Cassia Angustifolia Research Articles

Effect of Nano Fertilizers and Its Applying Methods on Growth Parameters of Senna (Cassia Angustifolia) Seedling Plant

The experiment was carried out at Plant Production Department, Agricultural Technical College, Mosul, Iraq at spring 2020 to investigate the effect of two Nano fertilizers kind (K 27%and Complex fertilizer Cu 1%, S 13%, Zn 11.5 %, Mn 6.5%, Fe7.5%, and Citric Acid 3.5 %.)and control (zero fertilizer). With three applying methods(spraying, soil addition, spraying + soil addition) on Senna seedlings. The treatments were layout in factorial experiment in RCBD Design with three replicates. The results showed that adding nano fertilizers by Spraying+ Soil Addition increase significantly plant length, number of leaves per plant, Stem diameter, Chlorophyll content (SPAD), fresh and dry weight of vegetative growth and roots. Also applying Complex Nano fertilizer increase significantly all the parameters(plant length, number of leaves per plant, Stem diameter, Chlorophyll content (SPAD), fresh and dry weight of vegetative growth and roots. compared with control and the increasing percentage were(62.12, 28.22,123.37, 19.19, 197.95, 154.48, 261.64, 114.26%)for the parameters respectively. The interaction treatments between nano fertilizers an applying methods show a significant effect for all the parameters.

Aromatic and medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in the region of Tiaret, North West of Algeria

Herbal medicine is gaining an increasing importance in the management of various ailments, but little is known about traditional practices in Algeria. This ethnopharmacological study aims to document medicinal and aromatic plants used in traditional medicine in the region of Tiaret (northwest of Algeria) in order to contribute to safeguard the local pharmacopoeia as cultural heritage, and to provide a scientific basis for developing novel strategies for such practices which can help for drugs discovery. Semi-structured interviews with 64 traditional healers and herbalists were realized in the region of Tiaret (Algeria) throughout field studies achieved from December 2018 to May 2020. Interviews covered sociodemographic information, popular and vernacular names of the medicinal plants, mode of use and toxicity among other data. Results reveal the use of 107 plant species belonging to 45 families and 97 genera for the treatment of various ailments. Lamiaceae, Apiaceae and Asteraceae were the most represented families. The most frequently cited species were Senna alexandrina Mill. (FC=27), Atriplex halimus L. and Bunium incrassatum Amo (FC=23 each), Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (FC=22), and Matricaria chamomilla L. (FC=21). However, the higher use values were reported for Nigella sativa L. (UV=1.5), Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (UV=1.38), Thymus serpyllum L. (UV=1.2), Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. (UV=1.14), Urtica dioica L. (1.13), and Senna alexandrina Mill. (UV=0.52) respectively. Interestingly, Bunium incrassatum Amo, Echinops spinosissimus Turra, Cucurbita moschata Duchesne, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br and Malus domestica Borkh. were reported for the first time as medicinal plants in the north Africa and Algeria. Moreover, 246 new therapeutic uses were described. It should be noted that Pistacia atlantica Desf., Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast., Oudneya africana R. Br., Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss. & Reut, Teucrium polium L. and Marrubium deserti (Noë) Coss. are endemic to North Africa-Algeria, Northern and Central Sahara. Furthermore, Artemisia herba-alba Asso, Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag., Cuminum cyminum L., Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., Boswellia sacra Flueck. and Pistacia atlantica Desf. are considered threatened, rare or endangered species. Our findings are relevant not only for the future studies and experiments in the search for novel compounds, but also for the safeguard of traditional knowledge and biodiversity.

Hydrogel application improved growth and yield in Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.)

