Cassette Recorder Research Articles

Ogden R. Lindsley: I Followed the Idea of the Missoula Smokejumpers.

In 1990, Ogden R. Lindsley served as guest faculty for Ohio State University's Teleconference on applied behavior analysis. He captivated students and faculty with tales of his personal journey from experiences during World War II to studying under B. F. Skinner, and his development of precision teaching (PT) to preserve rate of response measurement in educational applications.Derived from an audio cassette recording of that seminar session, this article captures highlights of those stories and Dr. Lindsley's discussion of topics ranging from his opinion of the open classroom movement to critiques of Sesame Street and errorless learning.

Faculty of Management, Sremski Karlovci, “Union-Nikola Tesla“ University

Re-defining important changes in the music and film restoration industry, exploring the possibility to: 1. Extract individually chosen sounds from the final movie track in order to re-balance (re-mix) its audio content. 2. Extract chosen sounds from the original audio recording and re-mix, with separated audio stems. The Results section starts by describing the process of creating a completely new mixdown made from AI-generated audio stems (previously extracted from the original mono recordings) joining it with restored original 16 mm video footage, resulting in a full eight-hour movie, separated into three episodes, each with a duration between two and three hours, covering about one week each, of the 21 days of studio time. The material was recorded during the filming of The Beatles’ “Get Back” sessions at Twickenham Studios, London, in January 1969, and chronicles the making of “Let It Be” and the band’s famed final “Rooftop Concert.” The second episode describes the audio/video production of the last-ever song by The Beatles (“Now and Then”) literally made from scratch, as the core of the project was only a poor-quality analog recording made by John Lennon, singing and playing piano to an old, mono, compact cassette recorder.

Keeping Up With Atari: Neoliberal Expectations in Early Electronics Advertising

During the early 1980s, ad campaigns framed purchasing and using emerging consumer electronics as tools for accessing, what Lauren Berlant called, ‘the good life.’ Computers, video games, VCRs, and cassette players might help consumers cultivate a neoliberal, upwardly mobile, and implicitly white, lifestyle. This paper explores early personal computer and home console video game advertisements as a cultural discourse that framed emerging technology through normative gendered, raced, and classed everyday lifestyles in an American context. The central case study is the early 1980s televisual ad campaign for the Atari 2600 system, featuring the “Have You Played Atari Today?” jingle. The campaign was widely viewed and is representative of contemporaneous marketing approaches. The ad’s allusion to time management both reinforced broader neoliberal paradigms and enacted a gendered slippage between labour and leisure. This paper draws from feminist critical theory approaches and uses textual analysis to understand the ways that electronic advertisements appealed to late capitalist social attitudes.

“We consume to forget; we collect to believe”: Resistance, nostalgia, and VHS technologies in 21st century Greek video cultures

Almost 50 years after the VCR’s (Video Cassette Recorder) worldwide penetration in the international entertainment market, this paper will explore VCR-use-related and VCR-viewing-related activities, and the cultural practices of the Greek video cultures, particularly videotape collectors, in the 21st century. Rooted in various disciplines, the article aims to illuminate the persistent nature of VHS collectors’ previous entertainment routines. From owning a VCR device and maintaining their videotape collections to enriching them with new acquisitions from video libraries and online buys, Greek videotape aficionados’ practices show continuities and discontinuities from the past. Furthermore, it will explore how these practices have influenced their perception of current uses and gratifications of VHS technologies, revealing a perspective rooted in (tech) nostalgia. Moreover, the article will argue that the enduring presence and resilience of VHS technologies can be regarded as a testament to collective memory, a resistance to the digitalization of entertainment, and a longing for simpler ways of life, particularly in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 financial recession and the rise of new technologies.

