CAST Gene Research Articles

Characterization of SNPs in meat quality-related genes in Argentine Coastal Creole pigs and their potential as a porcine genetic resource.

The Coastal Creole pigs in Argentina are predominantly found in the wild and can trace their lineage directly back to the Iberian breeds introduced by Spanish colonizers. They currently stand as the sole Creole breed in the country recognized by the FAO. However, there exists a dearth of studies assessing their genetic potential within the swine industry. Therefore, this study aimed to genetically characterize the meat quality of Coastal Creole pigs based on seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the Ryr1, PRKAG3, MC4R, H-FABP, and CAST genes. A total of N = 158 samples were collected from specimens distributed along the coastal region. Our findings revealed all loci to exhibit polymorphism, underscoring the population's remarkable genetic diversity. Furthermore, a higher frequency of alleles favorable for the PRKAG3191I>V/200R>Q, MC4R1426A>G, CAST76872G>A, and Ryr11843C>T genes was observed, while alleles unfavorable predominated for H-FABP1811G>C and CAST638Ser>Arg. The results obtained in this research are highly encouraging, reflecting the genetic potential of these pigs to be utilized in swine production programs.

Tubule-specific cyclin-dependent kinase 12 knockdown potentiates kidney injury through transcriptional elongation defects.

Direct tubular injury caused by several medications, especially chemotherapeutic drugs, is a common cause of AKI. Inhibition or loss of cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) triggers a transcriptional elongation defect that results in deficiencies in DNA damage repair, producing genomic instability in a variety of cancers. Notably, 10-25% of individuals developed AKI after treatment with a CDK12 inhibitor, and the potential mechanism is not well understood. Here, we found that CDK12 was downregulated in the renal tubular epithelial cells in both patients with AKI and murine AKI models. Moreover, tubular cell-specific knockdown of CDK12 in mice enhanced cisplatin-induced AKI through promotion of genome instability, apoptosis, and proliferative inhibition, whereas CDK12 overexpression protected against AKI. Using the single molecule real-time (SMRT) platform on the kidneys of CDK12RTEC+/- mice, we found that CDK12 knockdown targeted Fgf1 and Cast through transcriptional elongation defects, thereby enhancing genome instability and apoptosis. Overall, these data demonstrated that CDK12 knockdown could potentiate the development of AKI by altering the transcriptional elongation defect of the Fgf1 and Cast genes, and more attention should be given to patients treated with CDK12 inhibitors to prevent AKI.

Association of polymorphisms in CAPN1 and CAST genes with the meat tenderness of Creole cattle

Association of polymorphisms in CAPN1 and CAST genes with the meat tenderness of Creole cattle

Increasing the productive potential of large and small cattle breed resources in the South of Russia based on modern breeding methods

The results of the genetic characteristics research of large and small cattle populations grown in the Southern Russia are stated. Breed-specific DNA patterns have been identified in three of the most common cattle breeds of meat productivity in arid conditions. The milk productivity of Holstein cows of different breeding lines has been studied. It was found that increasing the frequency of animals of Vis Back Ideal and Reflection Sovering lines in the parent pairs could be able to increase the level of milk productivity of offspring and improve the quality indicators of dairy raw materials. The adaptive abilities and milk productivity of imported foreign Holstein cows depending on their origin were estimated. In comparison with Australian and Danish Holstein cows, American and German analogues have a higher level of milk productivity. However Australian and Danish animals have a more flexible adaptive capacity. As a result of the comparative study of the economic and biological characteristics of two generations of Aberdeen-Angus cattle (parental foreign generation, and the first generation - obtained under breeding conditions in Southern Russia), tendencies to increase productive values are revealed. The features of the meat productivity formation in Kalmyk steers different exterior and constitutional types are investigated. It was found that the Kalmyk steers of the tall body type have a higher meat productivity compared with their analogues of medium and compact body types. However, the beef of compact steers has a higher fat percentage, more attractive taste characteristics, culinary and technological indices. The features of polymorphism of CAST, GH, GDF9, CLPG, FABP4 and MC4R genes in populations of sheep of different breeds grown in the Republic of Kalmykia, Volgograd and Rostov regions, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic were also studied. As a promising method of early diagnosis of presence economically useful traits in sheep during ontogenesis, the effectiveness of DNA analysis in young lambs and the further selection of animals with desirable genotypes according to these genes were justified.

