Cassiterite Research Articles

Exploring volcanic-intrusive connections and chemical differentiation of high silica magmas in the Early Cretaceous Yanbei caldera complex hosting a giant tin deposit, Southeast China

Study of the origin and chemical differentiation of silicic magmas can provide important insights into crustal evolution and rare metal metallogeny. Tin mineralization always tends to form in relatively reduced, highly fractionated granite systems. Recognition of distinctions between fertile and barren magmas is of enormous benefit to mineral exploration. The Yanbei caldera complex (YCC), is a typical inland volcanic-intrusive complex that also hosts a giant porphyry-type tin ore deposit in Southeast China. To study the origin and chemical differentiation of the YCC and constrain its relationship with tin mineralization, a comprehensive petrological, whole-rock major and trace element geochemical data, along with zircon UPb ages, trace element and Hf isotopic data of the Yanbei caldera complex (YCC) and the Xiaoji granite (XG) near the YCC are carried out. LA-ICP-MS zircon UPb dating indicates that the generation and evolution of the YCC and the XG took place in a short time (4 M.y.) of between 142.4 and 138.4 Ma. Distinct zircon Hf isotopic compositions of the volcanic and intrusive units from the YCC suggest that they were derived from different magma sources. The volcanic rocks and the XG have consistent and low zircon Hf isotopic compositions (εHf(t) = −14.9 ~ −9.0), implying that they were almost exclusively derived from melting of Paleoproterozoic crustal rocks. But the magma source of the intrusive units (the granite porphyry, GP and the biotite granite, BG) (εHf(t) = −6.0 ~ −0.8) contains a significant mantle-derived component input. The whole-rock and zircon compositions suggest that the compositionally zoned volcano of the YCC can be interpreted in terms of the “crystal mush model”. The rhyolite has the geochemical characteristics of highly evolved magmas which undergo crystal fractionation, while the dacite displays a complementary geochemical signature implying that it represents the residual crystal mush after extraction of the rhyolitic melts. The XG displays similar chronological, compositional, and isotopic features to the rhyolite, suggesting that it is the intrusive equivalent of the rhyolite. The intrusive units (GP and BG) of the YCC are highly-evolved granites with elevated tin contents, responsible for tin mineralization. By comparison of fertile and barren systems in the YCC, we suggest that simple crystal fractionation for the high-evolved/extracted granitic melt does not necessarily lead to tin mineralization. A tin-bearing and volatile-rich melt originated under high-temperature partial melting of crustal source induced by underplating/input of a hot mantle magma is an essential precondition for some magmatic-hydrothermal tin mineralization systems.

Machine Learning for Mineral Identification and Ore Estimation from Hyperspectral Imagery in Tin–Tungsten Deposits: Simulation under Indoor Conditions

This study aims to assess the feasibility of delineating and identifying mineral ores from hyperspectral images of tin–tungsten mine excavation faces using machine learning classification. We compiled a set of hand samples of minerals of interest from a tin–tungsten mine and analyzed two types of hyperspectral images: (1) images acquired with a laboratory set-up under close-to-optimal conditions, and (2) a scan of a simulated mine face using a field set-up, under conditions closer to those in the gallery. We have analyzed the following minerals: cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), chalcopyrite, malachite, muscovite, and quartz. Classification (Linear Discriminant Analysis, Singular Vector Machines and Random Forest) of laboratory spectra had a very high overall accuracy rate (98%), slightly lower if the 450–950 nm and 950–1650 nm ranges are considered independently, and much lower (74.5%) for simulated conventional RGB imagery. Classification accuracy for the simulation was lower than in the laboratory but still high (85%), likely a consequence of the lower spatial resolution. All three classification methods performed similarly in this case, with Random Forest producing results of slightly higher accuracy. The user’s accuracy for wolframite was 85%, but cassiterite was often confused with wolframite (user’s accuracy: 70%). A lumped ore category achieved 94.9% user’s accuracy. Our study confirms the suitability of hyperspectral imaging to record the spatial distribution of ore mineralization in progressing tungsten–tin mine faces.

