some reported engaging in casual sexual encounters as a means of coping with identity threat. BSAGM may be at high risk of identity threat during the COVID-19 outbreak with limited access to social and psychological support in relation to their sexuality. This in turn may lead to a reliance on ineffective coping strategies, such as sexual risk-taking.

Risk of Sexually Transmitted Zika Virus in a Cohort of Economically Disadvantaged Urban Residents.

To understand the disease burden of sexually transmitted Zika virus (ZIKV), we prospectively followed a cohort of 359 adult and adolescent residents of an urban community in Salvador, Brazil, through the 2015 ZIKV epidemic. Later, in 2017, we used a retrospective survey to associate sexual behavior during the epidemic with ZIKV infection as defined by immunoglobulin G3 NS1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that males who engaged in casual sexual encounters during the epidemic were more likely (adjusted odds ratio, 6.2 [95% confidence interval, 1.2-64.1]) to be ZIKV positive, suggesting that specific groups may be at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections.

‘Why should they get to do that and we can’t?’; Gay Women’s Experiences of Casual Sex

Research on the sexual behaviour of gay women is sparse. Gay women are said to emphasise continuity and stability, rather than sex, so much so, that the term ‘lesbian bed death’ was coined to describe the lack of sexual activity. Subsequently, only three studies have explored gay women’s interest in casual sex. I interviewed twelve gay women about their experiences with casual sex. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of the data found a variety of casual sex behaviour. Gay women both desire, and have experience with casual sex, and have casual sex encounters with both male and female partners. Constructions of gay women as emotional rather than sexual, were identified as a barrier in the pursuit of casual sex.

Budaya Hook-Up pada Online Dating Tinder

This paper discusses hook-up as a culture in online dating applications. Tinder, as the most popular dating app in Indonesia, facilitates its users to find partners online. With just one swipe on the phone screen, a person can select a partner in seconds; very practical, easy and fast. This phenomenon has led to the spread of hook-ups as a dating practice that encourages casual sexual encounters without any emotional connection. To review this phenomenon, the writer uses Ritzer's McDonaldization concept applying the principles of fast food restaurants to describe the global homogenization of hook-up culture which also has reached Indonesia. These principles include efficiency, calculating power, predictive power and control applied in modern society.

On the Hunt for Noble Savages: Romance Tourism and Ageing Femininities

Casual sexual encounters are closely wedded to leisure travel, and have received a lot of attention in both theoretical and empirical work. However, the relationship between romance tourism and female ageing remains largely under-researched. This article offers critical insights into the interplay of the successful ageing and sexual relationships abroad of older women travellers. It shows that romance tourism has both positive and negative implications for women’s physical and psychological health and wellbeing. Although exotic escapes help reconnect women with their youthful selves, enhancing a sense of self-confidence and challenging the narrative of decline, casual sex may also generate conflicting feelings once the travel romance is over. This article also encourages the rethinking of the complexities of ageing femininities, sexual activity and health risk in ‘silver’ romance tourism today. Additionally, it argues that the sexual health guidelines and information campaigns should adopt a more multifaceted approach to sexual expressions, and encourage alternative views towards sex and sexuality in later life, in order to not create a rather oppressive ideology among older women.

The sexual double standard and topic avoidance in friendships

ABSTRACT Grounded in sexual script theory, this research explored the relationships between casual sexual encounters, personal and perceived social endorsement of the sexual double standard (SDS), and topic avoidance about casual sex (TACS). Participants (N = 327) were recruited from Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk and responded to a survey including measures assessing the aforementioned variables. A number of gender differences were apparent in the results. For men, personal and perceived social endorsement of the SDS were significantly and positively associated with casual sexual activity, whereas these same associations were not significant for women. For women, both personal and perceived social endorsement were significantly and positively associated with TACS, but for men, personal endorsement of the SDS was significantly inversely associated with TACS. Lastly, for men, the variable most strongly associated with TACS was personal endorsement of the SDS, whereas it was perceived social endorsement of the SDS for women. Explanations for these findings are offered based on the influence of individuals’ cognitions, behaviors, and cultural scripts.

Behavioral intention to have risky sex in young men and women: The role of sexual excitation and assertiveness.