High-frequency Noise Removal of Vintage Songs in Audio Cassettes using Signal Processing Techniques


 From 1960 to the early 2000s, the audio cassette was one of the three most used storage devices for prerecorded music, alongside gramophone records (LPs) and compact discs (CDs). A compact cassette consists of two miniature spools, between which a magnetic tape is passed and wound. The tape head in tape recorders and cassette players is used to store and play audio tracks in these magnetic tapes by converting the electric signal to a magnetic fluctuation and vice versa. The sound quality of an audio track recorded on a compact cassette is decent. However, as these cassettes are stored in the Earth’s magnetic field for longer periods, the effect from it influences magnetic particles to change their orientation and distort the recorded audio signal. As a result, high-frequency noise is generated in the audio signal, resulting in a great disturbance when listening to songs and other audio recordings on vintage cassettes.
 168Therefore, the removal of such noises while minimizing the impact on the original audio signal will make sure the listener gets to enjoy the original quality of the vintage audio recordings. Fourier transform of a given distorted audio file (in “wav” format) was obtained to identify the high-frequency noise using Wolfram Mathematica 12.3. Then a variable “m” was introduced to the program to identify magnitudes of high-frequency components and remove their effect on the original audio recording. A trial-and-error approach was taken to identify the adequate “m" value for each channel of a given audio signal. Vintage songs were used to evaluate the accuracy of the developed method in this study. It was identified that the suitable “m” value changes for each channel in each song. Therefore, it is impossible to state a constant value for the variable “m”. However, the accuracy of the output also depends on the hearing frequency of the person, and the audio equipment being used. As an application, this technique can be used to conserve vintage songs that were originally stored in compact cassettes and spools, because it allows the user to control the number of high-frequency components removed from the distorted audio signal.
 Keywords: Signal Processing Techniques, Fourier Transforms, Mathematica, Noise Removing,Audio Cassettes

Augmenting a round-trip path test suite to cover all event-pairs for testing more diverse usage scenarios

Among State-Based Testing (SBT) strategies, the Round-Trip Path (RTP) strategy is known to generate the most cost-effective state-based test suite. However, some studies have pointed out that an RTP suite is not sufficient because it does not test enough realistic usage scenarios, which could lead to poor fault detection. We believe that the traversal algorithm of the RTP strategy, which omits certain event-pairs, is one of the main factors causing the problem. To address this issue, we propose two methods for augmenting an RTP suite to cover all event-pairs. Through three case studies, we confirmed that the RTP suites did not cover 30%, 56.67%, and 37% of all event-pairs, some of which were critical, such as (remove, add) in an ordered set, (brake, brake) in a cruise control system, and (stop, play) in a video cassette recorder. The augmented suites improved the effectiveness of the RTP suites by testing more usage scenarios that include the event-pairs, albeit at a slightly higher cost. Compared to the All Transition-Pair (ATP) suites, the augmented suites provide a more cost-effective improvement to an RTP suite, requiring a lower cost increase rate. We believe that the augmented suites could be cost-effective alternatives between an RTP suite and an ATP suite.

Utilizing Continuous Time Markov Chain for analyzing video-on-demand streaming in multimedia systems

In multimedia systems, Tree and Mesh-based topologies are the popular ways to organize the peers in an overlay and provide video streaming services. Unlike Content Delivery Networks (CDN), providing streaming services through a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) overlay poses the challenge of unpredictable churn for both provider and consumer peers. The dynamically arriving and departing peers, with Video Cassette Recorder (VCR) actions like jump, pause, forward, rewind, etc., controlled by end users, makes it challenging to reason about such systems. Though techniques like prototype test beds, simulation, etc., are successful to some extent in analyzing the behavior of such complex systems before the actual deployment, they either require lots of effort to set up or fail to capture the finer anomalies. Therefore, there is a need to have a formal framework that can specify the system at the desired abstraction level and capture the stochastic behavior exhibited by the actors of such systems. This paper addresses this issue and provides a platform for analyzing the behavior of real-time Video-on-Demand (VoD) streaming behavior with VCR actions over P2P overlays. To capture the stochastic behavior of actors, the Continuous Time Markov Chain (CTMC) is used to design a model of both the tree and mesh-based systems. This CTMC model is written in the Probabilistic Symbolic Model Checker (PRISM) language, which assists in containing the state space explosion and specifies the QoUX properties using Continuous Stochastic Logic (CSL). The proposed methodology uses the scenarios described in various simulation-based studies and industry standards of VoD systems available in the proposed formal model and finds a striking resemblance in the results. Eventually, given a joining-delay threshold of 170 ms, a P2P-Tree-based architecture resulted in an optimal tree height of 4-5 levels; after that, the startup delay of playback gets affected. Similarly, for a given startup delay threshold of 700 ms after departure and seek-jump actions, the maximum P2P-Tree height should be 5. We have also compared the performance properties of P2P tree and mesh-based VoD streaming systems with industry standards of centralized VoD systems. It is observed that the performance of P2P-tree and P2P-mesh-based VoD streaming systems also meet the industry standards. The results we got from the proposed formal framework are conclusive and establish the applicability of the approach.