From peaks to ports: Insights into tin provenance, production, and distribution from adapted applications of lead isotopic analysis of the Uluburun tin ingots

Lead isotope analysis (LIA) can be applied to tin provenance studies when both the U–Th–Pb characteristics of cassiterite and potential Pb contamination are taken into account. As cassiterite (SnO2) contains higher concentrations of U than Pb and negligible Th, radioactive decay increases 206Pb/204Pb and 207Pb/204Pb ratios in cassiterite over time. However, 208Pb/204Pb ratio retains its primary value and can be correlated with LIA databases. A majority of documented Bronze Age tin ingots from Europe have Pb in excess of the 5 ppm maximum that can be derived from Cenozoic to Late Paleozoic cassiterite. A minute mass of galena (PbS) in the ore concentrate is sufficient to mask the cassiterite-derived lead, as would the addition of any lead contaminant introduced in the smelting/casting process. If the galena is cogenetic with the cassiterite, then LIA will be unaffected. The inclusion of uranium-rich minerals in the tin ore concentrate is another potential source of excess lead. In this case, the additional Pb is uranogenic, and so 206Pb/204Pb and 207Pb/204Pb will reflect the age of the uranium minerals, but 208Pb/204Pb will retain its primary value. If the U-minerals are cogenetic or coeval with tin mineralization, then a Pb isochron age will indicate the age of the ore.Between 1984 and 1994, at least 117 ingots, or roughly one tonne, of tin was raised from the Late Bronze Age Uluburun shipwreck (ca. 1320 B.C.). Over half of the analyzed ingots from this wreck site have high Pb concentrations (>100 ppm), indicative of contamination from non-radiogenic lead associated with lead metal or galena. LIA indicates that the Pb originated from the Pb–Ag-rich Bolkardağ region of the south-central Taurus Mountains. A second group of approximately 28 tin ingots with lower Pb content (<100 ppm) contain additional uranogenic Pb but retain 208Pb/204Pb compositions that overlap with the ca. 300 Ma tin regions of Western Europe and Central Asia, with the most likely source being the Tienshan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.By compensating for previous uncertainty around the use of Pb isotopes for sourcing tin objects, it is now possible to contextualize the Uluburun tin ingots more securely within the metallurgical systems of the Central Taurus-Cilicia-Amanus axis. Recent scholarship has shown that tin production in the South-Central Taurus region had taken place at a scale not previously anticipated. Two parallel production systems appear to have been in place serving elite and common consumption networks via markedly different technologies. The South-Central Taurus and Cilician cities served as important components of maritime and terrestrial metal distribution around the eastern Mediterranean, providing a range of metals from a single geographical region.

Mobile Information System Pendataan Hasil Pengolahan Biji Timah Dengan Alat Meja Goyang Pada PT Timah Tbk

Abstract— The high demand for tin mining commodities has pushed the development of mining product processing technology quite significantly. However, the more difficult it is to obtain available reserves and the lower the processed Tin content, the lower the selling value. One of the tools that can be used to get good quality tin with fine grains according to its level is a rocking table. Currently, the processing of data from the processing of Tin ore using a rocking table has not been carried out optimally. This situation causes the monitoring system and optimization of the use of the rocking table to not be implemented properly. The formulation of the problme is using a mobile-based data collection system . So that the data obtained can be used as the basis for optimizing the use of the existing rocking table in each mining unit as well as increasing the ease of access to recheck on land production, especially from processing rocking table tools. For the system development model using a waterfall and the Database Management System (DBMS) used is using a SQLite database. Based on the test results, the system provides convenience in monitoring the use of the rocking table, so that tool optimization is achieved

Remote sensing for environmental safety of forest ecosystems within the tailings impact of a closed tin ore company