Due to the complex role of sexual excitation in risky sexual behaviors, this study aimed to disentangle this phenomenon by jointly analyzing the combined role of three forms of sexual excitation: genital and subjective, and individual´s propensity. Therefore, we examined the relationship between the components of the Dual Control Model, that is, propensity for sexual excitation/inhibition, in addition to genital and subjective arousal, and sexual assertiveness and intention to engage in casual sexual encounters in which sexual risk was implicitly or explicitly present. The sample consisted of 99 heterosexual young adults (55 men and 45 women) with ages ranging from 18 to 32 years. Participants performed an experiment in the laboratory, which involved them watching a sexual clip and then being presented with two erotic excerpts (stories) depicting casual sexual encounters in which there was an existence of implicit and explicit sexual risks. In men, the propensity for sexual inhibition was the most determining variable in preventing them from sexual risk-taking. In women, intention to engage in risky sexual behaviors was better determined by their propensity for sexual excitation and sexual assertiveness in negotiating the use of contraceptive methods. This research highlights the relevance of excitation and inhibition as a trait, in addition to subjective arousal and sexual assertiveness in intention to engage in risky sexual behaviors.

Showing Skin: Tattoo Visibility Status, Egalitarianism, and Personality are Predictors of Sexual Openness Among Women

Research indicates that women with tattoos are evaluated more negatively than women without tattoos on numerous qualities. Further, men perceive better chances for sexual success with tattooed women than those without visible tattoos. Despite these findings, less is known about whether women with visible tattoos are more open to casual sexual encounters than their non-tattooed counterparts, and if so, what variables may predict such openness. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether, and to what extent, stereotyped perceptions of tattooed women as sexually open are accurate, and to explore the possible role of egalitarianism in sexual openness. Measures of personality and sensation-seeking were also examined. A sample of 814 women, both tattooed and non-tattooed, were recruited through a Western Canadian university research pool and various social media outlets to complete an online questionnaire assessing these attributes. Women with tattoos reported greater willingness to engage in uncommitted sexual relations, as well as higher endorsement of egalitarianism and sensation-seeking, relative to non-tattooed women. Among tattooed women alone, several personality and tattooing variables predicted sexual openness. Findings suggesting body tattooing as an indicator of sexual openness are critically discussed in relation to contemporary stereotypes surrounding femininity and sexuality.

Orgasm, gender, and responses to heterosexual casual sex

There is a persistent gender difference in how positively young adults react to casual sex, with men reporting slightly more positive responses than women. Multiple factors have been studied as possible explanations for the gender difference, but nothing has completely accounted the variance between women and men's responses to casual sex. Although prior research identifies sexual pleasure as a primary factor associated with positive responses, women and men may understand or report on this construct differently due to gendered socialization, making it difficult to compare responses across groups. One measure that is less subject to subjective interpretation or response bias may be whether a person orgasms during a given casual sex encounter. In the present research, we test the relationships between gender, orgasm, and reactions following most recent casual sex encounter across three samples of young adults. Results indicate that orgasm mediates the gender difference in how positively participants respond to casual sex. Specifically, men are more likely to orgasm during casual sex, and people who orgasm during casual sex are more likely to experience positive reactions afterwards. Therefore, while gender may be one way to describe the discrepancy in how positive people feel following casual sex, orgasm explains it.

No strings attached? How attachment orientation relates to the varieties of casual sexual relationships

Previous research has conflated different types of casual sex, potentially obscuring patterns that may vary across categories. Using data from two large online community samples, we examined whether differences in attachment orientation predict experiences in casual sex encounters (i.e., One-Night Stand, Booty Call, Fuck Buddies, Friends With Benefits). We construed these encounters as ranging on levels of intimacy, and hypothesized that anxious individuals would most enjoy more intimate forms of casual sex and avoidant individuals would most enjoy less intimate forms. We asked individuals engaging in casual sex about their most recent sexual encounter. Results suggest that anxious and avoidant individuals report lower well-being in casual sex contexts relative to more secure individuals; however, the specific type of encounter moderated these associations. Regardless of the type of encounter, anxious individuals experience fewer orgasms. Attachment orientation predicted motivations for engaging in, and expectations for, casual sex relationships. For avoidant individuals, physical pleasure during sex is contingent on the type of encounter (reporting the highest levels of physical pleasure in Fuck Buddies encounters). This study is the first to provide evidence that the type of casual sexual encounter influences how anxious and avoidant individuals experience sex, both emotionally and physically.

Dangerous Liaisons: The Role of Hookups and Heavy Episodic Drinking in College Sexual Victimization.

Heavy episodic drinking (HED) and hookups increase college women's vulnerability to sexual victimization. We examined whether the effect of HED on first year college sexual victimization severity was mediated via hookups, that is, casual sexual encounters between individuals not in a relationship. We also tested the hypothesis that greater sexual limit-setting would attenuate the positive effect of hookups on sexual victimization. Freshman women (N = 335) were recruited by e-mail to complete an online survey regarding their college drinking and sexual experiences. The effect of HED frequency on sexual victimization was completely mediated via hookups. There was a significant indirect path from HED to victimization via alcohol-involved hookups; the path through sober hookups was not significant. We found some support for the hypothesis that sexual limit-setting reduced the impact of hookups on sexual victimization severity. Findings suggest the importance of targeting sexual behavior, which frequently occurs in conjunction with drinking, as a way of preventing college sexual victimization.