Candidate SNPs for meat quality and carcass composition in free-range Iberian pigs

Several genetic markers, previously associated with meat quality traits, have been proposed to be included in Iberian pig breeding programs. However, before being implemented, effects of these candidate SNPs on premium cuts' yield should be evaluated to avoid potential undesirable antagonistic effects. Therefore, the main goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of a set of 26 polymorphisms on premium cuts weights and to corroborate their effects on meat quality in a larger population. Phenotypic data of approximately 1550 Iberian pigs were recorded.The PRKAG3_rs319678464C and PRKAG3_rs1108399077G alleles were associated with an increase of shear force, water losses and color values and a reduction of average daily gain (ADG). The CAST_rs196949783G > A and ADIPOQ_rs3476515794T > G SNPs mainly affected IMF content, with this last SNP being the only one with significant effects on any of the carcass measures, specifically Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) weight. The ELOVL6_rs3473714672A, FASN_rs331694510A, MTTP_rs335896411C and ACACA_rs340781986C alleles were linked to a higher percentage of oleic acid and monounsaturated FA and a decrease in palmitic, palmitoleic and saturated FA. Besides, suggestive effects were observed between ELOVL6_rs3473714672A > G and ham and shoulder weights, and between MTTP_rs335896411T > C and LTL muscle weight. Finally, the NR6A1_rs326780270T allele was associated with a significant increase in ADG and tended to reduce the ham weight. The SNPs mapped to PRKAG3 (rs319678464G > C), ACACA, FASN and CAST genes could be implemented in breeding programs to improve meat quality traits without undesirable effects on carcass composition. The SNPs mapped to PRKAG3 (rs1108399077G > A) ELOVL6, MTTP and NR6A1 should continue to be tested in a larger number of animals.

Interactions of rumen microbiota, and metabolites with meat quality-related genes to regulate meat quality and flavor of Tibetan sheep under nutrient stress in the cold season.

The meat of Tibetan sheep has unique flavor, delicious taste and superior nutritional value. However, the change of grass will lead to a change in meat quality. This study aimed to explore the potential regulatory mechanism of microbial metabolites with respect to meat quality traits of Tibetan sheep under nutrient stress in the cold season. We determined and analyzed the longissimus dorsi quality, fatty acid composition, expression of genes and rumen microbial metabolites of Tibetan sheep in cold and warm seasons. The shear force was decreased (P < 0.05), the meat color a*24h value was increased (P < 0.05), and the contents of crude fat (EE) and protein (CP) were decreased in the cold season. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)-linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased significantly in the cold season (P < 0.05). The expressions of meat quality genes MC4R, CAPN1, H-FABP and LPL were significantly higher in the warm season (P < 0.05), and the CAST gene was significantly expressed in the cold season (P < 0.01). The different microbial metabolites of Tibetan sheep in the cold and warm seasons were mainly involved in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and digestive system pathway, and there was some correlation between microbiota and meat quality traits. There are similarities between microbial metabolites enriched in the lipid metabolism pathway and muscle metabolites. Under nutritional stress in the cold season, the muscle tenderness of Tibetan sheep was improved, and the fat deposition energy was weakened, but the levels of beneficial fatty acids were higher than those in the warm season, which was more conducive to healthy eating.

#5658 TUBULE-SPECIFIC CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 12 KNOCKDOWN POTENTIATES KIDNEY INJURY THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL ELONGATION DEFECTS