The article presents the results of the study of the problem of developing the scientific basis for ensuring the ecological safety of forest ecosystems using remote sensing of the Earth. We are talking about increasing the degree of their protection in the conditions of increasing the negative impact of pollution by waste from the processing of tin ores in the Vysokogorsky tailing dump of the closed Khrustalnensky GOK. Therefore, the aim of the study was to use methods of remote sensing of the impact on the forest ecosystems of the tailing dump to solve environmental problems. The article presents the principles of ensuring their environmental safety from waste, taking into account geoinformation technologies. The article presents an analysis of the current state of the tailing dump surface as a source of intensive technogenic pollution of forest ecosystems, and an assessment of the processes of evolution of environmental components after the termination of technogenic impact using remote sensing of the Earth. The use of remote sensing methods made it possible to clarify the migration routes and the nature of the flows of pollutants from the discarded tailing dumps. Ways to reduce their negative impact on forest ecosystems have been developed.

Study on the Characteristics and Evolution of International Tin Ore Trade Based on a Complex Network Perspective

Study on the Characteristics and Evolution of International Tin Ore Trade Based on a Complex Network Perspective

Metallurgy and Material Science an Detailed Analysis

In the history of metallurgy, Gold, cleaned from metal ores and melted, was the first metal used by humans. During the advent of civilization, copper was introduced through the reduction process of oxides in traditional furnace. This process was considered the first chemical process of producing metals, and this was used in 4000 BC. Nonetheless, this process was gradually superseded by bronze i.e. alloy of copper with 10% tin, which is easier to cast and melt. Bronze was obtained through the mixture of tine retrieved from its oxides during the process of reduction or from the reduction of copper mixtures and tin ores. This age of civilization, i.e. 2400 BC was known as the Bronze age. With that regard, this paper focuses on the history of metallurgy with major focus on particular metals i.e. copper, iron and gold. In addition, this paper evaluates the contributions of scientists to the field of metallurgy.

Fine hydraulic screening of ground ores on a multi-frequency screen by Kroosh Technologies: in-process testing

This paper describes high-frequency screens developed by Derrick and Landsky and multi-frequency screens developed by Kroosh Technologies, how they function and the differences between them. The fundamental difference between the vibration parameters in the high-frequency and multi-frequency modes is the difference in the accelerations created by the vibration excitation system. In high-frequency screens, the maximum acceleration of the screening media does not exceed 10g. In multifrequency screens, the measured positive and negative accelerations of the screen body are 3g. However, when interacting with the developed system of multi-frequency vibration, the positive peak accelerations of the screen mesh reach (50&divide;60)g, and the negative accelerations &mdash; (150&divide;200)g. This mode ensures that the screening media are kept free from material, and thus the specific throughput and the screening efficiency rise. A few dozens of tests with different ores were carried out on a pilot unit. The paper describes some qualitative and quantitative results of hydraulic screening of finely ground ores with 75 and 100 micron media, which were obtained on a pilot unit with a 1,500&times;600 mm multi-frequency screen. As a result of hydraulic screening of ground chrome ore with a 0.1&times;2.6 mm mesh at the ore feed rate of 2.65 t/(h&middot;m2), the undersize product included 91.8% of particles smaller than 100 microns. With the hydraulic screening of ground chrome ore with a 0.075&times;2.6 mm mesh at the ore feed rate of 1.66 t/(h&middot;m2), the recovery of particles smaller than 75 microns as the undersize product was 88.78%. With the hydraulic screening of ground tin ore with a 0.1&times;2.6 mm mesh at the ore feed rate of 2.94 t/(h&middot;m2), the recovery of particles smaller than 100 microns as the undersize product was 93.93%. Multi-frequency screens are successfully used by the concentrator plants of Kazzinc and Glencore (South Africa).

