Casual Relationship Research Articles

Therapeutic targets for gastrointestinal diseases: proteome-wide Mendelian randomization and colocalization analyses.

This study was aimed to identify serum proteins linked with gastrointestinal diseases by proteome-wide Mendelian randomization analysis. We determined the casual relationship between 732 kinds of circulating proteins and the 24 kinds of gastrointestinal diseases via Mendelian randomization analysis. Four circulating proteins (FCGR3B, IL-12B, MAPKAPK2, and IL-23R) were associated with the occurrence of ulcerative colitis (UC), and IL23R was also correlated with risk of Crohn's disease (CD). Genetically predicted levels of IL23R were strongly correlated with the risk of UC and CD based on the high supporting evidence of colocalization analysis. Five circulating proteins (NOV, EFEMP1, ADGRE2, LCT, and SEMA3G) were associated with the risk of diverticulosis disease. With high supporting evidence of colocalization, genetically predicted levels of NOV and SEMA3G were inversely correlated with the risk of diverticulosis disease. Five circulating proteins (FUT3, FUT5, CRHBP, SULT2A1, and QPCTL) were associated with the occurrence of cholelithiasis. With high supporting evidence of colocalization, genetically predicted levels of FUT3 and CRHBP were inversely correlated with the risk of cholelithiasis. The proteome-wide Mendelian randomization investigation identified several circulating proteins associated with the risk of UC, CD, diverticular disease and cholelithiasis, which reinforced the understanding of molecular pathogenesis and design of therapeutic targets.

Cerebral cortex changes in FD, IBS, and GERD: A Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundProspective and cross-sectional studies have reported an association between functional gastrointestinal disorders and anxiety and depression. However, the causal relationship is unclear. Therefore, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) to determine the causal effects of common gastrointestinal disorders on cortical structures. MethodsGenome-wide association study (GWAS) data for functional dyspepsia (FD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) were obtained from 329,262, 16,792, and 602,604 Europeans, respectively. GWAS cerebral cortical architecture data for cortical thickness (TH) and surface area (SA) were obtained from 51,665 MRI scans. MR was used to analyze the casual relationship between FD, IBS, GERD, and cortical structures. Inverse-variance weighted, weighted median, and MR–Egger tests were performed as assessment indicators. We also evaluated heterogeneity and pleiotropy. ResultsThe results revealed that FD significantly decreases the TH in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (βTH = −0.022 mm; 95%CI: −0.035 mm to −0.009 mm2; PTH = 6.89 × 10−4), and IBS significantly decreases the SA of the pars triangularis (βSA = −21.91 mm2; 95%CI: −32.99 mm to −10.83 mm2; PSA = 1.06 × 10−4), precuneus (βSA = −47.53 mm2; 95%CI: −73.57 mm to-21.48 mm2; PSA = 3.48 × 10−4) and superior frontal regions (βSA = −78.70 mm2; 95%CI: −122.61 mm to −34.78 mm2; PSA = 4.4 × 10−4). At the local functional level, GERD significantly increases the SA of the inferior temporal region (βSA = −113.58 mm2, 95%CI: −113.58 mm to −39.01 mm2, PSA = 6.05 × 10−5). ConclusionsFD, IBS and GERD can affect the cerebral cortex architecture through the brain-gut axis, thus increasing the risks of mental illness and cognitive dysfunction.

Common mental disorders and risk of female infertility: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Female infertility is a global issue that impacts on public health seriously and many mental disorders are observed in infertility groups. To investigate the casual relationship between those, genome-wide association studies summary data of anxiety disorder (n=9,897), broad depression (n=322,580), major depressive disorder (n=480,359 and n=500,199), bipolar disorder (n=51,710), insomnia (n= 462,341), and female infertility (n=126,342) were extracted from the existing datasets and was analyzed through the two-sample mendelian randomization study. The following heterogeneity and sensitivity test were applied to ensure the robustness of results. Based on inverse variance weighted results, major depressive disorder was associated with female infertility (P = 0.0001, odds ratio 1.396, 95 % confidence interval 1.175-1.658). No causal relationship was identified between the other four mental disorders and infertility. was found. Additionally, reverse mendelian randomization did not indicate a causal relationship among these disorders. The early identification and management of anxiety symptoms in women of reproductive age, in conjunction with the effective treatment of major depressive disorder, may be crucial for preserving female fertility.