Music Consumption on Digital Platforms: A Study on Bangladeshi University Students

Because of advancements in information technology and the emergence of various digital platforms, there have been significant changes in the way people consume music over the years. Gramophones, audio cassette players, CD and DVD players, and other analog devices that were popular in the past, have become nearly obsolete. The internet and, later, smartphones were the primary drivers of change in the late 1990s. Since the mid-2000s, social media platforms like Facebook and YouTube, as well as online audio stores and streaming platforms like Spotify, iTunes, Amazon Music, Pandora, and SoundCloud, have become the most popular ways for people to listen to music on their smartphones. The internet has a much larger selection of music than traditional sources such as vinyl records, audio cassettes, CD-DVDs, or iPods, which have limited song storage capacities. This study focuses on the growing popularity of online music consumption among Bangladeshi university students. Apart from that, the study sought to explore how university students enjoy music on digital platforms, the platforms they use, whether they use these platforms to consume, or share pirated music, and the devices they use to do so. The researcher interviewed students from various departments at Rajshahi University using a social survey method. According to the study, Rajshahi University students have given up traditional music consumption methods in favour of various digital platforms. In this university, Facebook, YouTube, and Spotify are the most popular platforms for both male and female young students to enjoy music. Music consumption via digital platforms has become an integral part of their daily lives. Students also use social media to share their favorite songs from digital platforms with their family and friends. According to the study, the majority of the students does not listen to music from pirated sources and prefer free sources over digital platforms.

Assessment of speech transmission index and reverberation time in standardized English as a foreign language test rooms

Today, millions of standardized English as a foreign language proficiency tests are administered globally each year. A large portion of this is conducted as a paper-based test in which the listening section is commonly delivered through loudspeakers to groups of test takers, a method in which the audio signals are exposed to the acoustic tendencies of each particular venue. As it is well-established in the literature that non-native listeners are more susceptible to adverse listening conditions compared to their native counterparts, there is a need for an objective examination of the acoustic quality of such environments. This study examined the speech transmission index for public address systems (STIPA) for three types of sound sources (wall-mounted speakers, radio cassette player, and amplified speaker) and reverberation time (RT) in 10 unoccupied classrooms commonly used as test rooms at a university in Japan. The results revealed that STI was found to be statistically significantly different for the amplified speaker compared to both or one other sound source in eight out of 10 rooms. The amplified speaker also recorded the highest STI among the three sound sources in eight out of 10 rooms and the most rooms with STI entirely above 0.66, a minimum target value prescribed in IEC 60268–16:2020 as exhibiting high speech intelligibility. Additionally, ≥ 0.66 STI was consistently observed in rooms with RT0.5-2kHz≤ 0.7 s. Further observations are discussed to better understand the current conditions under which these tests are administered

The New Calling

The New Calling

Seven Decades of Royal Tech [Jubilee - gadgets

She was the first head of state to send an email and these days prefers an eco-hybrid car to the State Carriage. The Queen has always kept abreast of modern technology, examples of which include the Braun Multimix, computer mouse, desktop cassette recorder, IBM Personal Computer 5150. Sony PlayStation and iRobot Roomba.