Temporal-spatial variations in Li-Fe mica compositions from the Weilasituo Sn-polymetallic deposit (NE China): Implications for deposit-scale fluid evolution

Abstract Spatial-temporal compositional variations in hydrothermal mica from different mineralization stages were determined across a single cross-section at the Weilasituo tin-polymetallic deposit, Northeast China. Hydrothermal mica from the magmatic-hydrothermal transitional stage (unidirectional solidification textures), hydrothermal tin-tungsten stage, molybdenum stage and copper-zinc stage was analysed in situ for major and trace element composition. Weilasituo mica is enriched in Li, Rb, Cs and Zn, has a moderate W and Sn content and a low Cu content. The temporal variation in mica composition shows that the Li content decreases slightly from the early to the late stage, while Zn concentration shows the opposite trend. Other elements in mica are relatively constant between stages, with only Sn, Rb and Cs being slightly enriched in the hydrothermal tin-tungsten stage mica. According to the spatial variations in mica composition, mica with a high W, Sn, Nb and Ta content occurs in granite, while mica enriched in volatile elements like Li and F is distributed within the main tin ore vein, or adjacent to the breccia pipes. The results suggest that mica W-Sn-Nb-Ta enrichments are genetically related to an early high-temperature magmatic fluid linked to the granitic intrusions at Weilasituo, while volatile elements were enriched by successive evolution of lateral fluid migration. The trace-element content of the Weilasituo mineralizing fluid (estimated from mica composition and rough estimates of mica-fluid partition coefficients) suggests that the fluid related to different mineralization originated from the same source, and does not support obvious magmatic-meteoric fluid mixing. Finally, the results suggest that spatial-temporal variations in mica compositions can be taken as a potential indicator of ore fluid compositional evolution in a hydrothermal system.

Genesis of Dulong Sn-Zn-In Polymetallic Deposit in Yunnan Province, South China: Insights from Cassiterite U-Pb Ages and Trace Element Compositions

The Dulong Sn-Zn-In polymetallic deposit in the Yunnan province, SW China, hosts a reserve of 5.0 Mt Zn, 0.4 Mt Sn, and 7 Kt In. It is one of the most important polymetallic tin ore districts in China. Granites at Dulong mining area include mainly the Laojunshan granite (third phase), which occurs as quartz porphyry or granite porphyry dikes in the Southern edge of the Laojunshan intrusive complex. Granites of phases one and two are intersected at drill holes at depth. There are three types of cassiterite mineralization developed in the deposit: cassiterite-magnetite ± sulfide ore (Cst I), cassiterite-sulfide ore (Cst II) within the proximal skarn in contact with the concealed granite (granites of phases one to two and three), and cassiterite-quartz vein ore (Cst III) near porphyritic granite. Field geology and petrographic studies indicate that acid neutralising muscovitization and pyroxene reactions were part of mechanisms for Sn precipitation resulting from fluid-rock interaction. In situ U–Pb dating of cassiterite samples from the ore stages of cassiterite-sulfide (Cst II) and Cassiterite-quartz vein (Cst III) yielded Tera-Wasserburg U–Pb lower intercept ages of 88.5 ± 2.1 Ma and 82.1 ± 6.3 Ma, respectively. The two mineralization ages are consistent with the emplacement age of the Laojunshan granite (75.9–92.9 Ma) within error, suggesting a close temporal link between Sn-Zn(-In) mineralization and granitic magmatism. LA-ICPMS trace element study of cassiterite indicates that tetravalent elements (such as Zr, Hf, Ti, U, W) are incorporated in cassiterite by direct substitution, and the trivalent element (Fe) is replaced by coupled substitution. CL image shows that the fluorescence signal of Cst I–II is greater than that of Cst III, which is caused by differences in contents of activating luminescence elements (Al, Ti, W, etc.) and quenching luminescence element (Fe). Elevated W and Fe but lowered Zr, Hf, Nb, and Ta concentrations of the three type cassiterites from the Dulong Sn-Zn-In polymetallic deposit are distinctly different from those of cassiterites in VMS/SEDEX tin deposits, but similar to those from granite-related tin deposits. From cassiterite-magnetite ± sulfide (Cst I), cassiterite-sulfide ore (Cst II), to cassiterite-quartz vein ore-stage (Cst III), high field strength elements (HFSEs: Zr, Nb, Ta, Hf) decrease. This fact combined with cassiterite crystallization ages, indicates that Cst I–II mainly related to concealed granite (Laojunshan granites of phases one and two) while Cst III is mainly related to porphyritic granite (Laojunshan granites of phase three).