중국 요동반도 남부 선사시대 적석분의 고고학적 검토

Stone mound tombs, in which the deceased was placed upon the ground and the burial covered by stones, have a restricted spatial distribution and are observed mainly in the southern Liaodong Peninsula of China, the Amnok (Yalu) River basin, and the Han River basin. In this study, analysis was undertaken on the prehistoric stone mound tombs of the southern Liaodong Peninsula of China in order to lay down the foundations for future re-search on the relationship between the stone mound tombs of the different regions. The stone mound tomb was built from the end of the Neolithic Age until the introduc-tion of iron culture exclusively within the southern Liaodong Peninsula region; therefore, it can be regarded as a very conservative and exclusive tomb tradition. Stone mound tombs can be divided according to structure type into linear attached multiple tombs and clusters of single tombs featuring multiple burials. An increase in the latter can be observed over time. A change in burial method from single individual to multiple individual burials in tombs occurred, and cremation took place at multiple individual tombs. Linear attached tombs corresponded with single individual burials, and clustered tombs corresponded with multiple individual burials. Cremation also increased over time. The stone mound tombs of the southern Liaodong Peninsula were popularly used during the Bronze Age but their use came to an end around the period of the Warring States and the Qin-Han transition in the Chinese mainland. The stone mound tombs of Gangouzi, Changbai, in the upper-middle reaches of the Amnok River and the stone mound tombs of Seokchon-dongg, Seoul, are linear attached multiple tombs, the stone mound tombs in Jeongseon, Gwangju, and Yongin are clusters of single tombs featuring multiple burials. Therefore it can be said that there are similarities, in terms of structure and buri-al method, between these tombs of the Amnok and Han River regions and those of the southern Liaodong Peninsula, although a direct casual relationship cannot be posited. This relationship must be further explored within Korean archaeology, as the appearance and termination of the stone mound tomb tradition in the southern Liaodong Peninsula is re-spectively linked to the Neolithic Age to Bronze Age transition and the Bronze Age to Iron Age transition.

Symbolic self completion as mediator between nicotine dependence and quit intention: a nationally representative survey

ABSTRACT Background This study aims to investigate the relationship between nicotine dependence and quit intentions, and the degree to which symbolic completion of the self through smoking mediates this relationship. Symbolic self-completion theory assumes that a person seeks to display symbols in relation to how society would respond. Methods A survey was conducted among a population-based sample of smokers in Turkiye to measure nicotine dependence, intention to quit, and the absence of symbolic self-completion. Mediation analysis was conducted using the Hayes model #4 to investigate the degree to which (symbolic) smoking was linked to dependence and quit intention. Results Based on regression analyses, nicotine dependence was found to decrease the intention to quit (coeff = −.039**), while an absence of symbolic self-completion was found to increase quit intention (coeff = .6118**). Symbolic self-completion was found to be a significant (partial) mediator between dependence and quit intentions. Limitations Although the regression approach is utilized in the analysis, this study still relies on cross-sectional data, so further inquiry is needed to establish casual relationships. Conclusions Smoking is an activity that is publicly noticeable, thereby serving as a symbol of the self within a socio-cultural context. The symbolic power of smoking should be considered along with physical dependence.

Functional neurological disorder and gut microbiome: Casual or causal relationship?

Functional neurological disorder (FND), or conversion disorder, is a psychosomatic condition that affects the voluntary motor and/or sensory functions of the patient. Its origin is not yet fully understood, but the main risk factors related to this disorder include exposure to recent psychological stressors and previous experience of aversive episodes during childhood, such as abuse, family dysfunction, and neglect. The symptoms of FND result from complex interactions involving the central nervous system and also the endocrine and immune systems. In this work, we hypothesized the relationship between the gut microbiome and the pathophysiology of FND because both share several common features, such as the effects of neurotransmitters, the hippocampal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and the inflammatory responses. Based on these common aspects, we suggested that stress, gut microbiome, and inflammation factors induce chronic and systemic inflammation of the brain causing neurological disorders, including FND. More specific studies are warranted to validate the casual or causal relationship between FND and the gut microbiome.