The epitome of reprehensible individualism: The Dutch response to the Walkman, 1980–1995

Nowhere were Walkmans in higher demand than in the Netherlands. Especially youth embraced the device. This research presents a discourse analysis of Dutch media coverage of the Walkman from 1980 through 1995. It demonstrates that portable cassette players were met with pervasive cultural pessimism, for they were believed to symbolize and spur deplorable individualism, which purportedly manifested itself in consumerism; isolation; escapism; and inconsiderateness. In debates on all four topics, youth was made out to be materialistic and self-absorbed. Such criticism, this research argues, helped create a generational divide and added to a societal climate in which vested powers could discursively and economically target youth.

Front Matter

EDITORAmy Cooper Cary (2020–2023), Marquette UniversitySumayya Ahmed (2019–2023), Simmons UniversityRebecca Hankins (2022–2023), Texas A&M University LibrariesKatharina Hering (2019–2023), German Historical InstituteEric Hung (2020–2024), Music of Asian America Research CenterShadrack Katuu (2019–2022), United Nations Mission in South SudanReviews EditorRose Buchanan (2021–2024), National Archives and Records AdministrationStephanie Luke (2021–2024), University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignJessican Lacher-Feldman (2020–2024), University of RochesterMark Matienzo (2021–2025), Stanford University LibrariesMarlee Newman (2021–2025), Archival ConsultantKathryn Puerini (2020–2024), Archival ConsultantSylvia Welsh (2020–2024), Harvard UniversityAmerican Archivist (ISSN 0360-9081) is published semiannually (Spring/Summer and Fall/Winter) by:The Society of American Archivists17 North State Street, Suite 1425, Chicago, IL 60602-3315 USATel 866-722-7858 or 312-606-0722 Fax 312-606-0728 www.archivists.orgThe entire run of American Archivist—from 1938 to date—may be accessed at AmericanArchivist.org.Subscription rate; $289Articles and Ideas:Amy Cooper Cary, Editor, AmericanArchivist@archivists.orgReviews (books, exhibits, tools, resources):Rose Buchanan and Stephanie Luke, Reviews Editor, reviewseditor@archivists.orgProduction and Advertising:Teresa M. Brinati, Director of Publishing, tbrinati@archivists.orgAbigail Christian, Editorial and Production Manager, achristian@archivists.orgThese music flyers and recordings from the 1990s were donated to the New Brunswick Music Scene Archive at Rutgers University's Special Collections and University Archives by musician Eddie Konczal. The Budapest Cocktail Lounge, featured prominently in the spread, was a key music venue in New Brunswick, New Jersey, in the late 1990s. The Buda Bootlegs, highlighting bands that frequented the Budapest such as Spiral Jetty, Buzzkill, The Blisters, and Chris Harford & the Band of Changes, were recorded on portable cassette player at the venue. Through the lens of the New Brunswick Music Scene Archive, Christine A. Lutz discusses building local music archives and connecting with donors by engaging the scenes approach from popular music studies in “ Making a Scene: A Scenes Approach to a Local Music Archives.” Photo courtesy of Franklin Bridges.

Sound Arts Now

Sound Arts Now

Use of ICT in teaching and learning: A role of institutions, teachers, students and technology

ICT, an acronym for information and communication Technology is the slogan of the 21st century. Amazingly, information and communication technology has changed human society into what is commonly called information society. As rightly observed by Alagu and Thanuskodi (2018) ICT has been integrated into every work of life and it plays a pivotal role for knowledge acquisition and dissemination for onward advancement of education and the society at large. Information and communication technology has a number of components such as CD-ROM, Cable Television, Cellular Phones, computer system, opaque projectors, filmstrip projectors, cassette recorders etc. When two or more of these components are put together on a working platform manipulated by telecommunication, it is referred to as information and communication technologies. In education sector, prior to the emergence of information technologies, teaching, learning and research in India were conventional or traditional that is, an interactive between the teacher and the learners, the main source for information available then was the "library" with its associated problems (lack of professional staff, lack of current materials, staff care free attitude, theft and mutilation of the available resources among others). This process of providing and acquiring knowledge was restrictive by content and geographical barriers. However, with the emergence of the technologies, most challenges of teaching and learning are gradually easing out for technological teaching and learning processes, especially for schools, teachers and learners who have taken advantage of the emerging technologies.