The later prehistory of Southeast Asia and southern China: the impact of exchange, farming and metallurgy

This paper integrates the later prehistory of mainland Southeast Asia with that of the extensive and varied lands north to the Yangtze River and beyond. Five millennia ago, rice cultivation had long been established in the Yangtze catchment, sustaining the early state centered at Liangzhu. This presents a sharp contrast to the complex hunter-gatherer communities then occupying favorable coastal and riverine habitats in Southeast Asia. Thereafter, numerous contacts are identifiable. These involved the movement south of rice and millet farmers, via the coast and strategic river courses that led to integration with long-established hunter-gatherers, as well as the introduction of a wide range of material skills. The exchange of desirable prestige items in jade and shell spanned considerable distances. The reach of the powerful early states of the Central Plains of the Yellow River and Sichuan involved prospecting for copper and tin ores, and progressive adoption of copper-base technologies into Southeast Asia. Having reviewed these broad patterns of interaction, I focus on describing and evaluating the fine details of the social changes that are illuminated by new Bayesian chronologies and extensive excavations in key sites.

Performance of asphalt mixture incorporated with tin ore tailing

Tin Ore tailings (TOT) are waste generated from tin mining activities, which not only occupy lots of land, but also result in severe pollution to the surroundings. Many studies by researchers exploring better ways to increase the usage of industrial by-products in order to ease disposal problems preserve natural sources and save the environment. In this study, 1%, 3% and 5% of TOT are incorporated with ACW14 mixture in accordance to JKR 2008. 5% optimum bitumen is used for all samples. Marshall Mix design test is conducted to determine the volumetric properties, stability and flow. Moisture susceptibility test conducted to determine the indirect tensile strength in dry and wet samples. Generally, the stability values increases with the percentage of TOT increased.

Mineralogical Analysis of the Kestel Mine: An Early Bronze Age Source of Tin Ore in the Taurus Mountains, Turkey

Since its discovery in 1987, the Early Bronze Kestel Mine has been a topic of archaeological and geological controversy. The initial interpretation of the extensive marble-hosted galleries as the oldest known tin mine was challenged due to the low tin grade in remaining hematite-quartz veins, and it was suggested that Kestel was more likely mined for gold. Mineralogical analysis of the remaining mineralization was compared to a heavy mineral concentrate extracted from the soil preserved within the mine. The compositionally complex, arsenate-rich mineral assemblage from the mine sediment, contrasts with that of the remaining surface mineralization. Thus, the outcropping veins do not represent the nature of the extracted ore. Only one grain of gold was found in the heavy mineral concentrate, whereas cassiterite composed 1.5% of the sample. Cassiterite occurs in complex assemblages with arsenates, clays, hematite, quartz, and dolomite, bearing resemblance to hematite-arsenate tin mineralization that occurs near Kayseri, 60 km to the northeast. These findings indicate that although gold was a trace component of the Kestel ore, cassiterite was the mineral of interest to the Early Bronze Age miners, and that Kestel represents the earliest evidence thus far for an emerging pattern of local tin exploitation.

Metallogy Of The Zeravshano-Alay Belt (South Tianshan)

The work describes the genetic types and conditions for the localization of mineralization - individual deposits and ore occurrences. Also, the indicated mineralized zones, the conditions of occurrence of the mineralization, the geological-structural position and the peculiarities of the host complexes. Descriptions of promising tungsten, tin ore, polymetallic, mercury and other ore zones, which serve as a reserve in expanding the resource base in the Republic, are given. Tungsten, tin ore, and mercury mineralizations are characterized in somewhat more detail, since the latter in the region under study is often spatially associated with gold and forms mercury-antimony-polymetallic mineralization.