The impact of family climate on problematic internet use: Findings from one nationwide study in China

BackgroundWith the growing attention paid to problematic internet use (PIU), this study aims to i) explore the prevalence of PIU based on a nationally representative sample and ii) propose and validate the theoretical model that correlates family climate with PIU. MethodsOne national cross-sectional study was conducted with probability sampling and stratified sampling. Overall, 21,854 sample were included and analyzed. Validated measures of family climate, loneliness, and PIU was distributed and collected from June 2022 to August 2022. ResultsThe overall prevalence of PIU in the sample population is approximately 30.86 %. The model findings showed that family communication and family health had indirect effects of −0.12 and − 0.05 on PIU by the mediating effects of loneliness. The indirect effect explained 80.0 % of the total effect of family communication on PIU and 38.5 % of family health on PIU, highlighting the dominance effects of path family communication and PIU via loneliness. Extended family type (−0.047, p = 0.050), low family income (income≤3000 group, −0.127, p < 0.001) were identified as protective factors against PIU, while not living with family members (0.034, p = 0.021) was identified as risk factors of PIU. LimitationsThe nature of cross-sectional data have the limitation of preventing examining the casual relationships of PIU and the loneliness and family climate, in which future longitudinal study design is needed. ConclusionsThe high prevalence of PIU should be given adequate attention. Optimizing the family climate or family atmosphere by improving positive communication skills, providing family support and family health external resources can be served as effective strategies for controlling PIU.

Quantifying and enabling the resiliency of a microgrid considering electric vehicles using a Bayesian network risk assessment

With the increase in the number of natural disasters, caused by climate change, the role of emission and resilience has become more outstanding. In this paper, a novel model for quantifying and enabling the resiliency of a microgrid, using a Bayesian network risk assessment approach is presented. The three objective functions of cost, pollution, and resilience are optimized simultaneously using an improved lexicographic augmented ɛ-constraint method. It should be mentioned that these items are included in the proposed model due to the irreplaceable role of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources (RESs) in distribution systems. Moreover, with the Bayesian network, the interaction between random variables is considered and a graphic view of casual relationships between stochastic and probabilistic variables is investigated in this study. The Monte Carlo scenario-based technique has handled the uncertainties of EVs and RESs. The proposed mixed integer linear programming (MILP) is implemented in the GAMS software environment under the CPLEX solver and finally, the results are discussed.

Erythema Multiforme and Epidermal Necrolysis Following COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review.

The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic has raised urgent vaccine development to prevent viral transmission. Cutaneous adverse events such as erythema multiforme (EM), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) have been observed following COVID-19 vaccination. In this systematic review, we aimed to investigate the clinical features and outcomes of EM/SJS/TEN following COVID-19 vaccination. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases up to July 3, 2022. We included studies reporting patients who developed EM, SJS, or TEN following COVID-19 vaccination. A total of 47 studies involving 90 patients with EM and 16 patients with SJS/TEN were reviewed and outlined. EM predominantly occurred after the messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines (70.4%), mostly after the first (47.5%) and second doses (42.4%), with delayed onsets ranging from 1 day to 30 days. SJS/TEN were observed following either the first (55.6%)- or second-dose (33.3%) vaccination, with onset times ranging from 6 hours to 14 weeks. Three EM cases and 1 SJS case showed recurrence upon reexposure to the same vaccines. No mortality was reported. Most patients exhibited improvement or resolution after treatment, with resolution times ranging from 6 days to 8 weeks. In conclusion, EM and epidermal necrolysis, including SJS and TEN, have emerged as potential cutaneous adverse events following COVID-19 vaccine administration. Further research is warranted to elucidate the pathogenesis and casual relationship between COVID-19 vaccines and EM/SJS/TEN.