Abstract Background and Aims Direct tubular injury caused by several medications, especially chemotherapeutic drugs, is a common cause of AKI. Inhibition or loss of cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) triggers a transcriptional elongation defect that results in deficiencies in DNA damage repair, producing genomic instability in a variety of cancers. Notably, 10-25% of individuals developed AKI after treatment with a CDK12 inhibitor, and the potential mechanism is not well understood. Method Here, we established a cisplatin-induced AKI mouse model with CDK12 knockdown mice and created stable in vitro models with CDK12 knockdown tubular epithelial cells. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (20 mg/kg). After 2 days following cisplatin treatment, blood and kidney tissues were harvested. Renal function and histology were evaluated. DDR, tubular apoptosis, cell proliferation were evaluated by immunofluorescence assays, real-time PCR, flow cytometer and western blot analysis. Notably, we performed single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT), a long-read sequencing platform, to identify the formation of novel transcripts involved in the above events. Results We found that CDK12 was downregulated in the renal tubular epithelial cells in both patients with AKI and murine AKI models. Moreover, tubular cell-specific knockdown of CDK12 in mice enhanced cisplatin-induced AKI through promotion of genome instability, apoptosis, and proliferative inhibition, whereas CDK12 overexpression protected against AKI. Using the single molecule real-time (SMRT) platform on the kidneys of CDK12RTEC+/− mice, we found that CDK12 knockdown targeted Fgf1 and Cast through transcriptional elongation defects, thereby enhancing genome instability and apoptosis. Conclusion These data demonstrated that CDK12 knockdown could potentiate the development of AKI by altering the transcriptional elongation defect of the Fgf1 and Cast genes, and more attention should be given to patients treated with CDK12 inhibitors to prevent AKI.

Distribution of the frequency of occurrence of alleles by the calpastatin gene in sheep of different breeds (review)

The genetic diversity of modern populations of domestic animals is very important for improving breeds, for their adaptation to various environmental conditions, as well as for obtaining high-quality livestock products, in particular meat. The calpastatin gene (CAST) is considered as one of the promising markers of growth intensity and meat quality. The article presents an analysis of the literature review on the CAST gene in sheep from the following countries: Asia, New Zealand, Iran, England, France, Poland, Russia. The results of scientific studies aimed at studying the frequency of occurrence of CASTM and CASTN alleles, as well as CASTMM, CASTMN, CASTNN genotypes in the calpastatin gene in different breeds of sheep are summarized. On the territory of the Russian Federation, the number of sheep bred in the North Caucasus, Southern, Volga, Siberian Federal Districts has been studied. In all the studied breeds, the frequency of the M allele significantly exceeded the frequency of the N allele and was in the range of 0,33–0,99, therefore, the frequency of the N allele was in the range from 0,01 to 0,67.

Brain fatty acid and transcriptome profiles of pig fed diets with different levels of soybean oil

BackgroundThe high similarity in anatomical and neurophysiological processes between pigs and humans make pigs an excellent model for metabolic diseases and neurological disorders. Lipids are essential for brain structure and function, and the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have anti-inflammatory and positive effects against cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Nutrigenomics studies involving pigs and fatty acids (FA) may help us in better understanding important biological processes. In this study, the main goal was to evaluate the effect of different levels of dietary soybean oil on the lipid profile and transcriptome in pigs’ brain tissue.ResultsThirty-six male Large White pigs were used in a 98-day study using two experimental diets corn-soybean meal diet containing 1.5% soybean oil (SOY1.5) and corn-soybean meal diet containing 3.0% soybean oil (SOY3.0). No differences were found for the brain total lipid content and FA profile between the different levels of soybean oil. For differential expression analysis, using the DESeq2 statistical package, a total of 34 differentially expressed genes (DEG, FDR-corrected p-value < 0.05) were identified. Of these 34 DEG, 25 are known-genes, of which 11 were up-regulated (log2 fold change ranging from + 0.25 to + 2.93) and 14 were down-regulated (log2 fold change ranging from − 3.43 to -0.36) for the SOY1.5 group compared to SOY3.0. For the functional enrichment analysis performed using MetaCore with the 34 DEG, four pathway maps were identified (p-value < 0.05), related to the ALOX15B (log2 fold change − 1.489), CALB1 (log2 fold change − 3.431) and CAST (log2 fold change + 0.421) genes. A “calcium transport” network (p-value = 2.303e-2), related to the CAST and CALB1 genes, was also identified.ConclusionThe results found in this study contribute to understanding the pathways and networks associated with processes involved in intracellular calcium, lipid metabolism, and oxidative processes in the brain tissue. Moreover, these results may help a better comprehension of the modulating effects of soybean oil and its FA composition on processes and diseases affecting the brain tissue.

Analysis of Potential Genes and Economic Parameters Associated with Growth and Heat Tolerance in Sheep (Ovis aries).