Water availability is one of the most important factors determining plant growth. In moisture-stressed situations, water-absorbing materials are an effective way to increase water retention capacity. In 2016–17, the CSIR-CIMAP Research Centre at Boduppal, Hyderabad, conducted field research on red sandy soil in the semi-arid environment of south India to see what effect different doses of hydrogel had on the growth, yield, and economics of senna, one of India's most export-oriented and economically important crops. The results show that applying 3000 g of hydrogel per hectare resulted in a significant increase in leaf and pod yield (2324.7 kg ha−1 and 675.7 kg ha−1, respectively) compared with the other treatment. It was comparable with the use of 2500 g of hydrogel (2216.8 kg ha−1and 643.4 kg ha−1, respectively). The control had a remarkably lower yield of leaf and pod (1611.6 kg ha−1 and 433.5 kg ha−1), respectively) then the 250 g hydrogel treatment (1730.8 kg ha−1 and 494.8 kg ha−1, respectively). When 3000 g of hydrogel is applied, water use efficiency and soil water holding capacity improves significantly (5.55 kg/ha mm, 50.12%, and 20.28%, respectively). A similar pattern was observed in terms of the growth parameter. Similarly, when comparing the rest of the treatments, the use of the hydrogel at 3000 g per hectare gave a much higher gross return (US$ 2289.7 ha−1), which was comparable to the application of hydrogel to senna crop at 2500 g per hectare (US$ 2183.1 ha−1). A similar pattern was observed in terms of net return (US$ 1669.0 ha−1). The benefit to cost ratio (B: C) was also much higher (2.69) when 3000 g of hydrogel was applied, and it was comparable to the application of 2500 g of hydrogel per hectare (2.52).

Interaction of water activity and temperature on growth, gene expression, and aflatoxin B1 production in Aspergillus flavus on Indian senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.)

Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) is a medicinal crop with laxative properties, and it has significant demand in the global pharmaceutical market. Senna pods are highly susceptible to aflatoxin contamination, and the successful export of pods is hindered due to the regulatory limits of importing countries. The senna pod water activity (aw) from harvest to storage is the key factor determining AFB1 accumulation. The temperature conditions from field to warehouse also interact with pod aw, which influences fungal growth and AFB1 production. The determination of an ideal combination of aw and temperature led to the assessment of the critical control point for AFB1 synthesis in senna. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of aw (0.99, 0.96, 0.93, 0.90, and 0.87 aw) and temperature (20, 28, and 37 °C) on fungal growth, gene expression (aflR and aflS), and AFB1 production by A. flavus in senna agar medium. The fungus showed the longest lag time (7.7 days) at 20 °C with 0.87 aw. We observed that 0.96 aw (P < 0.01) was optimum for the diametric growth rate at 28 and 37 °C. However, the peak expression of regulatory genes (aflR and aflS) and the maximum AFB1 production were observed only at 28 °C (0.96 aw). The highest growth rate occurred at 37 °C, which did not favor the expression of genes and AFB1 production. However, at 28 °C, it positively correlated with gene expression and AFB1 production. The suppressed expression of regulatory genes and a trace amount of aflatoxin B1 were found at 20 °C with all the tested aw. In our experiments, the low aw (0.87 and 0.90 aw) suppressed the fungal growth, gene expression, and AFB1 production of A. flavus at all of the tested temperatures (20, 28, and 37 °C). The rapid drying of senna pods with a low water activity (≤0.87 aw) and storage at low temperature (20 °C) are ideal conditions to avoid AFB1 and ensure the quality of produce for export.