Structural relationship between mobile shopping characteristics, consumption values, impulse buying, and consumer satisfaction

This study aims to empirically determine the structural relationship between mobile shopping characteristics, consumption values, impulse buying, and satisfaction in order to promote an understanding of impulse buying in the mobile shopping environment. To this end, we conducted a survey using the convenience sampling method on sports management majors attending a four-year university in Seoul, South Korea, who have experience purchasing sports products on a mobile device. We analyzed the collected data using descriptive statistics analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling. The key findings are as follows: First, mobile shopping attributes had a positive effect on consumption values. Second, consumption values of college student consumers in the mobile shopping environment had an effect on impulse buying. Third, impulse buying in the mobile shopping environment had a positive effect on the satisfaction of college student consumers. The results of this study have significance in that they provide the basic data for establishing efficient marketing strategies that can induce impulse buying to act as a positive shopping driver. Furthermore, this study is significant because it empirically demonstrates the casual relationship between impulse purchases and consumer satisfaction, and that consumption value is a determinant of impulse purchases.

Unraveling the association between gut microbiota and chemotherapy efficacy: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Emerging evidence has underscored the complex link between gut microbiota and chemotherapy efficacy; however, establishing causality remains elusive due to confounding factors. This study, leveraging bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses, explores the casual relationship between gut microbiota and chemotherapy efficacy. Utilizing genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from the MiBioGen consortium for gut microbiota and IEU Open GWAS for chemotherapy efficacy, we employed genetic variants as instrumental variables (IVs). The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, weighted median estimator (WME), and MR-Egger regression method were applied, with sensitivity analyses ensuring robustness. Furthermore, we conducted reverse MR analyses between chemotherapy efficacy and identified significant gut microbial taxa. The results indicated that genus Butyricicoccus (OR = 3.7908, 95% CI: 1.4464-9.9350, P = 0.01), Dorea (OR = 3.3295, 95% CI: 1.2794-8.6643, P = 0.01), Hungatella (OR = 2.6284, 95% CI: 1.0548-6.5498, P = 0.04), and Turicibacter (OR = 2.5694, 95% CI: 1.0392-6.3526, P = 0.04) were positively associated with chemotherapy efficacy using the IVW method. Conversely, family Porphyromonadaceae (OR = 0.2283, 95% CI: 0.0699-0.7461, P = 0.01) and genus Eggerthella (OR = 0.4953, 95% CI: 0.2443-1.0043, P = 0.05) exhibited negative associations. WME demonstrated consistent results with IVW method only for genus Eggerthella (OR = 0.3343, 95% CI: 0.1298-0.8610, P = 0.02). No significant heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy was observed. Reverse MR analyses revealed no significant causal effect of chemotherapy on identified gut microbiota. This study sheds light on the intricate relationship between gut microbiota, with a particular emphasis on the genus Eggerthella, and chemotherapy efficacy, offering valuable insights for refining cancer treatment strategies.IMPORTANCEGlobal advancements in cancer treatment, particularly in chemotherapy, have notably decreased mortality rates in recent years. However, the correlation between gut microbiota and chemotherapy efficacy remains elusive. Our study, emphasizing the role of genus Eggerthella, represented a crucial advance in elucidating this intricate interplay. The identified associations offer potential therapeutic targets, contributing to global efforts for enhanced treatment precision and improved patient outcomes. Furthermore, our findings hold promise for personalized therapeutic interventions, shaping improved strategies in the ever-evolving landscape of cancer treatment.

Unveiling the causal relationship between circulating levels of micronutrients and risk of facial aging: A Mendelian randomization study.

Facial aging involves a continuous sequence of complex, interrelated events that impact numerous facial tissues. The aim of the study was to elucidate the casual relationship between circulating micronutrients and risk of facial aging. A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis was performed using genetic data from genome-wide association studies. The inverse-variance weighted method is used for causal effect estimation, and additional tools such as Mendelian randomization-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode were used to refine the analysis. We conducted an in-depth examination of the correlation between several micronutrient blood levels and the risk of facial aging, and identified 3 key micronutrients (selenium, carotene, and iron) that may have a significant impact on skin health. Inverse-variance weighted results indicate that selenium levels were positively correlated with the risk of facial aging (odds ratio [OR] 1.005, P = .027), while a negative causal effect of carotene (OR 0.979, P = .024) and iron (OR 0.976, P = .009) on age-related facial alterations was observed. This study offers a new and insightful perspective on the current understanding of antiaging strategies, particularly the importance of appropriate consumption of essential micronutrients to maintain healthy skin condition.