This study explored the potential genes and economic factors that might be associated with growth and heat tolerance in two sheep breeds. Data on growth performance from the third month to six months of age were obtained based on records. In comparison to Aboudeleik lambs, Barki lambs developed considerably greater starting body weight, final body weight, final body weight gain, daily weight gain, and percentage increase in BW/month. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found between lambs of the two breeds using PCR-DNA sequencing of CAST, LEP, MYLK4, MEF2B, STAT5A, TRPV1, HSP90AB1, HSPB6, HSF1, ST1P1, and ATP1A1 genes. Lambs from each breed were divided into groups based on detected SNPs in genes related to growth. The least squares means of the differentiated groups revealed a significant correlation of detected SNPs with growth and heat tolerance attributes (p ≤ 0.05). Barki lambs elicited greater total variable costs, total costs, total return, and net return values. The Barki sheep provided the best economic efficiency value when comparing the percentage difference between net profit and economic efficiency. Together with economic considerations, SNPs found may be used as proxies for marker-assisted selection of the best breed of sheep for traits related to growth and heat tolerance.

Effects of the Expressions and Variants of the CAST Gene on the Fatty Acid Composition of the Longissimus Thoracis Muscle of Grazing Sonid Sheep.

Fatty acid (FA) composition has an important impact on the nutrition and flavor of meat, and on consumer health, and is receiving more attention in the sheep industry. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the expression levels of the CAST gene and the FA composition in the longissimus thoracis (LL) muscle, to identify novel variants of CAST, and to perform association analysis with the FA composition in grazing Sonid lambs. The correlation results showed that high expression levels of CAST are correlated with better FA compositions and classes in LL. For association studies, the results showed that c.1210C&gt;T and c.1437G&gt;A in LD-M, and c.2097C&gt;T mutations are associated with some compositions and classes of FA in the LL of grazing Sonid sheep. Two missense c.646G&gt;C (G216R) and c.1210C&gt;T (R404C) mutations were predicted to influence the Calpain_inhib domains of CAST. Thus, the correlation results and associated mutations are expected to be genetic selection markers for the FA composition and meat quality of grazing Sonid lamb muscle and provide new insights into sheep meat quality traits influenced by the ovine CAST gene.

Ассоциация однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов в генах GH, CAST с убойными качествами у овец породы манычский меринос

Ассоциация однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов в генах GH, CAST с убойными качествами у овец породы манычский меринос

THE EFFECT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO MUTATIONS MSTN/T434C AND CAST/T350C ON CARCASS AND MEAT TRAITS IN ARABI SHEEP IN IRAQ

This study was carried out on a sample of 49 Iraqi Arabi sheep in a slaughterhouse in the Thi Qar Governorate in southern Iraq . Laboratory tests were done in the physiology lab of the Faculty of Agriculture and the Marshes at University of Thi Qar .The study aimed to find out the impact of the interaction between two mutations (MSTN/T434C and CAST/T350C) on the Myostatin and Calpastatin genes, respectively, on some characteristics of sheep carcass and meat after slaughtering sheep and recording the sex and age of the animal. The results of the study showed a significant difference (P≤0.05) of the interaction between the two mutations in the characteristics of live body weight, dressing ratio and carcass diameter by the superiority of the CCTT genotype in the characteristic of live body weight and the superiority of the TTTC genotype in the characteristic of the dressing ratio, while the superiority of the TTCC genotype in the characteristic of the carcass diameter and neither of the two traits showed both the hot weight and length of the carcass significant differences between the four genotypes that appeared between the resulting interactions. Significant differences (P≤0.05) appeared for the effect of the interaction between the two studied mutations on the Myostatin and Calpastatin genes in the meat pH characteristics and the muscle fibers breakage index, where the TCTC interaction outweighed the TTCC interaction while it did not differ significantly with the other three interactions in the pH. As for muscle fiber fracture index, the TTCC genotype was significantly superior to the CCTT genotype, but it was not significantly superior to the TTTC and TCTC interference, respectively. Keywords: Arabi Sheep, Carcass Traits, Mutations Interaction, CAST And MSTN Genes

Genetic Variation in the Calpastatin Gene and its Association with Growth Traits in Batur Sheep