Effect of some wild egyptian medicinal plants on HAV

Background: Folk Egyptian medicine considered from the most important source of the use of wild plants in medication. Wild plants are considered a perfect source of natural compounds that have been used as antimicrobial andante virus activities. Aims and Objective: The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of the commonly used wild plants in the treatment of jaundice and they effect on HAV. This article provides much-needed insight into the effect of wild plants on the hepatitis A virus to shed more light on the important subject, which is unfortunately poorly investigated. Materials and Methods: In this investigation, the aqueous plant extracts of twenty-five wild Egyptian species, 16 perennials, and 9 annuals; three concentrations, 1%, 3% &amp; 5%; were tested for HAV replication by using PA and PCR techniques. Questionnaires and interviews with Bedouins have been carried to know the most used species in the treatment of jaundice, and the usage values were calculated. Those species were collected from their habitats, rare ones purchased and reviewed their identifications and used in this work. Fecal and blood samples were taken from 9-10Y old patients, 35 girls and 25 boys. Results: The PA test revealed that 16 species out of twenty-five gave positive results, while the rest of the species gave negative results on Vero cells. Twelve of the sixteen species were perennial species, and the rest are annuals. The Plaque assay results showed that the most effective aqueous extract species, with the three concentrations, on HAV activity were those of Salvia verbennaca, Mentha microphylla, Ocimum basilicum, Cassia senna, Solenostemma argel, and Thymus capitatus, respectively. PCR test has been carried for the first three species and gave very faint nucleic acid tapes, which means that the plant extract of these species, the three concentrations, minimize the virus activity by a way or another. Samples from the patients tested for the antibodies for IgM and IgG using the ELISA test. Within both the females (58%) and males (42%), 6% have positive antibodies for IgM, while 36% in females and 34% in males’ have positive antibodies for IgG and 8% females and 10% males have both antibodies (IgM &amp; IgG). Conclusion: Wild plants, especially those with essential oils can tolerate the Hepatitis A virus (HAV) activity and reduce its symptoms.

Optimization of primary post-harvest processing techniques for Cassia angustifolia Vahl.

Cassia angustifolia Vahl. (Senna), is a versatile medicinal plant that enjoys a considerable reputation in Ayurveda, Unani and Allopathic medicine system worldwide. It contains sennosides (2.5% in the leaves and 3.6% in the pods), which are utilized to treat habitual constipation and other related problems. Senna cultivation is done successfully in India; however, the primary post-harvest processing techniques are not optimized yet. Hence, experiments were planned for three drying methods (sun drying, 50% shade drying, and 100% shade drying) and five packing materials (plastic silver, transparent polythene, woven plastic, jute, & black polythene bag) for one year storage of dried senna leaves and pods. Results revealed that senna leaves were more prone to deterioration during storage irrespective of packing material used for storage. Drying in 100% shade condition retained the quality of pods (3.22% sennosides) and leaves (2.20% sennosides) in comparison with other methods as sennosides are the main chemical components of leaves and pods of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Pods&#39; quality can be retained without any considerable deterioration if dried in 100% shade and packed in black poly bags (3.17%). Calculation of economics revealed that cost of post-harvest processing was slightly higher (662.04$ for 10 t) if drying was done in 100% shade in comparison with other two methods of drying. However, by drying under the 100% shade, it can retain the herb quality up to a longer time and make this crop more economically viable for farmers and medicinal plant-based industries.

Fungal Contamination of Some Medicinal Plant Materials Sold at Omdurman Local Market, Khartoum State, Central Sudan

Plants have long been used as herbal medicines in many countries. However, microbial contamination of these medicines may affect human health. In the present study fifteen medicinal plants namely, Acacia nilotica ssp. nilotica, Trigonella foenum-greacum, Nigella sativa, Hyphaene thebaica, Nauclea latifola, Cyperus rotundus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus spp, proximus, Artemisia herba-alb, Cassia acutifolia, Solenostemma argel, Tamarindus indica, Ziziphus spina-christi, Lepidium sativum, Foeniculum vulgare and Coriandrum sativum were evaluated for their fungal contamination. The pour plate method was used to cultivate serially diluted portions of the medicinal plant material investigated. The colonies of fungi were identified morphologically according to form and pigment. They were observed microscopically through Lactophenol cotton bluestaining. The identified fungal isolates were consist of three fungal species, the most dominant fungi were Aspergillus nigar and Aspergillus flavus. Penicillium ssp is least one. The total fungal counts ranged from 00x101 cfu/g (Cymbopogon schoenanthus spp.proximus, Trigonella foenum-greacum, Artemisia herba alb, Lepidium satinum , Nigella sativa Cassia acutifolia and Naucle latifola) to 11x105cfu/g (Cyperus rotundus).. The highest total fungal load was found in Cyperus rotundus The levels of contamination varied greatly between the commercially available plant samples investigated.