Assessing the Impact of Financial Characteristics on the Performance of Ghana Club 100 Companies

After a decade of reforming policy, building and developing the multi-national market in Ghana, the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC) introduced Ghana Club 100 to recognize the top 100 performing companies in terms of their competitiveness and contribution to economic growth. We adopted a quantitative research methodology involving correlational and casual research design to assess the impact of financial characteristics on the performance of 80 listed Ghana Club 100 firms. Financial characteristics represent the independent variables measured using liquidity, financial leverage and business activity, whiles company performance represents measured using return on asset. SPSS Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used to analyze the data gathered from the 80 listed companies. The data analysis reveals four key findings: 1/ a statistically significant positive relationship exists between leverage and performance; 2/ no statistically significant relationship exists between liquidity and performance; 3/ a statistically significant positive relationship exists between business activity and performance; and 4/ leverage, liquidity and business activity had statistically significant positive impact on firm performance. These findings contribute to knowledge by critically explaining the casual relationship between financial characteristics and firm performance with specific reference to Ghana Club 100 companies. The findings have strategic implications for the Ghanaian businesses and economy in terms of enhancing firm’s financial performance. Due to limited access to scarce resources, the scope of the study focused on Club 100 firms which represent all the companies in Ghana. Future research can be conducted on the effect of financial characteristics on the performance of non-listed companies in Ghana.

Casual, customized and contemptuous relationships with education: Social solvation and young people's strategies during multi‐crisis

AbstractThis paper focuses on individual responses to education in crisis, with the strategies of students contextualised and examined within a wider multi‐crisis reality. Offering a conceptual framework of social solvation, the proposed model explains how failures in the education system at the macro (state) and meso (institutional) levels translate into young people's behaviours at the individual (micro) level. Based on the analysis of 26 in‐depth interviews with young students, we identify and discuss three main micro‐rational strategies that the interviewees relied upon to navigate their learning during the pandemic: (1) casualisation (2) customisation and (3) contempt towards the broader system. We argue that the already weak Polish education system was further impaired by the COVID‐19 crisis. In response to growing social and educational risks, young people forge and employ highly individualised strategies. As micro‐rational social actions essentially bypass the unwieldy education system in a variety of ways, they have vital implications for educational futures.

Optimizing the quality of casual relationships among primary energy consumption, financial growth, and trade openness: A panel data analysis of G-20 Nations

Optimizing the quality of casual relationships among primary energy consumption, financial growth, and trade openness: A panel data analysis of G-20 Nations

PROBLEMS OF VERTICAL INTEGRATION AMONG FISH FARMERS AND WAY FORWARD IN RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA

This study examines the impact of private investment on economic performance in Nigeria using time series data from 1980 -2018. Multiple regression and co-integration methods are employed to analyze the data. The objectives of this study is to, among other things, examine the casual relationship between private investment and economic growth in Nigeria and to investigate the impact of private domestic investment on economic performance in Nigeria. Being a time series data, the first step is to test for the stationarity of the data by using Phillips Perron-Fuller unit root test. Ordinary least square (OLS) and Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique is used to estimate the models. The results of the unit root test show that some variables; Labour Force Participation rate (LPR), Private Domestic This study assessed problems of vertical integration among fish farmers in Rivers State, Nigeria. The paper looked at distribution of respondents’ socio-economic characteristics and problems of vertical integration among fish farmers in the study area. Data for the study was collected from 37 vertically integrated fish farmers that exist in the State. To analyze the data, collected descriptive statistics and Likert-type rating scale was used. The study revealed that the vertically integrated fish farmers were mostly within the range of 41-45 years, married having household size of 6-10 persons. The study revealed that the vertically integrated fish farmers were experienced, learned, and majored only as fish culture farmers. However, farmers complained of large capital required for starting, irregular electricity, sinking of local feed produced, poor drying of fish, and stressful activities of feed production, fingerling hatching and processing of fish. It was suggested that fish culture farmers should be provided with credit at low interest rate, up-to date knowledge in fish culture and extension services to enhance productivity.