A Short-Term Longitudinal Investigation of Hookups and Holistic Outcomes Among College Students.

Majority of college students hook up at least once during their time in school. The literature on casual sex encounters among college students is growing, though most studies are cross-sectional and individual studies focus on few outcomes at a time, leaving piecemeal and mixed results. The current longitudinal study clarifies prior work by analyzing how post-event process (PEP), an understudied construct within the hookup literature, and emotional (i.e., positive or negative) hookup reactions interact to predict a breadth of outcomes, representing holistic student well-being. The inclusion of PEP reframes the current literature to consider PEP as a predictor variable of hookup outcomes, as moderated by emotional hookup reactions. This is consistent with literature indicating emotional experiences affect PEP across a variety of incidents. Participants (N = 377, 87.6% female) completed self-report measures at 2-month intervals. We tested relationships between the main and interaction effects of PEP and emotional hookup reactions as a moderation regression analyses on anxiety, academic engagement, religious coping, and psychological flourishing. The main effect of PEP predicted more anxiety and less negative religious coping, negative hookup reactions predicted more anxiety, and positive hookup reactions predicted more flourishing. Regarding interaction effects, high levels of positive hookup reactions and PEP were associated with less anxiety, less academic engagement, more negative religious coping, and less psychological flourishing; high levels of negative hookup reactions and PEP were associated with less anxiety and more negative religious coping and were unrelated to academic engagement or flourishing over two months.

Motivations for a Casual or Occasional Sexual Encounter with a Man and/or Transgender Woman among Heterosexual Men: Toward a Better Understanding of Atypical Sexual Partnering.

Little is known about the motivations for an occasional sexual encounter with a man or a transgender woman among heterosexual men. This study employed qualitative methods to better understand occasional atypical sexual partnering. Open-ended interviews were conducted with 31 heterosexual men who reported at least one sexual encounter with a man or a transgender woman in the previous 12 months. Using the principles of Grounded Theory, three themes emerged: Participants were motivated by (1) the easy, uncomplicated nature of a sexual encounter with a man and/or a trans woman that often circumvented the sexual politics of a typical male-female interaction and/or, (2) the sexual experimentation that took place with these partners; and/or, (3) the default nature of such encounters when a cisgender woman sexual partner was unavailable or perceived to be unattainable. These findings indicated that, among this sample of heterosexual men, the motivations for occasional atypical sexual partnering with a man or a transgender woman were varied, complex and could be multifaceted. Furthermore, these findings support prior studies that have demonstrated that sexual behavior can span beyond sexual identity.

How various design decisions on matching individuals in relationships affect the outcomes of microsimulations of sexually transmitted infection epidemics.

Microsimulations are increasingly used to estimate the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). These models consist of agents which represent a sexually active population. Matching agents into sexual relationships is computationally intensive and presents modellers with difficult design decisions: how to select which partnerships between agents break up, which agents enter a partnership market, and how to pair agents in the partnership market. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of these design decisions on STI prevalence. We compared two strategies for selecting which agents enter a daily partnership market and which agent partnerships break up: random selection in which agents are treated homogenously versus selection based on data from a large German longitudinal data set that accounts for sex, sexual orientation and age heterogeneity. We also coupled each of these strategies with one of several recently described algorithms for pairing agents and compared their speed and outcomes. Additional design choices were also considered, such as the number of agents used in the model, increasing the heterogeneity of agents’ sexual behaviour, and the proportion of relationships which are casual sex encounters. Approaches which account for agent heterogeneity estimated lower prevalence than less sophisticated approaches which treat agents homogeneously. Also, in simulations with non-random pairing of agents, as the risk of infection increased, incidence declined as the number of agents increased. Our algorithms facilitate the execution of thousands of simulations with large numbers of agents quickly. Fast pair-matching algorithms provide a practical way for microsimulation modellers to account for varying sexual behaviour within the population they are studying. For STIs with high infection rates modellers may need to experiment with different population sizes.