The present study aimed to investigate the association of the CAST genotype and growth traits in Batur sheep. Batur lambs were reared under an intensive feeding system. Bodyweight is measured monthly after weaning until six months of age. Blood representing thirty head were collected, genomic DNA was extracted as samples, and then 200 µl of whole blood samples were used. Specific primers were designed to amplify the CAST gene, samples were sequenced, then the researchers used the BioEdit program to identify any mutation. Calculation of genotypes, gene and allele frequencies, heterozygosities, and Chi-square test was performed. The analysis revealed a total of sixteen polymorphic sites in the CAST coding region. There are four alleles observed (A, G, C, and T), trans-versions at c.92T&lt;G and c.285G&gt;T loci, and transitions at c.214G&gt;A, c.280G&gt;A, c.301C&lt;T, and c.371A&gt;G. One individual disrupted the reading frame in the whole CAST sequenced. The genotype frequency analysis showed the highest predominance of the (TT, GG, CC, and AA) genotypes with frequencies (66.7 %, 62.9 %, 59.3 %, 66.7 %, and 55.6 %) as homozygous. In contrast, the heterozygous (TG, GA, GT, CT, and AG) genotypes were present at lower frequencies (29.6 %, 33.3 %, 37 %, 29.6 %, and 37 %), respectively with four difference alleles (T, G, C, and A). Post-weaning bodyweight till 6-month age of Batur sheep for the heterozygous genotypes at loci (c.92T&lt;G, c.214G&gt;A, c.280G&gt;A, and c.301C&lt;T) was slightly more massive than those carrying homozygous wild-type genotypes (c.285G&gt;T and c.371A&gt;G) with no significant differences (p &gt; 0.5). The lambs with the heterozygous genotype had a significantly higher muscle percentage as a whole, compared to the other genotypes. Polymorphic sites were present in Batur sheep for the first time about the association with the CAST gene. However, the CAST gene might not be a useful marker for developing future selection programs in Batur sheep unless further investigation of the CAST gene and its interactions with other genes involving muscle growth and carcass traits are analyzed through association studies at a large scale.&#x0D; Keywords: genetic variation, CAST gene, association, Batur sheep, growth traits

STUDY OF RS17872000 POLYMORPHISM IN CALPAIN (CAPN1) AND&#x0D; RS109221039 CALPASTATIN (CAST) GENES IN MEAT PRODUCTIVITY CATTLE

Allelic variants of single nucleotide CAPN1 and CAST polymorphisms in cattle are associated with “marbling” and “tenderness” of meat. SNPs in CAPN1 (rs17872000) and CAST (rs109221039) genes in beef cattle breeds being bred in the Republic of Belarus were studied using KASP and real-time PCR methods. Genetic structure analysis of studied samples from cattle populations by the CAPN1 gene showed that the frequency of occurrence of the preferential Callele associated with “marbling” in Aberdeen Angus cattle was 34.3%, in the Limousine breed ― 14.3%, and in the Hereford breed ― 13.9%. The frequency of occurrence of the preferential A allele (CAST), which determines increased “tenderness” of meat, was 87.1% in the Aberdeen Angus breed, 75.5% in the Limousin, and 77.8% in the Hereford. The use of genetic markers as an important additional criterion in meat cattle breeding in combination with main&#x0D; zootechnical methods will allow improving meat productivity.

Sustained Effects of Muscle Calpain System Genotypes on Tenderness Phenotypes of South African Beef Bulls during Ageing up to 20 Days.

Simple SummaryWhen searching for genetic markers for the selection of more tender beef, it is important to maintain minimal environmental variation from pre-slaughter, right through to the ageing process, to ensure the accuracy of the obtained phenotypes. This is because beef quality traits have a large environmental component that can greatly alter the characteristics of the meat, which would not reflect a true genetic effect. We propose that variable ageing times are especially important in determining whether markers are associated with tenderization or not. Our analyses included candidate genes for the protein degrading enzyme system for calpains, because they contribute the most to tenderization. We were able to validate these markers in South African beef cattle, where they could be useful for selection. The timing of the collection of tenderness data was critical, as only a few (6/134) genetic markers sustained their association with tenderization over ageing to 20 days. A larger tenderization effect earlier in ageing, as shown here for the capn1_187 and capn1_4751 markers, would decrease the length of ageing. This would not only increase profits, but also decrease the energy needed during the storage and refrigeration of aged beef, decreasing the carbon footprint of beef production.The most important factor that determines beef tenderness is its proteolytic activity, and the balance between calpain-1 protease activity and calpastatin inhibition is especially important, while contributions can also arise from calpain-2 and, possibly, calpain-3. The meat ageing process itself affects these processes. To determine whether genotypes in the calpain–calpastatin system can enhance tenderness through a 20-day ageing period, South African purebred beef bulls (n = 166) were genotyped using the Illumina BovineHD SNP BeadChip through a gene-based association analysis targeting the cast, capn3, capn2 and capn1 genes. The Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and myofibril fragment length (MFL) of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) steaks were evaluated between d 3 and d 20 of ageing, with protease enzyme activity in the first 20 h post-mortem. Although several of the 134 SNPs are associated with tenderness, only seven SNP in the cast, capn2 and capn1 genes sustained genetic associations, additive to the ageing-associated increases in tenderness for at least three of the four ageing periods. While most genomic associations were relatively stable over time, some genotypes within the SNP responded differently to ageing, resulting in altered genomic effects over time. The level of ageing at which genomic associations are performed is an important factor that determines whether SNPs affect tenderness phenotypes.