전문대학 교수의 역량기반 교육과정편성·운영능력과 총장변혁적리더십, 교수자율성 및 학습민첩성의 구조적 관계

전문대학 교수의 역량기반 교육과정편성·운영능력과 총장변혁적리더십, 교수자율성 및 학습민첩성의 구조적 관계

Followers, fans, friends, or haters? A typology of the online interactions and relationships between social media influencers and their audiences based on a social capital framework

Little is known about the characteristics and dynamics within SMI–audience interactions and relationships from the side of SMI. Using interview data from 19 ( N = 19) SMI, this study aims (1) to increase the insights on the development (i.e. predictors and dimensions) and dynamics (i.e. outcomes and feedback loops) of SMI’s social capital and (2) use the social capital framework to develop a typology of different SMI–audience relationships. The resulting typology proposes four types of relationships. The first is the casual follower relationship, characterized by limited intimacy and low-effort contact. Second, the positive fan relationship involves typical fan behavior. These relationships are important for SMI because they offer psychological and commercial gains. Finally, the negative hater and the negative anti-fan relationship were distinguished. Whereas the first is a temporary superficial relationship, the latter has intimacy and reciprocity, which stimulates SMI’s investment. The theoretical and practical implications for SMI and marketing are discussed.

Pengaruh Kompetensi dan Kompensasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Airport Security PT. Angkasa Pura I Bandara Internasional Juanda Surabaya

Study aims to determine the effect of competence and compensation on the performance of Airport Security employees of PT. Angkasa Pura I Juanda International Airport Surabaya using quantitative methods with a casual relationship approach. The sampling technique used is Stratified Random Sampling. The total population is 111 employees with a sample of 53 employees of the Airport Security section of PT. Angkasa Pura I Juanda International Airport Surabaya. The results of this study proved that the partial test (t-test) of the Competency variable (X1) obtained a significant value of 0.000 &lt; 0.05 and tcount 3,824 &gt; table 2,009 which had a significant effect, while the partial test (t-test) of the Compensation variable (X2) obtained a significant value of 0.000 &lt; 0.05 and the tcount test of 7,942 &gt; table 2,009 which had a significant effect. Simultaneously (Test F) by obtaining significant values of 0.000 &gt; alpha 0.05 and Fcalculate 108. 844 &gt; a value of Ftable 3.18 means that it has a significant effect on employee performance. The importance of attention to employee competency development and compensation system improvement as a strategy to improve performance in the Airport Security sector of PT. Angkasa Pura I Juanda International Airport Surabaya. This research is expected to provide guidance for PT Angkasa Pura in designing more effective human resource policies, focusing on developing employee competencies and improving the compensation system.

Is coffee effective on food intake in high fat diet-fed obese rats?

Objective: Coffee might be effective in the treatment of obesity with its high polyphenol and caffeine content. In this regard, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different coffee types on body weight, food intake, and biochemical parameters in obese rats. Methods: Wistar Albino adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups (one control and three coffee groups) after obesity development (after six weeks), and three types of coffee (Turkish coffee, instant coffee, filter coffee) administration were performed for two weeks. Results: Food consumption was statistically significantly lower in the Turkish coffee (15,6±1,06 g/d) and filter coffee group (16,9±0,8 g/d) compared to the control group (18,5±0,6) in the eighth-week (p&lt;0.001). At the end of two weeks, there is no difference between the groups regarding weight in the rats (p&gt;0.05). However, the body weight gain (g) change was lower in the Turkish coffee group (p&lt;0.001). There was no significant difference between groups in biochemical parameters. However, negative correlations were obtained between NE (ng/L), Leptin (ng/ml), Adiponectin (mg/L), UCP-1 (ng/L), UCP-2 (ng/L), UCP-3 (ng/L) and average energy intake (kcal) in Turkish coffee administrated rats. Conclusion: According to the study results, coffee consumption, especially Turkish coffee, has a reducing effect on food intake. This effect is likely due to the higher phenolic content of the given Turkish coffee than the same amount of filter and instant coffee. Further studies are needed to explain the effects of coffee consumption on body weight and other casual relationships, especially in the long term.