Insecticidal, Oviposition Deterrent and Antifeedant Property of Certain Plant Extracts against Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis Linn. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Background: The bruchid Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) is one of the major store grain pest of pulses capable of attacking wide range of legumes viz., green gram, black gram, chick pea and pigeon pea and causes 50 per cent damage during storage within 3 to 4 months. The infestation starts in the field, but heavy damage is done in storage. Hence, the current study was aimed to evaluate the insecticidal, oviposition deterrent and antifeedant activity of certain plant extracts against pulse beetle, C. chinensis under storage condition.Methods: The aquous extracts (10%) of Vitex negundo, Pongamia glabra, Cassia angustifolia and Calotropis gigantea were evaluated against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis Linn. were carried out at the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur during 2019-20. The commercial product Azadirachtin was kept as a check and the mortality rate was assessed every 24 Hours after treatment (HAT) for three days.Result: The mortality rate after 72HAT was 85.8-87.5% with V. negundo, followed by C. angustifolia (73.33-80.00%) and P. glabra (70.0-75.0%). Azadirachtin gave 100% mortality of the beetle. The oviposition deterrence percentage for pulse beetle, C. chinensis was found to be highest in Calotropis gigantea (37.66-68.16%) followed by Pongamia glabra (30.91-41.50) and Vitex negundo (7.58-46.75) per cent, respectively. The antifeedant activity for pulse beetle was found to be very high when treated with Azadirachtin where there was no food consumption. This was followed by V. negundo (0.1g) and C. angustifolia (0.2g).

Amoebicidal activity of Cassia angustifolia extract and its effect on Acanthamoeba triangularis autophagy-related gene expression at the transcriptional level.

Cassia angustifolia Vahl. plant is used for many therapeutic purposes, for example, in people with constipation, skin diseases, including helminthic and parasitic infections. In our study, we demonstrated an amoebicidal activity of C. angustifolia extract against Acanthamoeba triangularis trophozoite at a micromolar level. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images displayed morphological changes in the Acanthamoeba trophozoite, which included the formation of pores in cell membrane and the membrane rupture. In addition to the amoebicidal activity, effects of the extract on surviving trophozoites were observed, which included cyst formation and vacuolization by a microscope and transcriptional expression of Acanthamoeba autophagy in response to the stress by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our data showed that the surviving trophozoites were not transformed into cysts and the trophozoite number with enlarged vacuole was not significantly different from that of untreated control. Molecular analysis data demonstrated that the mRNA expression of AcATG genes was slightly changed. Interestingly, AcATG16 decreased significantly at 12 h post treatment, which may indicate a transcriptional regulation by the extract or a balance of intracellular signalling pathways in response to the stress, whereas AcATG3 and AcATG8b remained unchanged. Altogether, these data reveal the anti-Acanthamoeba activity of C. angustifolia extract and the autophagic response in the surviving trophozoites under the plant extract pressure, along with data on the formation of cysts. These represent a promising plant for future drug development. However, further isolation and purification of an active compound and cytotoxicity against human cells are needed, including a study on the autophagic response at the protein level.

Evaluation of antimitotic activity of herbal extracts using plant-based model systems and their cytotoxic potential against human colon carcinoma cells.