Genetic Types Of Rare Mineral Gold Of Western Uzbekistan (Southern Tien-Shan)

The work describes the genetic types and conditions for the localization of mineralization - individual deposits and ore occurrences. Also, the indicated mineralized zones, the conditions of occurrence of the mineralization, the geological-structural position and the peculiarities of the host complexes. Descriptions of promising tungsten, tin ore, polymetallic, mercury and other ore zones, which serve as a reserve in expanding the resource base in the Republic, are given. Tungsten, tin ore, and mercury mineralizations are characterized in somewhat more detail, since the latter in the region under study is often spatially associated with gold and forms mercury-antimony-polymetallic mineralization.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICAL SEPARATION PROCESS FOR THE ALLUVIAL TIN (HEINDA) ORE, MYANMAR

Mineral beneficiation is a process by which valuable constituents of an ore are concentrated through a physical separation process. In the present investigation, tin ore samples were collected from the Heinda tin mine, Thanintharyi region, Myanmar. Heinda mine is tin placer deposits which are located about 50 Km east of Dawai, Tanintharyi, Myanmar. The mine can be reached by road from Poo Nam Ron checkpoint, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. In this study, particle size analysis (PSD) was carried out over the range of - 6.7 mm and +0.075 mm in 9 different mesh sizes. The operating variables used to determine the recovery effectiveness of the jigging and shaking table include; particle size, stroke, table slope, and dilution ratio, then the percent recovery of tin concentrate was evaluated by applying X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results showed that the tin mineral concentrate of the jig separator is 70.7% and the shaking table is 49.8%. The cassiterite recovery processes were conducted by using physical separation processes and the discounted cash flow model (DCF) for an economic analysis of the project. In this study, the internal rate of return (IRR) is 11.45percent which is higher than the discount rate of 8 percent, and NPV is 790,886,832.61 US $. The payback period of the project is equal to 8 to 9 years of project life for 30 years. Consequently, the Heinda tin ore project is proven feasible.

Green mining: technical study of off-shore tin mining using cutter suction dredger in Bangka Island, Indonesia

According to government regulations regarding good mining practice, PT Timah Tbk and its partners have begun to develop offshore mining techniques using Cutter Suction Dredger (CSD). Therefore there is a need for a technical study of the application of CSD in offshore tin mining. The method used in this research is to observe field activities directly. Observation of mining data of mining design, dredging system and mapping of bathymetri. The process flow, production and tin ore recovery of mineral processing. Observation of the tailings disposal considers the minimal impact on the environment. The result is mining design using CSD applies a long face system with a combination of vertical digging. The opening angle of the two anchors amounting to 90-145° produces width snee of 40-55 m. This method is capable of producing an average rate of soil removal of 250 m3/hour. The floating mineral processing plant uses a three-stage jigging method with Circullar and Pan American types plus a shaking table resulting a washing tin recovery of 66%-90%. Considering bathimetry, the geotube embankment technique can control the spread of tailings. The conclusion is that the mining process using CSD is one step better in terms of implementing good mining practice.

Assessment of environmental hazard of accumulated mineral processing waste of closed mining enterprises in the Amur river region and Primorye

The subject of research was technogenic waste systems formed in the last century due to the activities of presently closed mining enterprises in the Amur River Region and Primorye of the Far Eastern Federal District of the Russian Federation. Experimental studies allowed to establish that toxic sulphidized mineral processing waste accumulated for the 20th century in tailings storage facilities (TSF) in large quantities produce negative impact on the environment. It was revealed that their conservation and reclamation were not carried out. However, they pose huge threat not only to the environment, but also to public health. In this regard, the research goal was to assess environmental hazard of the accumulated toxic waste and substantiate the possibility of mitigating their negative impact on biosphere components and human health. Based on the research goal, the following tasks were set: 1) analysis and generalization of the existing experience of studying the problem in Russia and abroad; 2) identification of the main sources of crisis situations at closed mining enterprises, indicators and criteria for as sessing the environmental hazard of the accumulated mineral processing waste; 3) assessment of the environmental hazard of the accumulated mineral processing waste; 4) development of principles and measures aimed at ensuring environmental safety of TSF comprising toxic waste. The following methods were used: physical-chemical, bio logical, as well as mathematical modeling, GIS technologies, etc.Based on the study of the TSF current state, assessment of the level of technogenic environment pollution, and patent search, the authors substantiate the need for effective solution to this problem. It was found that the waste belongs to the second hazard class (highly hazardous). The excess of 4 to 46 times above the regional background indicators (metal concentrations), and more than 200 times above MPC was revealed. It has been proven that the TSF surface does not naturally run wild for 30 years. Patent search and our own experimental research allowed developing measures to ensure environmental safety of sulfidized tin ore processing waste, novelty of which was confirmed by patents of the Russian Federation.