Genetic diversity of meat quality related genes in Argentinean pigs

Genetic influence on pork quality exists between breeds and within a breed. The variation is caused by a large set of genes, and pork quality traits have a multifactorial background. Research into the genetics of meat quality found causative mutations associated with marked effects on pig meat value. This study aimed to investigate the segregation of meat quality-related SNPs and compare their diversity and genetics in commercial and Creole pigs from different farms in the North-West of Argentina. A screen for SNPs in RYR1, PRKAG3, CAST, and SOX6 candidate genes and the differentiation of their genotypes by PCR–RFLP was conducted. All genes were characterized by a high level of polymorphism and heterozygosity, and populations showed no differences in the genetic structure for the analyzed SNPs. These results highlighted the role of pig genotypes as a source of basic variability potentially affecting processed meat products and fresh meat.

Polymorphism of the CAST gene and association of its genotypes with indicators of sheep meat productivity

The article presents studies aimed at a comparative assessment of the meat productivity and quality of meat of young sheep of the Stavropol breed of different genotypes (CASTNN and CASTMM) identified by PCR – PDRF and studies of chemical and histological parameters. According to the results of the control slaughter, the superiority of the CASTNN genotype over the CASTMM genotype analogue in terms of the pre-slaughter mass by 9.1%, the mass of the paired carcass and its yield by 12.3 and 3.4% was revealed. Indicators of the morphological composition of CASTNN genotype carcasses meet the requirements of GOST I category. Morphometric analysis indicates a smaller number of muscle, connective-woven fibers, but a larger diameter of muscle fibers in the meat of the CASTNN genotype than in the CASTMM meat, which provided it with a higher score of "marbling": 32.41 vs. 27.17. To identify particularly valuable animals and their wide application in the breeding process, it is advisable to use the PCR analysis method in conjunction with morpho-histological studies.

Association between CAST and MSTN gene polymorphisms with growth traits in Awassi sheep

This study aims to identify the association between CAST/MspI and MSTN/HaeIII polymorphism with growth traits in Awassi sheep. A total of 129 (male and female) Awassi sheep were used in the study. Growth traits (Body weight BW, body length BL, chest depth CD, heart girth HG and withers height WH) were taken from animals at one year old. PCR-RFLP analysis was used to detect CAST polymorphism (Exon 1C/1D) and MSTN (Exon 3) genes. Three genotypes (MM, MN and NN) were observed for CAST/MspI polymorphism with allele and genotype frequency 0.78(M) and 0.22(N); 0.70(MM), 0.16(MN) and 0.14(NN). Two genotypes (MM and mm) were found for MSTN/HaeIII polymorphism with allele and genotype frequency as 0.10(M) and 0.90(N); 0.10(MM) and 0.90(mm). The genes were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p&gt;0.05). The association analysis showed an association between CAST/MspI polymorphism and BW, BL, CD, HG and WH (P&lt;0.05; P&lt;0.10). The MM genotypes had the highest BW compared to MN and NN genotypes. Whereas the MN genotypes had the highest BL, CD, HG and WH compared to MM and NN genotypes. No association was found between MSTN/HaeIII polymorphism and growth traits.

Associations Between c.2832A &gt; G Polymorphism of CAST Gene and Meat Tenderness in Cattle: A Meta-Analysis

Associations Between c.2832A &gt; G Polymorphism of CAST Gene and Meat Tenderness in Cattle: A Meta-Analysis