The aim of this study was to screen plant extracts for antimitotic activity using Vigna radiata germination inhibition assay, followed by Allium cepa root tip assay and evaluation of their cytotoxic potential on colon carcinoma (HCT-116) cell lines. Aqueous extracts of Aconitum heterophyllum, Terminalia bellirica, Bauhinia variegata, Vanda roxburghii, and Cassia angustifolia were prepared by maceration method, and preliminary screening studies to check their antimitotic activity were done by V. radiata germination inhibition assay, followed by A. cepa root tip assay. Furthermore, cytotoxic actions were evaluated by cell proliferation assay. Effect of T. bellirica aqueous extract was analyzed to induce morphological changes, cell death, lactate dehydrogenase release, and cell survival of HCT-116 cells. The data represented were analyzed by Student's t-test using SigmaStat 2.0 statistical analysis software. The normality of data was tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test before the Student's t-test. P values *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, and ***P ≤ 0.001 were considered as statistically significant. All the plant extracts showed promising antimitotic activity. Out of all, T. bellirica was highly effective on HCT-116 cells and promising effect on cell proliferation assay and Annexin-propidium iodide staining revealed that T. bellirica efficiently induces apoptosis. T. bellirica inhibits cancer cell growth and induces apoptotic cell death. Collectively, it may hold potential for cancer therapeutics.

Drug-like Properties Analysis and In Silico Anti- antibiotic Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Activity of Extracts of Nigella sativa and Cassia angustifolia in Comparison with Sulbactam- a Novel Anti-d

One big problem in developing the treatment of infectious diseases is increased number of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria that are responsible for serious health issues. Research has revealed that the medicinal herbs such as Nigella sativa and Cassia angustifolia have antimicrobial properties against the bacterial strains that have resistant against synthetic antibiotic compounds, which are commonly used for treatment. Using in silico methods, this study aimed to identify the effects of bioactive phytochemicals of Nigella sativa and Cassia angustifolia against antibiotic resistant bacteria, ‘Klebsiella pneumoniae’. Our study shows that the extracts of Nigella sativa and Cassia angustifolia have activity against the drug resistant enzyme beta lactamase. Their binding ability is comparable to the widely used drug ‘sulbactam’. They also show good pharmacokinetic properties. This advocates their potential to be used as anti-drug resistance drugs. Further, in vitro analysis and animal trials are required to confirm the results of this study.

Leaf powder supplementation of Senna alexandrina ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed obese rats.

Obesity is an enduring medical issue that has raised concerns around the world. Natural plant extracts have shown therapeutic potential in preventing oxidative stress and inflammation related to obesity complications. In this study, Senna alexandrina Mill. leaves were utilized to treat high-fat diet-related metabolic disorders and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Plasma biochemical assays were conducted to determine the lipid profiles and oxidative stress parameters, and the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory mediators was measured. Histological stained livers of high-fat diet-fed rats were observed. S. alexandrina leaf powder supplementation prevented the increase in cholesterol and triglyceride levels in high-fat diet-fed rats. Moreover, S. alexandrina leaves also reduced lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production in these rats. Prevention of oxidative stress by S. alexandrina leaf supplementation in high-fat diet-fed rats is regulated by enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activity, followed by the restoration of corresponding gene expressions, such as NRF-2, HO-1, SOD, and CAT. Histological staining provides further evidence that S. alexandrina leaf supplementation prevents inflammatory cell infiltration, lipid droplet deposition, and fibrosis in the liver of high-fat diet-fed rats. Furthermore, this investigation revealed that S. alexandrina leaf supplementation controlled non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating the expression of fat metabolizing enzymes in high-fat diet-fed rats. Therefore, S. alexandrina leaf supplementation inhibits fatty liver inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting its usefulness in treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Thus, this natural leaf extract has potential in treatment of obesity related liver dysfunction.