‘There’s this glorious pill’: gay and bisexual men in the English midlands navigate risk responsibility and pre-exposure prophylaxis

ABSTRACTPre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is currently being trialed for seronegative gay and other men who have sex with men (GMSM) at risk of HIV infection in England. However, research from other countries where PrEP is available shows limited literacy and uptake by GMSM at risk of HIV. We collected focus group data from 18 GMSM (13 HIV− and 5 HIV+) from Leicester, an ethnically diverse city in the English Midlands. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and three themes are presented. The first theme ‘I can’t get my head around people like that’: Representations of PrEP users within and beyond gay communities explores how PrEP users are vilified by some GMSM and the wider media. The second theme, ‘There’s a culture of anti-trust’: PrEP, stigma and the interpersonal politics of HIV disclosure discusses how PrEP influences HIV disclosure and sexual decision-making in casual sero-discordant sexual encounters in a context where seropositive men experienced pervasive HIV stigma and HIV− men were suspicious of HIV+ sexual partners. In the final theme, ‘I’m still suspicious’: Discourses of doubt and distrust participants voiced concern over the safety of PrEP and the motives of drug companies, healthcare agencies and PrEP activists. We consider these findings through a critical lens of wider theorising around the relationship between public health agencies and GMSM communities and consider the impact of these perspectives on likely engagement with PrEP in an English context. We call for more critically informed and nuanced ways of promoting health and well-being amongst men from these communities.

Escort Clients' Sexual Scripts and Constructions of Intimacy in Commodified Sexual Relationships

This article draws on fourteen in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with men who hire female escorts to examine the role of intimacy in their interactions with sex workers. Using the concept of social scripting, we examine the cultural, interpersonal, and intrapsychic meanings that shape the commodified sexual interaction. Focusing on the clients' intrapsychic scripts, we argue that previous typologies of client behavior ignore the role of intimacy and the meaning that individuals ascribe to their own experiences and actions. We suggest a typology of clients that goes beyond previous classifications of “regular” and “non‐regular”—the latter referred to as a “hummingbird” client from the perspective of one sex worker. Our four‐part typology of committed regulars, hybrids, searchers, and industry insiders takes into account the role of intimacy along with the client's perception of frequency and motive, even in seemingly casual sexual encounters. A video abstract is available at https://youtu.be/IK_UiGzWT_E.

US Guidelines That Empower Women to Prevent HIV With Preexposure Prophylaxis.

EMPOWERING WOMEN TO PREVENT HIVSince the early days of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, health care providers have sought methods of preventing HIV that empower women to protect their health.1,2 Now preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a daily pill that prevents HIV, can empower women wit

Motives and Concerns Associated with Geosocial Networking App Usage: An Exploratory Study Among Heterosexual College Students in the United States.

Geosocial network application (GSNA) use is common among young adults. However, there is little empirical research into patterns of use, motives, and potential concerns among app users. A total of 409 heterosexual students from a public university in the southeast United States participated in an online survey. Sample composition was primarily Caucasian and in their first 2 years of college. Average age was 19.7 years. Results revealed that 39 percent of participants had used a GSN app, and 60 percent of these were regular users. Tinder was the most popular GSNA. Top reasons for app use were for fun (31 percent) and to meet people (11 percent). Very few users reported using them for casual sex encounters (4 percent), although many users (72 percent of men and 22 percent of women) were open to meeting a sexual partner with a GSNA. Regular users were less likely to be in dating relationships. In-person meetings of matches were relatively infrequent among app users. Those who did meet matches were very likely to vet them online in advance, and women were more likely to do so than men. App users rated them as relatively unsafe, women in particular. Top concerns included safety (44 percent), others misrepresenting their identities (35 percent), and privacy (18 percent). Overall, regular app users perceived their use as normative among peers, but they did not view the apps as particularly useful for meeting matches. Although there are few surveys of GSNA use among emerging adults in the United States, some limitations are noted, along with suggestions for future research.

Why do women regret casual sex more than men do?

Sex differences in sexual regret are found to be robust across nations. Participants in Norway (N = 547) and the United States (N = 216) reported their level of regret for their most recent casual sexual experience. Participants also reported on proximate factors hypothesized to predict casual sex regret: negative emotions (worry), feeling pressured to have sex, low sexual gratification, partner's sexual competence, and to what extent they initiated the sexual encounter.Results suggest that greater feelings of worry, experiencing disgust, and feeling pressured to have sex predicted more regret for casual sex. In contrast, experiencing higher levels of sexual gratification, finding the partner to be sexually competent, and being the one taking the initiative predicted less sexual regret. Predictors of casual sex regret were not moderated by nation. However, relative to men, most of these predictors had a stronger impact on women's likelihood of regretting their most recent casual sex encounter. Discussion focuses on disgust, the key predictor of sexual regret, addresses limitations of the current study, and suggests future lines of research.