Johnny Cash International: How and Why Fans Love the Man in Black

Johnny Cash International: How and Why Fans Love the Man in Black

واقع استخدام الوسائل التعليمية والتقنيات المتعددة في تدريس اللغة العربية في المرحلة الإعدادية من وجهة نظر مشرفي اللغة العربية ومدراء المدارس في بغداد

This study aimed to know the reality of using educational methods and various techniques in the preparatory stage to teach Arabic from the point of view of specialized supervisors and school principals in Baghdad ,and to identify the most important difficulties facing the use of educational methods and various techniques in teaching Arabic at the preparatory stage .In order to answer the study questions ,the researcher prepared a questionnaire that was applied to the study population ,which represents the supervisors specializing in the subject of Arabic language for the preparatory stage, and they number ten supervisors ,as well as the principals of preparatory schools in Baghdad (Rusafa|2) and their number is two hundred and forty administrators ,and by analyzing the statistical data, the results were reached ,The following: 1-The cassette recorder and audio tapes are the most available devices from the point of view of supervisors and school directors ,while transparencies are the least available educational devices in schools. 2-The most important obstacles facing Arabic language teachers in using educational tools and techniques from the point of view of supervisors and school directors is the lack of technicians for maintenance of educational devices and aids inside the school . 3-The degree of Arabic language teachers ,use of educational aids and various technologies is average . 4-Teachers are aware of all that is recent in field of educational aids and various technologies . 5-There are no statistically significant differences between the responses of supervisors and school principals on the whole study tool ln light of these results, the recommends ; 1-providing educational aids and technologies of all kinds in schools and giving teachers the opportunity to use them. 2-Holding training courses for teachers to train them in the use of various educational aids ,devices and technologies. 3-Attention by supervisors and managers to follow up teachers to urge and encourage them to use the various educational methods and techniques. Key words: educational aids, multiple technologies, middle school.

Improvising with Peter

AbstractWhen listening to a recently rediscovered home cassette recording of South African musician and activist Hugh Masekela, which was a gift from the late legal theorist Peter Fitzpatrick in 2004, unleashed are a series of recollections and reflections on the distinctiveness and significance of Fitzpatrick's scholarship, especially in relation to the emerging field of critical legal studies in improvisation. This short piece recalls Peter's boundless wisdom, kindness and generosity, and the lasting impact that his thought and texts have had on his students, colleagues and readers the world over.

Differentials in Usage of Information and Communication Devices Among Extension Agents: A Study on North-Western Zone, Nigeria

The awareness and the extent of usage of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) components by Village Extension Agents (VEAs), in three selected States Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs) of Nigeria, were investigated. Two hundred and four (204) VEAs were sampled as respondents for the study. With aid of simple statistical tools (average, cumulative and percentages), and the analysis of the results indicate that the level of awareness of ICTs among the respondents (VEAs) was quite high especially on radio (99%), GSM phones (96%); and television (93%). On the contrary, the level of awareness was low on fax (68%) and Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs) (69%). It was also noted that the following devices were highly used by the respondents; GSM phones, radio, cassette recorder, television, CD/DVD player and VHS Video player. Unfortunately, the respondents recorded least ICT usage on fax and PDAs. It was recommended that both awareness and usage of available ICT formats should be intensified among VEAs so as to optimize their usage in the effective performance on the job.

Exorcism in Camera: An Experiment in Ontology (1999): from The Karen Smith Archive

Karen Smith (1966–2017) had long been interested in altered states of consciousness. In seeking help with her own psychiatric illness, she came across Agrippa’s works on occult philosophy and the use of spoken-word formulas for entering and exiting differential states of being. These steps over the psychic threshold are known as adorcism and exorcism – the summoning and banishing of demons or spirits. Over the course of a week in 1999, she decided to try out some of Agrippa’s techniques. She chose to be possessed and then dispossessed by the seven spirits associated with the planets of classical antiquity. She documented one ritual per day. For each action, she used the same devices – a bathtub filled with water, a lamp and an audio cassette player with a tape featuring incantations pre-recorded by a ceremonial magician. Published here are the results of these ontological experiments.