Outbreak of Catopsilia pyranthe L. on Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl) and Migration in Western Arid Region of India

Background: Cassia angustifolia Vahl, senna, known for medicinal properties belongs to family fabacea is a hardy plant, suitable for saline and rainfed conditions serving as a host for caterpillars of Catopsilia pyranthe L. butterflies suffering up to 90 per cent defoliation. An attempt was made to record butterfly migrations due to an outbreak of the lepidopteron pest on senna which is the first report on butterfly migration in western arid region.Methods: Surveys made in different districts for accurate quantification of butterflies passing within 5 minute through a 10 meter wide strip. For diurnal pattern, observations were taken on hourly basis. Correlation of butterfly density with weather parameters was worked out.Result: Migration was mainly in South West direction in a steady line connecting Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Pali, Sirohi and Ajmer. The highest density (1360 butterflies/10m/5 minute) accounting for 16,320.0 butterflies/10m/hour and 97,920.0 butterflies/10m/day recorded in Keru (Jodhpur) representing bell shape curve of diurnal movement with a maximum activity between 12.00 noon and 1.00 PM.

Structure-based assortment of herbal analogues against spike protein to restrict COVID-19 entry through hACE2 receptor: An in-silico approach

On-going global pandemic COVID-19 has spread all over the world and has led to more than 1.97 million deaths till date. Natural compounds may be useful to protecting health in this perilous condition. Mechanism of shuttle entry of SARS-COV-2 virus is by interaction with viral spike protein with human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor. To explore potential natural therapeutics, 213 important phytochemi-cals of nine medicinal plants Aconitum heterophyllum, Cassia angustifolia, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Cymbopogon martinii, Nux vomica, Phyllanthus urinaria, Swertia chirayita, Justicia adhatoda, Vetiveria zizanioides were selected for in-silico molecular docking against the spike protein of SARS-COV-2 and compared with recently prescribed drug chloroquine, ramdesivir, lopinavir and hydroxychloroquine. Results revealed that rhamnocitrin of P. urinaria, 1,5-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthone of S. chirayita and laevojunenol of V. zizanioides potentially binds with the receptor binding site of SARS-COV-2 spike glycoprotein and more robustly destabilized the RBD-ACE-2 binding over chloroquine, ramdesivir, lopinavir and hydroxychloroquine. It was also found that laevojunenol, rhamnocitrin, and 1,5-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthone qualified the criteria for drug-likeness as per Lipinski rule. After attachment of the selected phytochemical with the spike protein the affinity of the later towards ACE-2 was minimized and the effect of 1,5-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthone and laevojunenol was superior. Hence, rhamnocitrin of P. urinaria, 1,5-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthone of S. chirayita and laevojunenol of V. zizanioides, are potential therapeutic molecules for SARS-COV-2, which upon binding with spike protein changes the affinity of the spike towards ACE-2 and therefore restrict the entry of the virus into a human cell. Subsequent clinical validation is needed to confirm these phytochemicals as drugs to combat COVID-19.

Herbal Compounds from Syzygium aromaticum and Cassia acutifolia as a Shield against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro: a Molecular Docking Approach

Novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in China in December 2019. Currently, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the most infectious disease worldwide. In the absence of a vaccine or drug, herbal compounds may be used to treat or control this disease. To explore novel potent inhibitors that suppress this virus's growth, we performed molecular docking studies on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro using 17 effective herbal compounds, along with three reference drugs. Docking results showed that crategolic acid from Syzygium aromaticum (clove) had the highest binding affinity with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro protease, followed by sennoside (A, B, C, and D) compounds from Cassia acutifolia (Sana Makki). Crategolic acid and sennoside (A, B, C, and D) contain amino acid residues and hydrogen bonds involved in the protein-ligand interaction. The present study confirms that crategolic acid and sennoside represent the strongest potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. This study's results may help in vivo studies validate the usefulness of compounds from clove and Sana Makki in preparing herbal medicine for the treatment of COVID-19. This analysis supports the production of new drugs for the treatment and control of COVID-19.