Kajian Produksi Ball Mill Dalam Menentukan Efektivitas Penggerusan Bijih Timah Primer Di CV Persada Tambang Intitama TK 4.218 Paku Kabupaten Bangka Selatan

CV Persada Tambang Intitama TK 4.218 Paku is a partner company of PT Timah Tbk, which conducts primary tin mining using the open pit method. Primary tin ore processing includes comminution, sizing, and concentration activities. Grinding using a Ball Mill is an advanced process that aims to reduce the grain size of the material in order to obtain finer grain sizes (fine material) and prepare the right grain size for the concentration process of 80 s.d - 200 mesh. In this study, the variables used are feed rate, number of Ball Mill revolutions (RPM), and water rate. The experiment was used 27 times by setting variables in combination to get effective scouring results. The material at the study site is divided into high grade and low grade materials with primary tin mineralization types in the form of stanniferous veins and gossan formed due to the oxidation process of polymetallic veins. Variable feed rate, number of Ball Mill revolutions (RPM), and water rate are very influential on the results of grinding. The higher the feed rate, the number of turns, and the rate of water the higher the Ball Mill scour, but if the variable is too high it causes overload capacity so that the output volume decreases. The effectiveness of the grinding results obtained in sample 24 with the highest production value reaching 93.9%. The effective value is obtained from setting the feed rate variable 5 to 6 Ton Per Hour (TPH), 80 rotation RPM, and water rate of 10.800 liters/hour (l/h). The result of the maximum feed rate that can be done is 9.86 TPH with LPT is 236.64 ton/day. Thus, the average LPT target of the company's 230-240 tons/day Ball Mill can be achieved

Interconnected α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles prepared from leaching liquor of tin ore tailings as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Interconnected α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were prepared by a facile chemical precipitation method with the sulfuric acid leaching liquor of tin ore tailings as Fe source. The effect of different precipitants (sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia) on the microstructure and lithium storage properties of the as-prepared α-Fe2O3 was studied in detail. All the prepared samples are composed of interconnected α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with particle sizes ranging from 30 to 60 nm. As anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the electrochemical performance of the α-Fe2O3 sample prepared using sodium carbonate as precipitant (FE-1) exhibits the best electrochemical performance, followed by the α-Fe2O3 sample prepared using sodium hydroxide as precipitant (FE-2), and the α-Fe2O3 sample prepared using ammonia as the precipitant (FE-3). For example, the FE-1 electrode exhibits a reversible discharge capacity of 1146 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 300 cycles, higher than the corresponding values of 969 and 834 mAh g−1 for FE-2 and FE-3, respectively. At a high current density of 4 A g−1, the FE-1 electrode can still deliver a reversible discharge capacity of 377 mAh g−1, higher than that of FE-2 (254 mAh g−1) and FE-3 (86 mAh g−1) electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis reveals that the FE-1 electrode has the smallest electrochemical reaction resistance. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) measurements demonstrate that the Li+ diffusion coefficients of the electrode range from 10−14 to 10−11 cm2 s−1. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis proves that pseudocapacitive behavior significantly contributes to the lithium ion storage in the three α-Fe2O3 sample samples. The results reported in this work provide clues for the high-value use of tin ore tailings, which has good social and economic benefits for the sustainable development of industries.