An Eco-approach synthesis of undoped and Mn doped ZnO nano-photocatalyst for prompt decoloration of methylene blue dye

The present work reports the synthesis of nano pure ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO in an Eco-approach using seed extract of Cassia angustifolia for the removal of methylene blue. The aqueous Phyto-molecules helps in the reduction of metal precursor to nano-photocatalyst zinc oxide and the changes in absorbance was noted in UV-DRS for varying the parameters to get optimized. Different concentrated dopant material manganese sulphate (0.001 M, 0.003 M, and 0.005 M) was introduced on ZnO to enhance the optical absorption and to generate a new Fermi level. The XRD data exhibit the same wurtzite pattern for pure ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO samples. The slight shift in peak positions was noted in Mn-doped ZnO samples compared to pure ZnO without additional peaks determines the incorporation of Mn2+ ions in the lattice of ZnO NPs. The peak appearance in FT-IR denotes the bond formation among functional groups and metal oxide. The structural morphology of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO was observed in Field Emission Scanning Electron microscopy. The elemental composition of Mn in ZnO was predicted in the EDAX. The High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) denotes the reduced size and altered the crystallinity of ZnO when Mn was introduced as the dopant in the green route. The effective photocatalytic activity of nano ZnO, Mn-doped ZnO achieves 84 and 95% decoloration of water pollutant Methylene blue (MB) dye with H2O2 and UV radiation by changing parameters like dye concentration, amount of catalyst, and pH. Results from this study suggest that the nano- Mn-doped ZnO photocatalyst can be advantageous for dye removal compared to pure ZnO. The green synthesized Mn-doped ZnO using Cassia angustifolia seed might considerable for treating dye contaminated water and supports in water remediation.

Employment of Cassia angustifolia leaf extract for zinc nanoparticles fabrication and their antibacterial and cytotoxicity.

The plant Cassia angustifolia belongs to Saudi Arabia, which is one of the native places and now cultured throughout the global countries. Medical care in the Arab world is an essential outlet for medicinal plants, both because they are crucial elements for prophetic medicine and due to their lengthy background in the Middle East. C.angustifolia is one of the medicinal plants used in the Saudi Arabia. The usage of plant extracts for synthesizing nanoparticles is conducive to other biological material, since it avoids the lengthy phase of cell culture maintenance. Silver nanoparticles attract further attention due to their strong conductivity, stability and antimicrobial activity across different metal nanoparticles. The present study was designed in the Saudi C. angustifolia leaves with the zinc synthesis of nanoparticles and its antibacterial ability. The plant extracts of C. angustifolia was used for synthesis of zinc nanoparticles, antimicrobial activities against bacterial strains have been tested along with transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV spectroscopy and antimicrobial activities have been conducted. This study showed that silver ions may be transferred from the plant extract to silver nanoparticles. AgNPs biogenic capacity to antibacterial with lovo cell with IC50 ranged from 33.5 ± 0.2 μg/mL demonstrated strong antibacterial capacity to antibody. The overall absorption value for the extract was between 420 and 440 nm and the color transition to green was the plasma absorption of the AgNPs. TEM results was showed in 200,000 magnification. The uniqueness of the current study is that Cassia angustifolia leaf extract from Saudi Arabia was used to prepare the metallic nanoparticles. Additionally, ZnCl2 may also be used as nanoparticles of mineral salt and zinc, which, since their application has been confirmed, are antimicrobial.

In silico analysis of quranic and prophetic medicinals plants for the treatment of infectious viral diseases including corona virus.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infection of the respiratory system caused by single standard RNA viruses named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease appeared as a serious problem and the leading cause of death in human beings throughout the world. The main source of different phytochemicals are plants, which helps in the development of new drugs against various ailments. Islam is comprehensive religion and a complete code of life for Muslims. The teaching of Islam, according to the Holy Quran and Hadith are universal for the benefit of humanity. Islam believes that every ailment is from God and who made the disease definitely made its medication. There is a complete guideline with regard to taking measures against infectious diseases such as quarantine and seeking medicinal treatment. The research objective is to gather the knowledge of medicinal plants described in the Holy Quran or utilized by the Prophet (SAW) for the treatment of different ailments or advised to use them to boost immunity and strengthen the body. Scientists across the globe have found these plants beneficial for many diseases and have antiviral potential. In present study, the six plant species including Olea europaea, Nigella sativa, Allium Sativum, Allium cepa, Zingiber officinale and Cassia senna were selected which contain phytochemicals like Calcium Elenolate, Thymoquinone, S-Allylcysteine, Dipropyl Disulfide, Sesquiterpene, Monoterpene, Pelargonidin 3-Galactoside ion and Kaempferol. The phytochemicals monoterpene (from Zingiber officinale) shows best interaction with target proteins RdRP, 3CLPro, ACE2. Calcium Elonate (from olive) bonds with 3CLPro, ACE2 and Kemoferol and Pelargomidine (from Senna Makki) bonds with RdRP, ACE2. The ligands show a unique set of intersections i.e. hydrogen bonding, and alkyl interaction. These medicinal plants can be utilized immediately for the treatment of COVID-19 as their safety is already established. This treatment can enhance recovery when combined with other treatments. Furthermore, the screening of bioactive compounds or phytochemicals found in these plants can be utilized to design new therapeutic drug to treat COVID-19 pandemic.

Traditional herbal medicines used in obesity management: A systematic review of ethnomedicinal surveys

ObjectiveThis review provides a compiled list of traditionally used medicinal plants used worldwide in the management of obesity. MethodsAn exhaustive bibliographic research was carried out by means of scientific engines and databases including Science direct, Medline/PubMed, and Google Scholar. Results108 field studies were obtained which dated from 1988 to 2020. A total of 451 plants species belonging to 329 genera and 110 families were recorded in 35 countries. Compositae (34 Genera and 43 Species) and Leguminosae (26 Genera and 43 Species) were the main families used. The most reported species were Carica papaya L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe (n = 6), Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill, Zea mays L. (n = 5), Bauhinia variegata L., Caralluma tuberculata N.E.Br., Citrus medica L., Prunus avium (L.) L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Senna alexandrina Mill. (n = 4). Data obtained from laboratory studies provide evidence of the antiobesity properties of these species. Analysis of the parts used revealed that leaves (24%) and fruits (18%) were mostly used and decoction (42%) was the most preferred method of preparation. ConclusionThis review is the first of its kind to provide a global report on traditional herbal medicines used to manage obesity. These findings could serve as a scientific baseline to advocate further laboratory and clinical investigations on the antiobesity potential of these herbal remedies.

ADULTERATION OF CRUDE DRUGS AVAILABLE IN THE LOCAL MARKET OF KARACHI

Medicinal flora and their isolated constituents have long been consumed for the maintenance of health and management of diverse ailments. In the trade and commerce of herbal medicines the major problem is adulteration. It may be due the lack of knowledge and sometimes intentional for the profit enrichment. In the present study the sample of twenty crude drugs including Terminalia chebula, Nigella sativa, Onosma bracteatum, Cucumis melo, Cassia senna, Vitex negundo, Piper nigrum, Sesamum indicum, Lallemantia royleana, Foenicum vulgare, Wrightia tinctoria, Sphaeranthus indicus, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Coriandrum sativum, Althea officinalis, Peganum harmala, Datura stramonium, Emblica officinalis, Pimpenella anisumand, Viola odorata were procured from local market and tested for adulteration according to the test of foreign matters in British Pharmacopeia 2019. Out of twenty crude drugs five of them including Cassia senna, Wrightia tinctoria, Althea officinalis, Pimpenella anisumand, Viola odorata have shown 2.257%, 3.6%, 7.2%, 14.27% and 4.356% adulteration respectively. The present study indicated 20% of specimen is adulterated which shows that adulteration existed in the crude drugs available in local market. There is a need of awareness and control methods to curtail such practice.